UNDER WATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR

SURVEILLANCES PURPOSE AND CONTROL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

VIGNESHWARAN.M(41706106083)
VIGNESH.K(41706106082)
VIGNESH.D(41706106081)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHRI ANDAL ALAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MAMANDUR-603 111

i
 ANNA
UNIVERSITY::
CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2010

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION FOR

SURVILLANCES PURPOSE AND CONTROL” is a bonafide work of
“VIGNESHWARAN.M, VIGNESH.K, AND VIGNESH.D” who carried out the
project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Mr.N.Anbuselvan M.Tech. Mr.V.MAHARAJA, M.E.

Dept of Electronics And Communication, Dept of Electronics And Communication,
Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering, Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering,
#6, GST Road, #6, GST Road,
Mamandur-603 111. Mamandur-603 111.

Submitted for the examination held on ……………………..

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INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ABSTRACT

The project involves an underwater sea vehicle that is constituted of two

pairs of PLC modems ,a PC loaded with the windows XP professional ,and also a

microcontroller device along with a max 232 transreciever kit. The data rate is

around 200 mbps, and the CSMA/CA protocol is being used. The 100m shielded

copper cable is used which tends to replace the heavy wiring and other complex

circuitry.

The circuit works on 240v AC, 50Hz from a generator and the tether

under water vehicle tends to replace the heavy equipments used to measure the

temperature as well as salinity of the sea water in an effective and easy manner The

Remotely Operated Vehicle has an advantage that both power and data can be

transmitted along the same channel.

It consists of a MAX 232 transceiver which is connected via RS232 cable

and a technology called spread spectrum technique which is a broadband spectrum

technology. Using this spread spectrum technique(SST) the signal data is

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modulated and demodulated and sent via a copper cable i.e., both the power and

data are transmitted through the same cable. There’s a PC at observing end and a

microcontroller (PIC16f870) provided along with a piezo-electric sensor for

measuring vibration.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to our chairperson

Mrs.PRREMALATHA VIJAYAKANTH and our beloved secretary
Mr.L.K.SUDHISH for being provided the facilities to complete our project work
successfully.
We would like to acknowledge the constant support provided by
our respected principal Dr.P.K.PRATHAP CHANDRAN M.Tech, Ph.D., who
bolstered us in all our endeavors and has been responsible for inoculating us all
through our career.
We were fortunate enough to work under our respectable Head
of the Department Mr.N.ANBUSELVAN M.TECH., who provided the required
facilities and enough guidance as our internal guide to complete this project.
We feel ebullient to thank our project coordinator
Mr.V.MAHARAJA M.E., for his valuable suggestions and his guidance.
We also thank our project Coordinator
Ms.P.MADHUMATHY, M.E whose valuable suggestion have helped us to
complete the project successfully.

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 It is a pleasure to express our heartfelt thanks to all our
Department staff members and beloved friends for their support, directly and
indirectly to us during the tenure of our project and course.
Last but not least we take this opportunity to thank our dear most
parents for their love, care, affection, guidance and support throughout all these
years in all our ups and downs.

VIGNESHWARAN.M
VIGNESH.K
VIGNESH.D

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CHAPTER NO TABLE
TITLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
BONAFIDE CERTICATE ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
ABBREVATION xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 1
1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 1
1.2.1 Features 1
1.2.2 Application areas 2
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 2
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS 4
2.2 UNDERWATER HYBRID NETWORKS 5
2.3 MATERIALS REQUIRED 6
2.3.1 The load and the commutation 7
2.3.2 Signal acquisition and processing 8
2.4 MECHANICAL THERMOSTAT
RADIATOR BEHAVIOUR 8

2.4.1 ROV Trial using power line 9

communication
2.4.2 Why chose PLC and How it works? 10
2.4.1 Power line carrier impedance
characteristics
vi 10
2.5 COMMUNICATION STANDARDS 11
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Commutation effect 6

2.2 Commutation tool 8
2.3 Time frequency analysis of a commutation 9
3.1 Circuit diagram for detecting temperature and 10
vibration.
3.2 Spreading process 21
3.3 SST Transmitter 22
3.4 SST Receiver 23
3.5 Example of SST 24
3.6 PLC Interconnection 25
3.7 On board receive data slave program 27
4.1 Pin diagram of PIC16f780 30
4.2 Mother board circuit details 30
4.3 Block diagram of power supply 33
4.4 Vibration sensor 36
4.5 Connection diagram 38
4.6 Temperature sensor. 39
4.7 MAX232 pin diagram 43
5.1 Software development flow 47

LIST OF TABLES

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TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Cable used for test 7

2.2 Calculation impedance 13
4.1 Calculation of threshold frequency 31

viii
 ABBREVIATION

SST Spread spectrum technology

PLC Power line communication
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
CAR Circadian Activity Rhythms
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
IDE Integrated Device Electronics
IR Infra Red
LED Light Emitting Diode
PCB Printed Circuit Board
TTL Transistor Transistor Logic
USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter
ROV Remotely Operated vehicle

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Under water communication systems are becoming very important system

for now days, In especially to find the temperature and vibration in the sea water.
This paper describes how the temperature, vibration, and salinity measured with
help of sensors and transmitted to the PC in the base station through PLC

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY

All the data’s from the sensors are converted in to digital form with the help
of pic 16f780 microcontroller, modulated by SST and transmitted through PLC.
1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to
perform a dedicated function. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks,
usually with very specific requirements, and often includes task-specific hardware
and mechanical parts not usually found in a general-purpose computer. Since the
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the
size and cost of the product.

1.2.1 Features of embedded systems

The wider usage of embedded technology in almost all the fields demands
for certain unique and special features, some of which are discussed below.
Reliability
Performance
Power consumption

1
 Cost
Size
Limited user interface

1.2.2 Application areas

The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these
systems are used in every market segments like consumer electronics, security
purposes, office automation, industrial automations, biomedical engineering,
wireless communication, computer networking, telecommunications, etc.,
Embedded system for security applications is one of the most lucrative
businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airport etc, for
authentication and verification are embedded systems.
Embedded system plays a major roll in autonomous field. In our project, we
use embedded system for monitoring the water bodies.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

• For the communication inside the water they are using ultra sound based
SONAR systems.
• For the surveillance purpose OFF line systems are in use. which will be
attached with a balloon can be immersed inside the water for a period of
time and can be taken out to get the data’s recorded.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
• Chapter 2 gives the brief description about the ECG and other parameters
and we have performed literature survey on existing systems.
• Chapter 3 represents the sensors used with respect to its feature and
functionality.

2
• Chapter 4 explains about the hardware description and the monitor section.
• Chapter 5 details about software description.
• Chapter 6 provides the information about the results and discussion.
• Chapter 7 represents the future scope of the project and conclusion.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS

Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs) promise innovative and exciting
applications, viz. oceanographic data collection, environment monitoring,
exploration, and tactical surveillance.Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
(UWSNs) though pose significant research challenges due to the harsh underwater
environment. In UWSNs, acoustic is thought to be the only viable means of
[1]communication. Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs)
present a wireless channel with key challenges, specifically in shallow oceans such
as long propagation delays, signal attenuation, man-made and ambient noise, low
bandwidth and high transmission energy. We propose a new paradigm for
UWSNs, namely Underwater Wireless Hybrid Sensor Networks (UW-HSNs),
which introduce the concept ofhybrid communication. UW-HSNs combine the best
of both worlds, i.e., the practicality of underwater acoustics and the high-
peiformance of radio communication. The basic idea is to use radio
communication for large and/or sustained traffic and traditional acoustic methods
for small data volume. Furthermore, we introduce TurtleNet, an architecture based-
on UW-HSNs concept, and we propose an asynchronous and distributed routing
protocol for TurtleNet. Based on the node's state[3], the protocol decides which
communication channel to utilize. TurtleNet is simulated using the ns-2 simulator.
Simulation results reveal the promising peiformance for TurtleNet and hence
validate the UW-HSNs concept.

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2.2 UNDERWATER HYBRID NETWORKS
In this paper, we pioneer a new paradigm in underwater sensor networks,
namely Underwater Wireless Hybrid Sensor Networks (UW-HSNs). UW-HSNs
combine the best of both worlds, viz. the practicality of underwater acoustic with
the high-performance of radio communication. The intuition is to leverage the
radio communication research from WSNs for the benefit of UWSNs. The basic
UW-HSNs philosophy is to use radio for large and/or sustained traffic and acoustic
for small data volumes. Because of limited radio propagation in water we envision
the nodes of UW-HSNs having means to emerge to the ocean surface. This is
achievable by employing sophisticated maneuvering techniques [6,11], or a simple
buoyancy mechanism [4, 12].When a node is under-water it utilizes shortrange
multi-hop acoustic modem for small data transfer. Upon emerging to the surface
the node uses using radio communication. The philosophy is to incorporates
mobility of underwater sensor nodes to increase the overall throughput of the
network. We also propose TurtleNet, an architecture based on UWHSNs concept.
In TurtleNet, nodes submerge and emerge to the surface using a piston-based
buoyancy mechanism [4]. Furthermore, we offer an asynchronous and distributed
routing algorithm for TurtleNet. The algorithm, Turtle Distance Vector (TDV), is
conceptually based on the distance vector approach, Le., calculating optimal routes
with minimum information exchange. Depending on the node's state, the algorithm
decides on the communication channel with the goal of minimizing the events
average delay. The event delay is the time duration between its creation and
successful reception at the base-station. TurtleNet, along with the TDV algorithm,
is simulated using the ns-2 simulator. Simulation results substantiate the promised

5
performance of TurtleNet and hence validate UW-HSNs concept. The remainder of
the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the UW-HSNs concept.
Section 3 describes TurtleNet, followed by the Turtle Distance Vector routing
algorithm in Section 4. Section 5 provides simulation details and experimental
observations. The related work is overviewed by delivery to the base-station.
Because of the nodes maneuvering, the continuous end-to-end acoustic
connectivity cannot be assumed.
Wireless communication has become increasingly common,particularly in
portable systems. However, when the systems require a power supply, power line
communication appears to be a good alternative solution. This communication
channel requires no additional wiring, making it effortless and cheap to set up a
network in existing buildings. Moreover, it offers Triple Play facilities (Internet,
VoIP, Multimedia) thanks to a high PHY4 bit rate, in the range of a few hundred
Mbps (Mega bits per second) raw data, and can operate over a distance of around
one hundred meters. Achieving such a high bit rate involves optimizing allocation
of the authorized bandwidth. An appropriate modulation such as OFDM1, which
has a good spectral efficiency, enables the overall bandwidth to be taken into
account . Nevertheless, it is also very important to have precise knowledge of the
topology of the communication channel and the associated noise sources.

2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

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 Fig 2.1 Commutation effect

In this study, the commutation effects of a load are analyzed using the
schematic presented in figure 2 and described in the following paragraphs .The
cable In-house installed cables do not use a global shield for the two or three
copper conductors, but use corrugated pipes. In this study, a 3G cable (See Table I)
for industrial and tertiary sector buildings is used. This cable is composed of a
global shield, making the inter-conductor distance constant.

Table 2.1

2.3.1 The load and the commutation

The load consists in a 240V / 500 W radiator placed at the end of the cable.
This type of load is purely resistive. Its commutation is done using a relay

7
technology, which is equivalent to the thermal switch used in a radiator thermostat.
A digital dephasing system synchronised to the mains voltage is used to determine
the relevant commutation instant. The zero-crossing circuit detects the instant of a
zero amplitude value of the mains power supply. Detection is carried out using an
opt coupler. At this precise instant, a digital counter implemented in a CPLD5
(Xilinx Cool Runner II starts counting. A 100 kHz system clock increments the
counter value with a precision of t ≈ 10 μs on the commutation instant. When the
delay value is reached, the desired state of the commutation takes effect.

2.3.2. Signal acquisition and processing

The analysis of the channel is carried out using a standard capacitive
coupling circuit. The circuit is designed to reject low frequencies (50 Hz), carried
by the mains power supply, but to let high frequencies pass through. The
bandwidth is in the range of 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The analyzer is a dual input
acquisition board GAGE CompuScope 12400 [14], with 12 bits resolution, and a
fixed sampling rate of 200 MHz. Due to such a high data flow, the on-board
memory avoids the loss of samples during acquisition. A 40 dB attenuator is used
to limit saturation of the acquisition tool. The input impedance of this attenuator is
50 Ω. Signal processing is carried out using a MATLAB environment in diferred
time. The measurement includes an overvoltage protection using a sufficient
bandwidth to ensure correct analysis. In order to reduce the random part of the
commutation signal and the contact bounce, ten acquisition sequences are carried
out for each parameter (cable length and dephasing value).

8
 Fig 2.2

2.4. MECHANICAL THERMOSTAT RADIATOR BEHAVIOR

The observed time duration of commutation pulses is from 1 μs to 50 μs. In a
few cases, some bounce can be observed . This is due to the relay technology used
by the commutation system. However, such bouncing can also be observed in a
thermal switch commutation employed in radiator thermostats. A time-frequency
analysis is carried out using Short- Time Fourier Transform (STFT) . The square
modulus of the STFT also called spectrogram is estimated using 1024-points
rectangular windows (corresponding to about 5 μs window duration).

9
 Fig 2.3

2.4.1 ROV Trial Using Power Line Communication

Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) has been wiedly used all around the
world. Either self-made or commercially built, ROV apparently becomes more
essential when dealing with underwater environment. Although there is an increase
demand of AUV application, many stick with this human-operated underwater
vehicle because of its efficiency when countering heavy duty and multitasking
missions. ROV is tethered based on underwater vehicle. Tether cable or often
called as umbilical is the ROV lifeline support. Unlike carrying is limited on-board
power supply and preprogram missions, ROV is fed with unlimited power supply
and capable of real data transmission. Conventional ROV communication often use
twisted pair, coaxial and fibre optic cable. A new technique in ROV
communication called Power Line Communication was developed by researchers
from USM URRG. This technique was successfully applied and tested on recent
development of USM URRG Mini Remotely Operated Vehicle.
2.4.2 Why chose PLC and How It Works?

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 PLC works with all networking peripherals. In ROV communication, PLC
introduced high speed networking, up to 200 mbps. PLC technology combines
both power line and high speed networking in a single cable. PLC runs through a
copper cable initially occupied by electrical voltage. Conversion modem
suppresses the digital network packet data over the power system using modulation
technique. By principle, a range
ROV Communication using PLC System Development of AUV.
2.4.3 Power Line Carrier Impedance Characteristics
Distribution networks and in particular, the power communications network,
operating over the low voltage line, present a very difficult challenge to provide
data and voice transmission and reception to and around buildings. This is due to
signal attenuation, noise levels, and coupling impedance which vary considerably
with time.
Further interference due to predominantly white noise and impulse noise
over periods of time adds to the dynamic impedance variation of the line.
Capacitive loads, created by power factor correction or filters in electrical power
suppliers, can produce an impedance of a few ohms at frequencies of 80kHz. In
addition the capacitive load may interact with the distribution transformers
inductance or the power lines themselves to give rise to resonance effects at the
carriers frequency. At power frequencies, these loads have little effect but at
frequencies for communication they present serious problems. The need for high
currents to transmit a given power level into a very low impedance of a few ohms
may result in greater resistance losses.
The physical location of the power cables will also introduce very low
impedance especially where the cable is underground and subject to wet soil or
under water. The effect of cable being located above and below the ground will
introduce an impedance discontinuity at the ground lair interface causing
reflections and attenuation of 20-dB's or more. Hence the layout of the physical

11
cable network and all the parameters, together with their variations, need to be
addressed and conditioned to provide efficient communications through the power
cable.
A range of measurements on the power cable have been carried out by a
number of research teams throughout the World. They principally concern the
attenuation on the mains supply between private dwellings, single phase supply,
and within a residential home with different electrical appliances switched on.
2.5 COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
To provide efficient transparent communication over the power line network
for communication into buildings and provide a range of energy saving services
together with other communication services a series of standards are currently
under development. In the USA the frequency range is limited to the 50kHz to
450kHz range. The development of this work is centred around the IEEE Power
Engineering Society .In Europe, CENELEC, the Electro-technical Standards Body
are currently developing standard EN50065, Low Voltage Mains Signalling. The
standard has, and is still, in the course of investigating a series of parameters that
will lead to efficient communication over the power line. The standard is
addressing communication standards through the power line to buildings and
within buildings to provide a range of services for the electricity utility and
customers including, AMR, tariff control, load and energy management services.
The specific frequency range and parameters
associated with this standard are as follows:
Frequency range : 3kHz to 148.5kHz
Customer Band : 95kHz to 14OkHz
Sub Customer Band : 95kHz to 125kHz
Free for all
Access Protocol Band : 125kHz to 14OkHz
Access Frequency 1 32.5kHz

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Impedance of equipment in the range 3kHz to
148.5kHz. These are shown in the following
tables:
Table 1 : Impedance of Type 1 Equipment
Table 2: Impedance of Type 1
9kHz to 95kHz
Table 3 : Impedance of type 2
95kHz to 148.5kHz
Table 4: Impedance of Type 2
3kHz to 9kHz
where type 1 equipment is electricity suppliers equipment and type 2 equipment is
consumers equipment.
Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical,
electromagnetic, or acoustic signal ) generated in a particular bandwidth is
deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider
bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons, including the
establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural
interference and jamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density
(e.g. in satellite downlinks). Frequency hopping

Table 2.2 calculation of impedance

13
 The concept of frequency hopping was first alluded to in the 1903 U.S.
Patent 723,188 and U.S. Patent 725,605 filed by Nikola Tesla in July 1900. Tesla
came up with the idea after demonstrating the world's first radio-controlled
submersible boat in 1898, when it became apparent the wireless signals controlling
the boat needed to be secure from "being disturbed, intercepted, or interfered with
in any way." His patents covered two fundamentally different techniques for
achieving immunity to interference, both of which functioned by altering the

14
carrier frequency or other exclusive characteristic. The first had a transmitter that
worked simultaneously at two or more separate frequencies and a receiver in which
each of the individual transmitted frequencies had to be tuned in, in order for the
control circuitry to respond. The second technique used a variable-frequency
transmitter controlled by an encoding wheel that altered the transmitted frequency
in a predetermined manner. These patents describe the basic principles of
frequency hopping and frequency-division multiplexing, and also the electronic
AND-gate logic circuit.

Frequency hopping is also mentioned in radio pioneer Johannes Zenneck's

book Wireless Telegraphy (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill,
1915), although Zenneck himself states that Telefunken had already tried it several
years earlier. Zenneck's book was a leading text of the time, and it is likely that
many later engineers were aware of it. A Polish engineer, Leonard Danilewicz,
came up with the idea in 1929. Several other patents were taken out in the 1930s,
including one by Willem Broertjes (Germany 1929, U.S. Patent 1,869,695, 1932).
During World War II, the US Army Signal Corps was inventing a communication
system called SIGSALY for communication between Roosevelt and Churchill,
which incorporated spread spectrum, but due to its top secret nature, SIGSALY's
existence did not become known until the 1980s.

The most celebrated invention of frequency hopping was that of actress

Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil, who in 1942 received U.S. Patent
2,292,387 for their "Secret Communications System". Lamarr had learned about
the problem at defense meetings she had attended with her former husband
Friedrich Mandl, who was an Austrian arms manufacturer. The Antheil-Lamarr
version of frequency hopping used a piano-roll to change among 88 frequencies,
and was intended to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or to

15
jam. The patent came to light during patent searches in the 1950s when ITT
Corporation and other private firms began to develop Code Division Multiple
Access(CDMA), a civilian form of spread spectrum, though the Lamarr patent had
no direct impact on subsequent technology. It was in fact ongoing military research
at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Magnavox Government & Industrial Electronics
Corporation, ITT and Sylvania Electronic Systems that led to early spread-
spectrum technology in the 1950s. Parallel research on radar systems and a
technologically similar concept called "phase coding" also had an impact on
spread-spectrum development.

2.5.1 Commercial use

The 1976 publication of Spread Spectrum Systems by Robert Dixon, ISBN

0-471-21629-1, was a significant milestone in the commercialization of this
technology. Previous publications were either classified military reports or
academic papers on narrow subtopics. Dixon's book was the first comprehensive
unclassified review of the technology and set the stage for increasing research into
commercial applications.

Initial commercial use of spread spectrum began in the 1980s in the US with
three systems: Equatorial Communications System's very small aperture (VSAT)
satellite terminal system for newspaper newswire services, Del Norte Technology's
radio navigation system for navigation of aircraft for crop dusting and similar
applications, and Qualcomm's OmniTRACS system for communications to trucks.
In the Qualcomm and Equatorial systems, spread spectrum enabled small antennas
that viewed more than one satellite to be used since the processing gain of spread
spectrum eliminated interference. The Del Norte system used the high bandwidth
of spread spectrum to improve location accuracy.

16
In 1981, the Federal Communications Commission started exploring ways to
permit more general civil uses of spread spectrum in a Notice of Inquiry docket.
This docket was proposed to FCC and then directed by Michael Marcus of the
FCC staff. The proposals in the docket were generally opposed by spectrum users
and radio equipment manufacturers, although they were supported by the then
Hewlett-Packard Corp. The laboratory group supporting the proposal would later
become part of Agilent.

The May 1985 decision in this docket permitted unlicensed use of spread
spectrum in 3 bands at powers up to 1 Watt. FCC said at the time that it would
welcome additional requests for spread spectrum in other bands.The resulting
rules, now codified as 47 CFR 15.247 permitted Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and many other
products including cordless telephones. These rules were then copied in many
other countries. Qualcomm was incorporated within 2 months after the decision to
commercialize CDMA.

2.6 SPREAD-SPECTRUM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

This is a technique in which a (telecommunication) signal is transmitted on a

bandwidth considerably larger than the frequency content of the original
information.

Spread-spectrum telecommunications is a signal structuring technique that

employs direct sequence, frequency hopping, or a hybrid of these, which can be
used for multiple access and/or multiple functions. This technique decreases the
potential interference to other receivers while achieving privacy. Spread spectrum
generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signal structure to spread the
normally narrowband information signal over a relatively wideband (radio) band of

17
frequencies. The receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve the original
information signal. Originally there were two motivations: either to resist enemy
efforts to jam the communications (anti-jam, or AJ), or to hide the fact that
communication was even taking place, sometimes called low probability of
intercept (LPI).

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct-sequence spread

spectrum (DSSS), time-hopping spread spectrum (THSS), chirp spread spectrum
(CSS), and combinations of these techniques are forms of spread spectrum. Each
of these techniques employs pseudorandom number sequences — created using
pseudorandom number generators — to determine and control the spreading
pattern of the signal across the alloted bandwidth. Ultra-wideband (UWB) is
another modulation technique that accomplishes the same purpose, based on
transmitting short duration pulses. Wireless Ethernet standard IEEE 802.11 uses
either FHSS or DSSS in its radio interface.

18
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Only ultra sound is used to communicate inside the water . In this work the
effective and reliable power line communication system is proposed for under
water communication and control. The tail end of power cable is terminated inside
the water with a embedded processor inside it. The data which is obtained inside
the water will be sent to the base station through power cable itself. The two end
of power cable is terminated inside and out side of water. One end is connected to
the PC outside water. From which commands can rdbe sent and receive data’s. The
other end is immersed inside the water to access the parameters.

3.1 PLCC
In our proposed system we are using power line carrier communication in a
tether based underwater vehicle as the alternative module in establishing the
communication line. The common application for PLC is to establish the
networking between multiple network peripherals only by using the power line.
This method reduces the number of communication cables in a network and
indirectly reduces the cable cost. Plc gives the advantage in having both power
and communication on a single power line. And the plc becomes the
communication module to interconnect two computer; the onboard single board
computer using local area network and TCP/IP protocol. Both computers are using
the window xp operating system, with 2 pair’s of plc modem are being used.
The power cable connecting the surface control station to the mini ROV is
powered by continuous 240Vac,50hz from generator. The PLC modem is an

19
Ethernet homeplug AV adaptor from Aztech with the data rate capacity of
200mbps from a point to point. It utilizes the CSMA/CA and TDMA protocol with
10/100base T-LAN port interface. The power cable is composed of two cores
AWG 13 stranded copper wire length at 100m.

3.2 WORKING
In this work a heating load is connected to microcontroller i.e. analog input.
Microcontroller will receive the signal where analog to digital conversion is done.
Program has done that every minute the temperature is send from one end power
line communication modem to other i.e. the digital signal through microcontroller.
Other end of Power Line carrier Communication will receive an analog
signal converted to digital signal sent to computer through RS232 and monitored in
hyper terminal (PC).
To prove the Power Line carrier Communication is a transceiver, BUZZER
and LAMP is connected to the micro controller of the same end of temperature. it’s
controlled from remote Personal computer through key board, when ‘B’ letter is
pressed buzzer will be in ON condition, if we press the same it will be OFF, signal
is send to Power Line carrier Communication through RS 232 and send to power.
Same thing will do for lamp where ‘L’ letter is pressed buzzer will be in ON
condition, if we press the same it will be OFF and the output was obtained.

3.2.1Spread spectrum technology

 A type of modulation in which the modulated signal bandwidth is much
greater than the message signal bandwidth.
 The spreading of the message signal spectrum is done by a spreading code
called Pseudo Noise Code (PN Code) which is independent of the message
signal.

20
 Fig 3.1 circuit diagram for detecting temperature and vibration

 Spread spectrum is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a

bandwidth in excess of the minimum necessary to send the information: the
band spread is accomplished by means of a code which is independent of the
data, and synchronized reception with the code at the receive is used for de-
spreading and subsequent data recovery.

21
 Fig 3.2 Spreading process

3.2.2 Types of Spread Spectrum

 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS/SS)
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH/SS)
 Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (TH/SS)

3.2.3 Hybrids Spread Spectrum Concept

Input fed into channel encoder Produces narrow bandwidth analog signal around
central frequency Signal modulated using sequence of digits Spreading
code/sequence Typically generated by pseudonoise/pseudorandom number
generator Increases bandwidth significantly Spreads spectrum Receiver uses same
sequence to demodulate signal Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder.
3.2.4 Advantages of Spread Spectrum
 Anti-jamming (A/J)
 Anti-interference (A/I)
 Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Message Privacy

22
3.3 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Transmitter)

Fig 3.3 SST Transmitter

The sequence of binary data is given to the FSK modulator then the signal
sd(t) is given to the mixture. The combination of pseudo noise bit source, channel
table frequency synthesizer forms a FH spreader. The signal from the frequency
synthesizer c(t) is given to the mixture and then finally the signal is given to the
band pass filter and then the spread spectrum signal is transmitted.

23
3.4 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Receiver)

Fig 3.4 SST Receiver

The obtained spread spectrum signal s(t) is given to the FH Despreader. The
combination of pseudo noise bit source, channel table frequency synthesizer forms
a FH spreader. The signal from the frequency synthesizer c(t) is given to the
mixture and then finally the signal is given to the band pass filter and then to the
demodulator(FSK or BPSK) and then the demodulated binary data is obtained.

24
3.5 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Example

Fig 3.5 Example for SST

3.6 TETHER COMMUNICATION

A tether based underwater vehicles required them to be supervisory
controlled. For short distance underwater vehicle like shallow water ROV, it may
require the likes of shielded copper cores as the communication cable. For a deep
submerging ROV or any tethered underwater platform, which a very reliable cable
must be used to prevent any data loss. For long distance application like this, the
best option is to use the optical fiber cable, which is known as a very reliable and
convenient element in having unaltered and noise-free data transmission. This kind
of cable requires more space to be spared. Power Line Communication (PLC) is a
solution where the number cables can be reduced without losing the reliability of
the communication connection. PLC gives advantage in having both power and
communication on a single power line. Electrical power lines are usually classified
into three classes of voltage networks [Ferreira] which are; high voltage (>100kV),
medium voltage (1-100 kV) and low voltage (<1kV). Because there are increase

25
demand for sending digital voices, videos and internet data, PLC technology does
provides high speed networking capabilities [Yousuf & El-Shafei].CSMA/CA
protocol is normally use in Homeplug standards with low voltage networks. This is
a collision avoidance technique where each device listens to the signal level to
determine when the channel is idle. In overall, the data rate is improved compared
to other methods because lees retransmission is occurred.

Figure 3.6: PLC Interconnection

26
3.6.1 Steps to establish TCP/IP connection between two computers using
Windows XP operating system
1. Switch on supplied power to the PLC and computers. Make sure the PLC
shares the same power line.
2. The Homeplug Ethernet adaptor pair will find each other soon after the
power is switched on. The LED indicators will flash giving indication that the
network link is established.
3. In Window, go to Control Panel-Network Connections to configure the
TCP/IP properties..
4. Enter TCP/IP properties, and configure the IP address, Subnet Mask and
Default gateway.
5. Make sure the IP addresses for both computers are in the same domain.

3.6.2 Communication & Control Algorithm

Power Line Communication is used to receive and transmit three types of
data, which are:
1. Control command form the surface
2. Video signal from the vehicle
3. Sensor data from the vehicle
It is important to have a very reliable and secure network communication to
prevent any data loss and providing a real time control.
For the programming, SIMULINK toolbox from MATLAB is used for executing
control command and establishing the communication channel between the
computers and the motor driver’s communication module.
For the surface computer, a joystick is used to supervisory control the vehicle
movements. The control algorithm is set such that the joystick is sending bit signal
every time the toggle and button are being moved. The bit by bit signals are sent to

27
the on-board computer using UDP (user datagram protocol). While, in the ROV,
the program code is ready to receive the data if the communication channel has
been established and afterwards compiles the bit signal into a set of 4 bits binary.
The 4 bits data are sending to the motor driver communication module through the
parallel port to initiate and execute the specific command for each thrusters.

Figure 3.7 On-board Receive Data Slave Program

IP address and port isconfigured on-board computer in order the surface

computer to recognize and transmit the bit signal to the right terminal. The same

28
configuration needs to be configured on the surface computer to allow the on-
board computer recognize the sender in order to establish the communication. For
master-slave communication between the surface computer and the on-board
computer, the details are as follows.
1. Surface computer
1 address: 10.120.1

2. On-board computer
1 address: 10.120.102
3. Port : 90-93
4. number of PLC pair is used:1 pair

3.7 FUTURE WORK

This was the first time using PLC technology as the communication module
in a tethered underwater vehicle. Thus further study must be held towards using the
PLC application in wide views of underwater technology. One lesson learned is
how to improve the real time transmission using PLC because data processing
must follow many network protocols, which create a delay in control, video
streaming and data transmission. The PLC technology surely reduces the numbers
of cable used but the number of network peripherals connected through a pair of
PLC must be limited as too many loads will also produces delay and interference
like the electromagnetic and the cable might not be able to supply sufficient power
over the power line to carry the data transmission. The other part is to improve the
software so that it is compatible and convenient to be use with PLC. SIMULINK is
good software for control algorithm, but ideally it is good for software simulation
but not for real time control programming. Running SIMULINK from MATLAB
requires high specification of a computer in
which in other hand is not cost effective.

29
 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 PIC16F870-WORKING
The pic16f870 is a microcontroller with inbuilt features such as
the clock which gives the necessary input, the Rs232 interface for connecting to
the MAX 232 plc modem interface and the temperature sensor is being connected
to RA3 pin and the pressure sensor being connected to the pin RC2.The working
principle of this device is that it receives the analog signal being modulated as
sst and also the power line communication ie. Dual way is effected.

4.1.1 Circuit details

1. Micro controller system
2. FLUX SENSOR unit
3. INTERFACE CIRCUIT
4. Power supply (230V A.C. to 12 V and 5V DC)

4.1.2 Microcontroller system

This system monitors the engine condition by using PIC 16F870 (28 pin IC
Package) micro controller. The pin details of micro controller are shown in figure.

30
 Fig 4.1 Pin diagram of PIC16F870

The circuit diagram for this micro controller board is shown below,

MOTHER BOARD CIRCUIT DETAILS

Fig 4.2 Mother board circuit details

The FLUX sensor is connected to PORTA (i.e)pin no 2&5.The pin no 1 is

RESET switch..The RF sections are connected to port B .

31
4.2 POWER SUPLLY UNIT

Introduction
All the electronic components starting from diode to Intel IC’s only work
with a DC supply ranging from +5V to +12V. We are utilizing for the same, the
cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230V-50Hz and stepping
down, rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage.
Step down transformer
When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer, it can
either be stepped down or stepped up depending on the value of DC needed. In our
circuit the transformer of 230V/15-0-15V is used to perform the step down
operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the secondary winding.
Apart from stepping down voltages, it gives isolation between the power source
and power supply circuitries.
In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid
state diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one
direction at proper biasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only
flow when the anode and cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage
will not permit electron flow. A commonly used circuit for supplying large
amounts of DCpower is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4 x
IN4007) are used to achieve full wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct
during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half
cycle, and only one diode conducts. At the same time one of the other two diodes
conducts for the negative voltage that is applied from the bottom winding due to
the forward bias for that diode. In this circuit due to positive half cycle D1 & D2
will conduct to give 0.8V pulsating DC. The DC output has a ripple frequency of

32
100Hz. Since each alteration produces a resulting output pulse, frequency = 2 x 50
Hz. The output obtained is not a pure DC and therefore filtration has to be done.

The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier
will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied rms value. Normally one alteration
of the input voltage will reverse the polarities. Opposite ends of the transformer
will therefore always be 180 degree out of phase with each other. For a positive
cycle, two diodes are connected to the positive voltage at the top winding.

Filter circuits which is usually capacitor acting as a surge arrester always

follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a
bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120Hz
to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output.

A load resistor R1 is connected so that a reference to the ground is

maintained. C1, R1 is for bypassing ripples. C2, R2 is used as a low pass filter,
i.e. it passes only low frequency signals and bypasses high frequency signals. The
load resistor should be 1% to 2.5% of the load.

1000µ f/25V : for the reduction of ripples from the pulsating

10µ f/25V : for maintaining the stability of the voltage at the load side.
0.1µ f : for bypassing the high frequency disturbance

33
 STEP DOWN BRIDGE POSITIVE
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER CHARGE
CAPACITOR

5V 12V
REGULATOR REGULATOR

MOTHER DISPLAY
BOARD BOARD RELAY

Fig 4.3 Block diagram for power supply

A 12 –0 v step down transformer is used to stepdown 230V AC to 12V

AC .This 12V AC supply is converted to 12V DC using four rectifier diodes. The
voltage from the rectifier section is regulated to 12V DC using 7812 IC .This
voltage is used for supply for the DC motor. From 12V DC the 7805 IC is used
for regulating 5V DC for the power supply of microcontroller.the power supply
circuit is shown in fig.
Here we have to drive the 12V DC stepper motor.The 5V signal from the
PIC 16F 870 micro controller is fed into the input of interface circuit. TIP 120
Darlington transistor is used here for high speed switching purpose and the Diode

34
IN 4007 is for the safety of TIP 120 transistor during the collapsing of magnetic
field from the stepper motor coil. This interface circuit is shown in fig.

4.3 PIC WITH RS-232

The PIC Microcontrollers are supported with a full range of Hardware and
software development tools. The used PIC16F870 device comes in 28 pin
package. To communicate with the PIC we are using RS-232 standard port of
computer. In personal computer, data transfer takes place serially. RS-232
standard is used for serial communication. PIC Microcontroller is linked to PC
through the RS-232 port. The PC displays the menu for selecting the calibrating
equipment and all the calibration results graphically and in tabular form. The user
can access the calibration reports, comparison graphs etc at any time using the
menu offered in the PC.
The PIC Microcontrollers are supported with a full range of hardware and
software development tools. The used PIC16F870 device comes in 28 pin
package. To communicate with the PIC we are using RS-232 port of the computer.
So we have to initialize the port before using it. To initialize and to communicate
with the PIC, the file COM.C defines and uses several functions. The functions
and their definitions are given below.
 High-performance RISC CPU
 Only 35 single word instructions to learn
 All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two
cycles
 Operating speed: DC-20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
 4K x 14 words of Program Memory, 256 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
 Interruput capability (upto 14 Internal / External interrupt sources)
 Eight level deep hardware stack

35
 Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
 Power-on Reset (POR)
 Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
 Watchdog timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
 Programmable code-protection
 Power saving SLEEP mode
 Selectable oscillator options
 Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM technology
 Fully static design
 In-circuit Serial Programming (ISC)
 Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V
 High Sink / Source current 25/25 mA
 Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
 Low power consumption
 <2 mA at 5V, 4 MHz
 22.5 mA typical at 3V, 32 KHz
 <1 mA typical standby current
 Timer 0: 8-bit timer / counter with 8-bit prescaler
 Timer 1: 16 bit timer / counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
sleep via external crystal/clock
 Timer 2: 8 bit timer / counter with 8 bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
 Two capture, compare, PWM modules
 Caputure is 16 bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
 Compare is 16 bit, max. resolution is 200 ns,

36
  PWM max. resolution is 10 bit
 12 bit multi channel Analog-to Digital converter
 On-chip absolute band gap voltage reference generator
 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master Mode) and I 2 C
 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter, supports high /
low speeds and 9 bit address mode (USART/SCI)
 Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls
 Programmable Brown out detection circuitry for Brownout Reset (BOR)
 Programmable Low-voltage detection circuitry

4.4 SENSORS
4.4.1 Vibration sensor

Vibration sensors are utilized in a number of applications to measure

acceleration and/or vibrational activity. Vibration sensors can be utilized to
determine whether the machinery is operating properly Vibration sensors can be
useful for monitoring the condition of rotating machinery, where overheating or
excessive vibration could indicate excessive loading, inadequate lubrication, or
bearing wear. Such sensors are also utilized in geophysical applications and
applications requiring accelerometers.

37
 Fig 4.4 Vibration snensor

Vibration sensors are used as knock sensors in internal combustion engines. In

order to assure that an engine is operating under optimum conditions, it is
necessary to accurately monitor its actual operating state. One device known to be
highly useful for this purpose is the engine vibration sensor. Vibration or shock
sensors are commonly used in alarm systems to activate an alarm whenever the
devices to which they are attached are touched, moved, or otherwise vibrated. For
example, vibration sensors are commonly placed in windows of buildings to sense
glass breakage and in car alarm systems to detect vehicle tampering.

Table 4.1 Calculation of threshold frequency

38
4.4.2 Temperature sensor
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The
LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin,
as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to
obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external
calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies ±1⁄4˚C at room temperature
and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance,
linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy as it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very
low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a
−55˚ to +150˚C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C
range (−10˚ with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available pack-aged in
hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are
also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available
in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Fig 4.5 Connection diagram.

Specifications

Supply Voltage : +35V to −0.2V

39
Output Voltage : +6V to −1.0V
Output Current : 10 mA

Storage Temperature : −60˚C to +150˚C

(TO-92 Package)
Lead Temperature : 260˚C
TO-92 and TO-220 Package,
(Soldering, 10 seconds)

Fig 4.6 Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor

Features

• Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

• Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
• 0.5˚C accuracy guarantee able (at +25˚C)
• Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range
• Suitable for remote applications
• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

40
 • Operates from 4 to 30 volts
• Less than 60 µA current drain
• Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still air
• Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typical
• Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load

4.5 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either
be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the
transformer of 230v/15-0-15v is used to perform the step down operation where a
230V AC appears as 15V AC across the secondary winding. One alteration of
input causes the top of the transformer to be positive and the bottom negative. The
next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of the
transformer used in our project is 2A. Apart from stepping down AC voltages, it
gives isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries.

4.5.1 Rectifier unit

A commonly used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the

bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4*IN4007) are used to achieve
full wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the
other two will conduct during the positive half cycle. The DC voltage appearing
across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier will be somewhat lass than 90%
of the applied rms value. Normally one alteration of the input voltage will reverse

41
the polarities. Opposite ends of the transformer will therefore always be 180 deg
out of phase with each other.

For a positive cycle, two diodes are connected to the positive voltage at the
top winding and only one diode conducts. At the same time one of the other two
diodes conducts for the negative voltage that is applied from the bottom winding
due to the forward bias for that diode. In this circuit due to positive half cycleD1 &
D2 will conduct to give 10.8v pulsating DC. The DC output has a ripple frequency
of 100Hz. Since each altercation produces a resulting output pulse, frequency =
2*50 Hz. The output obtained is not a pure DC and therefore filtration has to be
done.

4.5.2 Filtering unit

Filter circuits which are usually capacitors acting as a surge arrester always
follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a
bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120Hz
to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output. A load
resistor R1 is connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained. C1R1 is
for bypassing ripples. C2R2 is used as a low pass filter, i.e. it passes only low
frequency signals and bypasses high frequency signals. The load resistor should be
1% to 2.5% of the load. 1000∝ f/25v : for the reduction of ripples from the
pulsating. 10∝ f/25v : for maintaining the stability of the voltage at the load
side. O.1∝ f : for bypassing the high frequency disturbances.

4.5.3 Voltage regulators

The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The
primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a

42
constant DC voltage to the device. Power supplies without regulators have an
inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or
due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected to the DC
output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired
output. IC7812 and 7912 is used in this project for providing +12v and –12v DC
supply.

4.6 ENCODER & DECODER IC

4.6.1 Encoder
RF Encoder – HT12E
HT640 and HT640L is 8 channel Encoder Decoder IC's for RF Modules.
The HT640 Encoder ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system
applications. They are capable of Encoding 18 bit of information which consists of
N address bits and 18-N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary
programmable if bonded out.

Features of Encoder
 20 PIN DIP

 Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12V

 Low Power and High Noise Immunity CMOS Technology
 Low Standby Current and Minimum Transmission Word
 Built-in Oscillator needs only 5% Resistor
 Easy Interface with and RF or an Infrared transmission medium

4.6.2 Decoder
RF Decoder – HT12D

43
 The HT648L ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system
applications. These ICs are paired with each other. For proper operation a pair of
encoder/decoder with the same number of address and data format should be
selected. The Decoder receive the serial address and data from its corresponding
decoder, transmitted by a carrier using an RF transmission medium and gives
output to the output pins after processing the data.

Features of Decoder
 20 PIN DIP, Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12.0V

 Low Power and High Noise Immunity, CMOS Technology

 Low Stand by Current, Trinary address setting
 Capable of Decoding 18 bits of Information
 8 ~ 12 Address Pins and 0 ~ 4 Data Pins
 VT goes high during a valid transmission
 Easy Interface with an RF of IR transmission medium
 Minimal External Components.

4.7 MAX232 (CMOS TO TTYL CONVERTER)

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each
receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These
receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can
accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-
232-F levels.

44
 Fig 4.7 Max232 pin diagram

4.7.1 Features
Superior to Bipolar
*Operate from Single +5V Power Supply(+5V and +12V—
MAX231/MAX239)
*Low-Power Receive Mode in Shutdown(MAX223/MAX242)
* Meet All EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 Specifications
*Multiple Drivers and Receivers
Applications
* Interface Translation

* Multidrop RS-232 Networks

* Portable Computing

* Low-Power Modems

This high-power regulator has capabilities up to +5V at 1A. May require

heat sink in some applications.

* Maximum Input Voltage: 35VDC

45
 * Type: 7805

* Case style: TO-220

A 5V voltage regulator (7805) is used to ensure that no more than 5V is

delivered to the circuit board.

The regulator functions by using a diode to clamp the output voltage at

5VDC regardless of the input voltage - excess voltage is converted to heat and
dissipated through the body of the regulator. If a DC supply of greater than 12V is
used, excessive heat will be generated, and the board may be damaged. If a DC
supply of less than 5V is used, insufficient voltage will be present at the regulators
output.

If a power supply provides a voltage higher than 7 or 8 volts, the regulator

must dissipate significant heat. If the board requires higher currents (due to the use
of peripheral devices or larger breadboard circuits), then the regulator may need to
dissipate more heat. In this case, the regulator can be secured to the circuit board
by fastening it with a screw and nut. By securing the regulator tightly to the circuit
board, excess heat can be passed to the board and then radiated away.

46
 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DISCRIPTION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

C and assembly programs are the most commonly used in programming

today’ sembedded signal processors including the Blackfin processor. With the
advancement of the C compiler for embedded processors, it becomes more
common and equally efficient to program in C instead of using assembly code. In
addition, Analog Devices provides many optimized DSP functions that are
available in the DSP runtime library to ease the programming of DSP algorithms.
However, assembly code is still useful for programmers who wish to optimize
programs in terms of speed, memory resources, and power consumption. A typical
software development flow for code generation. Users can use C/Cand/or assembly
source codes to program their applications. If the code is written in C, it needs to
compile the C code to generate assembly code first, and passes this compiler-
generated assembly file (.s) to the assembler. The assembly code can be fed

47
directly to the assembler to generate the object (.doj) File The linker maps the
object file to an executable (.dxe) file using the information from the linker
description file (.ldf). The .ldf file contains informationon the memory mapping to
the physical memory. More information on the linker and the .ldf file is provided
in Section 5.2.3. The final .dxe file (which contains application code and
debugging information) can be loaded into the Visual DSP simulator, the EZ-KIT,
or other target boards to verify the correctness of the program. If not, debugging of
the source code must be carried out and the process of compile-assemble-link-load
is repeated. Once the software is verified, system verification must be carried out.
The programmer has the option of downloading the .dxe file into different
hardware systems such as the Blackfin EZ-KIT or acustom Blackfin target board,
or to load into an external fl ash memory.Visual DSPcan perform system
verification and profile the performance of the code running on the actual
processor. There is a need at this stage to make sure that the code will meet the
real-time processing requirements, resource availability, and power consumption
demand of the system. Therefore, Visual DSP is an integrated development and
debugging environment (IDDE) that deliver sefficient project management.

48
 Fig 5.1 Software Development Flow
A Visual DSPkernel (VDK)allows users to perform task scheduling and
resource allocation to address memory and timing constraints of programming. The
VDK also includes standard library and framework, which ease the process of
writing complex programs. They include profile-guided optimization (PGO), cache
visualization, pipeline viewer ,backgroundtelemetry channel (BTC) support,
multiple processor support, integrate source code control, automation application
program interface, and aware scripting engine.

Multi PIC Programmer 5 Ver.2 is a PIC programmer, which can program to

8-pin to" 40-pin devices using single ZIF socket. There are many kinds of PIC
programmers. The programmer, does not need an external power supply, and since
there are only few parts, it is very cheap and can be built easily. This PIC
programmer is called "JDM programmer

49
 "Multi PIC programmer 5 Ver.1", in order to enable it to program 40-pin
devices like PIC16F877 with a ZIF socket. The number "5" is because it is the 5th
set of the programmers which I built based on the JDM programmer. This PIC
programmer's circuit diagram can be downloaded from my homepage.

Lately I improved this PIC programmer. The main improvements are having
made it suit "VPP before VDD" and changed wiring of a ZIF socket for accepting
devices with LVP (Low Voltage Programming) mode. Information about "VPP
before VDD" is available in my homepage.

Before you build this "PIC programmer", If TxD, DTR, and RTS do not
have more than +7.5V(or -7.5V), this programmer will not work well, especially,
with the latest laptop computers that using low power RS232 interface ICs
1 CCS C Compiler
This integrated C development environment gives developers the capability
to quickly produce very efficient code from an easily maintainable high level
language.

The compiler includes built-in function to access the PIC microcontroller

hardware such as READ_ADC to read a value from the A/D converter. Discrete
I/O is handled by describing the port characteristics in a PRAGMA. Functions such
as INPUT and OUTPUT_HIGH will properly maintain the tri-state registers.
Variables including structures may be directly mapped to memory such as I/O
ports to best represent the hardware structure in C.

The microcontroller clock speed may be specified in a PRAGMA to permit

built in functions to delay for a given number of microseconds or milliseconds.
Serial I/O functions allow standard functions such as GETC and PRINTF to be
used for RS-232 like I/O.

50
 The hardware serial transceiver is used for applicable parts when possible.
For all other cases a software serial transceiver is generated by the compiler. The
standard C operators and the special built in functions are optimized to produce
very efficient code for the bit and I/O functions.

Functions may be implemented inline or separate, allowing to optimize for

either ROM concerns or speed concerns. Function parameters are passed in
reusable registers. Inline functions with reference parameters are implemented
efficiently with no memory overhead.

During the linking process the program structure, including the call tree, is
analyzed. Functions that call one another frequently are grouped together in the
same page segment. Calls across pages are handled automatically by the tool
transparent to the user. Functions may be implemented inline or separate. RAM is
allocated efficiently by using the call tree to determine how locations can be re-
used. Constant strings and tables are saved in the device ROM.

The output hex and debug files are select-able and compatible with popular
emulators and programmers including MPLAB IDE for source level debugging.
PCW includes a powerful Windows IDE. The compiler requires Microsoft
Windows 95, 98, ME, NT4, 2000 or XP.

5.1.1 Real PIC Simulator

It is a professional pic simulator for Microchip(tm) pic microcontrollers. The

simulation process is done in real time with user interaction through different
visual components. The main goal of this project is SPEED and we can proudly
say that this is the fastest pic simulator on the market.

51
 The advantages of using this tool for professionals, companies - while
waitting for the PCB prototyping the development of the firmware can be done,
more than one developer can work on the same project (board) without the need of
an extra development board for PIC hobbyist - you don't have to buy expensive pic
emulators and pic debuggers save time - the PIC microcontroller is not easy to
debug without the appropriate tools, Real Pic Simulator is the perfect tool for this
job. All PIC compilers are supported Real Pic Simulator imports the HEX or the
COD file resulted from the compilation. Very easy to use, after the HEX file is
imported, place (drag and drop) the visual components that you want to use and
make the connections. Currently the following visual components are
implemented(more to come): LEDs - turn LED on or off UART terminal (software
and hardware) - serial communication Analog source - set analog pin values Push
button - set inputs high or low Character LCD - display text on LCD Keypad - read
up to 4x4 keypads 7 LED segment display - LED display of seven segments
Oscilloscope - digital oscilloscope Graphic LCD - display graphics on LCD
-Buzzer (speaker) - output sound to PC sound card -Function generator - customize
input streams I2C serial EEPROM memory - simulate a 24C64 (8KBytes) serial
memory DS1307 Real Time Clock - read time with I2C protocol.

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 DISCUSSION
The project is concerned about the safety of the deep sea divers and the
fishermen who has their business concerned with the sea. The spread
spectrum technology which is being implemented has so many advantages ,

52
the prime one being its high efficiency and ease of transmission of signals in a
noise-free environment. The vibration sensor provides the alerts of tsunami
from the tidal waves and be plc modem converts the power signals into data.
To provide maximum efficiency and throughput , the system can be directly
connected to the satellite, and the information at any instant is got as the
sensor data are frequently updated. Also the optical fibers can be used for the
implementation of the data through the cables in a lossless manner.
RESULT
BLANK SCREEN

TEMPERATURE ALERT

53
PRESSURE ALERT

HEART BEAT ALERT

54
6.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

STAGE 1

The main problem in this stage was that, we couldn’t achieve the long
distance transmission and reception, because of the unavailability of the required
materials for signal strength in RF. So we moved to the concept of zigbee module.
So complete wired network was removed and portable wireless communication
was used.

STAGE 2

Local information alert (pc) was not supporting properly. so we improved

that .To reach distinction by using GSM and internet. Because GSM only convey
the information like sms and voice data all over the world . And internet to monitor
the patient status in any time and any place

55
MODIFIED DESIGN PARAMETERS

Zigbee range : 2.4 GHz From 500 to 600ft.

Pressure calculation : 200 kpa.

Temperature : −55° to +150°C

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

7.1 CONCLUSION

The project is based on the power line communication which involves the
transfer of both the power and data over the same RS 232 interface. The SST is a
very efficient modulation technique and it aims at the zero noise interference and
hence the signals can be more effectively tracked. The variation in tidal waves can
be easily sensed and hence the safety of the fishermen is ensured. This is also an
economical system as we use only simple and less expensive components. Thus
this system aims at the monitoring of the ocean by simple means without any bulky
cabling.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

56
 This project aims at a very easy monitoring of the temperature as well as
the shoals of fish that couldn’t be easily tracked by the conventional
methods. Hence it’s a nice equipment for measuring the tidal pressure waves and
can save so many lives from tsunami.

APPENDIX

TRANSMITTER SECTION

#include <lcd_zenbio.h>

#define MYDATA P2

sbit A1=P1^0;
sbit A2=P1^1;
sbit A3=P1^2;

void Delay();
void Delay1();

int count,tc,fc;

void intx0() interrupt 0 using 3

{
IE0=0;
count++;
while(P3_2==0);
Delay();

57
 }

void intim0() interrupt 1 using 2

{
TF0=0;
tc++;
if (tc==140)
{
tc=0;
fc=count*6;
count=0;
}
}

void init()
{
SCON=0x50;
TMOD=0X20;
TH1=0XFD;
TR1=1;
}

void txs(unsigned char value)

{
TI=0;
SBUF=value;
while(TI==0);
}

unsigned char adata()

{
unsigned char val=0;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x80)>>7;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x40)>>5;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x20)>>3;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x10)>>1;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x8)<<1;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x4)<<3;
val=val|(MYDATA&0x2)<<5;

58
 val=val|(MYDATA&0x1)<<7;
return val;
}

void main()
{
unsigned char value,rval,i=0;
init();

MYDATA=0XFF;
lcdinit();
SCON=0x50;
TMOD=0X21;
TH1=0XFD;
TR1=1;
TR0=1;
IE=0x83;

while(1)
{
while(RI==0)
{

P1=0;
Delay();
value=adata();
txs('T');
txs((value/100)+0x30);
txs(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
txs((value%10)+0x30);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcddata('T');
lcddata('E');
lcddata('M');
lcddata('P');
lcddata(':');
lcddata((value/100)+0x30);
lcddata(((value%100)/10)+0x30);

59
lcddata((value%10)+0x30);

value=count;
lcdcmd(0x8B);
lcddata((value/100)+0x30);
lcddata(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
lcddata((value%10)+0x30);

P1=1;
Delay();
value=adata();
txs('P');
txs((value/100)+0x30);
txs(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
txs((value%10)+0x30);
lcdcmd(0xC0);
lcddata('P');
lcddata('R');
lcddata(':');
lcddata((value/100)+0x30);
lcddata(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
lcddata((value%10)+0x30);

value=fc;
if (value < 100)
{
txs('H');
txs((value/100)+0x30);
txs(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
txs((value%10)+0x30);
lcdcmd(0xC7);
lcddata('H');
lcddata('B');
lcddata(':');
lcddata((value/100)+0x30);
lcddata(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
lcddata((value%10)+0x30);
}
else
{
txs('H');

60
 txs((value/100)+0x30);
txs(((value%100)/10)+0x30);
txs((value%10)+0x30);
lcdcmd(0xC7);
lcddata('H');
lcddata('B');
lcddata(':');
lcddata('E');
lcddata('R');
lcddata('R');
}

}
}

void Delay1()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<5000;i++);
}

void Delay()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<10000;i++);
}

RECIEVER SECTION

#include<reg51.h>
sfr adcout=0x80;
sbit A1=P1^0;
sbit B1=P1^1;
sbit C1=P1^2;
sbit rs=P3^2;

61
sbit rw=P3^3;
sbit en=P3^4;
sbit pir=P1^3;
stee=0x90;
void delay11(unsigned char);
unsigned int q,w;
unsigned char volt,volt1,x,pre,pre1;
void serint(void);
void send(unsigned char *x);
unsigned char *at="AT\n";
unsigned char *del="AT+CMGD=1,4";
unsigned char *new="\n";
unsigned char *atn="AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0";

unsigned char *se="AT+CMGS="; //sending msg

unsigned char *num="9999999999";

unsigned char *yes="hart beat";//sending msg

unsigned char *sss="temp high";

unsigned char *mmm="pres high";

unsigned int i,j,s;

unsigned char mydata[56];
unsigned char aa[20];
void steep();
//unsigned char var5[]=("PRE: ");
void delay1(void);
void lcd_init();
void delay(unsigned char value2);
void lcdcmw(unsigned char);
void lcddtw(unsigned char);
void lcd_data1(unsigned char *k,n);
void lcdcmw(unsigned char value)
{
rs=0;
rw=0;
P2=value;
en=1;
delay(10);
en=0;

62
}
void lcd_init()
{
lcdcmw(0x38);
delay(25);
lcdcmw(0X01);
delay(25);
lcdcmw(0X0e);
delay(25);
lcdcmw(0x06);
}
void lcddtw(unsigned char p)
{
rs=1;
rw=0;
P2=p;
en=1;
delay(10);
en=0;
}
void delay(unsigned char value2)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=value2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1000;j++)
{
}
}
}
void lcd_data1(unsigned char *k,n)
{
int s;
for(s=0;s<=n;s++)
{
lcddtw(*k);
k++;
}
}
void main()
{

63
serint();
lcd_init();
lcdcmw(0x80);
lcd_data1(&var1,16);
pir=1;

stee=0x00;

while(1)
{
if(x=='a')
{

send(at);
send(aten);
send(num);

send(sss);

}
}
}

void delay11(unsigned char a)

{
for(q=0;q<=a;q++)
{
for(w=0;w<=1275;w++);
}
}
void serint(void)
{
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
}
void send(unsigned char *x)
{
for(;*x;)

64
 {
SBUF=*x++;
while(TI==0);
TI=0;
}
}

REFERENCES
USM Robotics Research Group, School of Electrical and Electronic
EngineeringUniversiti Sains Malaysia,
Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia
V. Guillet, G. Lamarque, P. Ravier and C. L´eger,Prisme Institute, University of
Orl´eans, Orl´eans, FranceJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 4, NO.
2, MARCH 2009
Power Line Communication DevelopmentDr. John Newbury
The Open University,70 Manchester Road,ManchesterM219UN
Danilewicz later recalled: "In 1929 we proposed to the General Staff a
device of my design for secret radio telegraphy which fortunately did not win
acceptance, as it was a truly barbaric idea consisting in constant changes of
transmitter frequency. The commission did, however, see fit to grant me 5,000
złotych for executing a model and as encouragement to further work." Cited in
Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken,
and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, 1984, p. 27.

65
66