TCE

Vol.5 - No.1 October 2009 Quarterly Journal of TCE Consulting Engineers Limited

Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Project II

For BWSSB

Engineering a better tomorrow

 Editorial
It is nice to be back. The subject of this Issue is simple, but special.
Water is life on our planet. Yet water is probably the strangest thing we have. Water carries a master
controversial truth. It is plenty on the earth; still it is scarce. In reality, our planet is not ‘earth’; it is
‘water’. Our planet is water planet. Three fourths of earth surface is covered with water. But, most
of that water is saline. Saline water is not useful to us. Of the fresh water, bulk is in glaciers and
ice. That too is not available to us. Only 0.01 per cent of the total water of the planet is accessible
for consumption. In India too, water is plenty, but scarce. India has 14 major rivers, 55 minor rivers
and several hundred small rivers. Water is still scarce. That is how water is the most important and
a scarce resource for us.

TCE has been working on water projects for three decades. The projects are about the various aspects
of water: water supply and distribution projects, potable water projects, wastewater treatment
projects, geological and hydro geological studies, leak detection projects etc. TCE has engineered
waste water treatment facilities in major cities of India: Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi
and Chennai.

One major water and sewerage project that TCE is working at present is for Bangalore Water Supply
and Sewerage Board; Stage IV, Phase II Project. TCE worked on the Stage IV, Phase I also.

This issue of TCE WORLD covers papers on the various aspects of the BWSSB Phase II project. It is
indeed an important infrastructure project for the IT City of India. The subjects covered are: Water
Demand & Supply Management for Bangalore City, Ground Level Reservoirs, Procurement under Japan
International Cooperation Agency Funds, Reduction in Unaccounted-for Water & Leakage Control,
Sewer Lining, Surge Protection and Water Treatment Plant Process Options.

Trust our readers will find these articles interesting. TCE is proud to present this issue to the readers.
TCE WORLD issue is delayed, but it feels great to be back.

Happy Reading

Vision
To be an internationally respected engineering
consultant offering comprehensive solutions

2
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 
Inside
TCE WORLD
 Water Demand & Supply Management
For Bangalore City 4


Vol. 5 No. 1 – October 2009  Selection of Surge Protection Devices for

Cauvery Stage IV, Phase II Clear Water
Pumping Main 5


For private circulation only  Sewer Rehabilitation / Replacement 7


 Reduction in Unaccounted - For
Water And Leakage Control 9
Printed & Published by
Rakesh Gautam
on behalf of
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited  Structural Design of Ground Level
Matulya Centre - ‘A’ Reservoirs In Bangalore City 13
249, Senapati Bapat Marg,
Lower Parel, Mumbai - 400 013
Tel.: 6662 4743 • Fax : 6662 4723
Printed at  Options for WTP Processes 15
GP Offset Pvt. Ltd.
Andheri (E), Mumbai - 400 059

 Procurement under Japan

 International Cooperation Agency Funds 17

Editor
S. B. Mehra

All RIGHTS RESERVED

 REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART WITHOUT
PERMISSION IS PROHIBITED

Cover
The pictures show Shri B. S. Yeddyurappa, Hon.
CM, Karnataka and other ministers at Vidhan Visit us at : www.tce.co.in
Soudha, lighting the traditional lamps, on the Your comments on this issue are welcome.
occasion of the inauguration of BWSSB Works, on Please send to
25 May 2009 and
TCE Engineers who attended the function,
editor@tce.co.in
in front of the Vidhan Soudha

3
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Water Demand & Supply Management For Bangalore City
Deepak Kumar Mallick
The water supply of Bangalore City is
not matching the fast growing water
demand. The demand projection shows
that the water deficit will grow. Bangalore
Development Authority (BDA) is the Planning
Authority for Bangalore Metropolitan Area.
BDA has to prepare the Comprehensive
Development Plan (CDP) for Bangalore
Metropolitan area. BDA has now taken up
revision of CDP.
Demand
Water demand has been categorized into
the following:
• Domestic demand
• Non-domestic demand, comprising
• Other Allowances
• Fire demand
• Allowance for Leakage
Leakage has to be minimised through
a systematic programme. BWSSB is
embarking upon a programme to cover
the Core Area in about the next five years
to reduce the leakage to acceptable limits.
Supply
Water from the Cauvery Water Supply
Scheme Stages I, II, III, IV Phase-I and IV
Phase-2 is brought into the city. Water from
Chamrajsagar Waterworks on the Arkavathy
River is also conveyed to the western part
of the city. After the implementation of
Phase-2 project, water quantity of 1348
Mld can be made available for the city.
Demand Vs Supply
BWSSB is unable to meet the demand of
4
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
The water supply of Bangalore City is not matching the fast growing water
demand. There are various reasons for this situation. Bangalore Water supply
and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is embarking on a programme to reduced leakage
for conservation of water. The author discusses the issue and then suggests the
various possible solutions.
the whole city (800 sqkm). However BWSSB • Mobile Tanked and Pump Approach
was supplying water only to the core area
• Metering Illegal Consumption
(225 sqkm) and some adjascnet areas (76
sq. km) till 2008. Since the present water • Metering Error
loss due to leakages is 37%, the actual
deficit is more than the projected values. Supply Management
Demand Management Supply management is required to increase
the supply of water from existing as well as
Demand management involves measures alternative sources to meet higher demand
that promote the efficient use of water. and an equitable distribution of water.
Conservation can forestall future supply- The supply can be increased by following
capacity needs; it can be implemented on methods.
the supply as well as the demand sides; and
it can consist of temporary and permanent
measures. Demand management consists
of 2 parts.
1. Minimization of water uses
2. Minimization of Water Losses
Minimization of Water Uses
To minimize the water loss due to
misutilization, the public awarness is
required. Fix leaking taps, Pipes etc.,
immediately and check regularly for leaks
by their owners.
Minimization of Water Losses
Minimization of water loss is the reduction
in UFW (unaccounted-for water). At present
UFW is 37% in Bangalore. Reduction
of UFW is done by dividing the total
distribution network into smaller hydraulic
isolated areas .
After estlabishing the DMAs the UFW
reduction can be done. Some methods for
testing leakage are mentioned below:-
• Minimum Night Flow (MNF) Approach
Continued on page 14
 Selection of Surge Protection Devices for Cauvery Stage IV,
Phase II Clear Water Pumping Main
Waterhammer, or surge, in the pumping main results in severe damage to
the pipeline. A reliable surge-protection system must be in place before the
occurrence of uncontrolled emergency conditions; e.g., pump tripping due
to power failure, etc.
The authors describe how the proposed Cauvery Stage IV, Phase II pumping
mains are considered for surge analysis and adequate protection devices are
proposed. The pumping system is three-stage with three different stretches.
The transient models for the three pumping stretches are prepared and
analysed.
G. N. Virupaksha Arnab Kr Mondal

Waterhammer associated with transient
conditions are important in the design
and operation of pumping mains of water
supply systems. The present study is based
on Clear Water Transmission System from
T.K. Halli to Bangalore City under Cauvery
Stage IV, Phase-II Project. Under this project
the proposed Pumping Main (2700 mm
diameter and 18 mm shell thickness) will
convey 500 Mld treated water from Water
Treatment Plant at T.K. Halli to six (6)
balancing reservoirs in Bangalore city.
The pump efficiency generally reduces
slightly after the pump is in operation
for few years. To make up such loss 6%
extra flow is considered for each pump. So
the actual flows considered for transient
analysis are 530 MLD for normal condition
and 615 MLD for Special condition.
Cause of Waterhammer & Protection
Devices
‘Waterhammer’ in the pumping mains is
generally caused by three factors: Starting
of pumps, valve operations and tripping
of pumps due to power failure. To the
extent possible, it is necessary to design
surge control equipment such that serious
transients are prevented. Using a transient
model, one can try different valve operating
speeds, pipe sizes, and pump controls to
see if the transient effects can be controlled
The proposed clear water transmission system with pumping reaches, pumping stations, Pumping heads and pumping flows are as following:
Pumping Reaches Pumping Stations
T.K. Halli to Harohalli (44 km)
Harohalli to Tataguni (20 km)
Tataguni to Bangalore City (50 km)
to acceptable levels. If transients cannot
be prevented, specific devices to control
transients may be needed. Some methods
of transient prevention include slow
opening and closing of valves, proper pump
controls, lower pipeline velocity etc.
Choice of Surge Protection
The best method of waterhammer protection
for a pumping main will depend on the
hydraulic and physical characteristics of the
system. Air Chamber, One way surge tank,
Air inlet and outlet valve are used as the
most common surge protection devices in
pumping mains. Recent developments in this
area suggest availability of some alternative
devices like Anti-Surge Valves, Vacuum
Breaker Cum Air Cushion Valves etc. In
addition to Air Chambers and One-way Surge
Tanks these types of recently developed surge
protection devices can be used at different
reaches of pumping mains to reduce high
transient pressure and negative pressure.
Design Criteria
The surge protection systems are designed
to control the maximum and minimum
pressures within specified limits following
the transient event. The following design
criteria are adopted for assessing the
transient pressures after power failure to
pumps: (a) The maximum pressure should
be less than 1.5 times the working pressure
Pumping Heads Pumping Flow at Normal Pumping Flow at Special
Condition (6W +4S)
T.K. Halli 135 500
Harohalli 143 500
Tataguni 135 500
and (b) The minimum pressure in the
pipeline is restricted to one third the sub-
atmospheric pressure.
Computer Program/Software Use
for Transient Analysis
The analysis has been carried out with
Hydraulic Transient Modeling Software
“HAMMER”. The program identifies
magnitudes and locations of maximum
and minimum transient pressures and flows
along the length of the pipeline under
transient conditions.
Transient Cases & Transient Analysis
Broadly the following cases are considered
for analysis under normal and emergency
operating conditions: (a) Pump Start-up
(b) Pump tripping / Power failure to pumps
Analyses are carried out for simultaneous
power failure to six (6) working pumps
which is the normal operating condition.
However, the evaluation of surge pressures
and adequacy of surge protective devices is
also checked for Seven (7) pumps working
and tripping case. Seventh (7th) pump may
be operated during emergency condition.
Out of three pumping reaches detail
analysis of one reach-T.K. Halli to Harohalli is
discussed here. The maximum and minimum
transient pressures for different transient
cases analysed are presented in the Table-1.
Condition (7W + 3S)
580
580
580

5
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Table-1: Maximum and Minimum Transient Pressures Head

without protection device with protection device

Case Head at Entire Network (m) Head at d/s of Pumps (m) Head at Entire Network (m) Head at d/s of Pumps (m)
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
Power failure to 7
238.6 -10 238.5 22.7 156.4 0 156.4 80.6
working pumps

Max & Min Transient head without Protection Device Max & Min Transient head with Protection Device

Graphical representation of max and min • All the three pumping reaches are • S u r g e p ro t e c t i o n d e v i c e s a re
pressure head is shown in above figures. subjected to severe subatmospheric considered for critical condition (7
pressures over a considerable length. pumps operation)
Parametric Studies
• A combined protection system of air • Air valves at several locations along
The design of the surge protection system
chamber, one-way surge tank and the transmission main will act as
is basically an iterative process to evolve
air valves is envisaged for pipeline secondary surge protective devices.
adequate and economical protection
from T.K. Halli to Haorhalli reach. Air
system to control the transient pressures
chambers alone with air valves are
effectively. For all the three pumping
proposed for pipeline from Harohalli
reaches parametric studies has been carried
to Tataguni and Tataguni to reservoirs
with initial air volume in Air Chamber, the
within Bangalore city.
differential orifice throttling loss in the
connecting line to the air chamber and size
of one way surge tank.
Sl No Reach Surge Protective device
Conclusions
Based on the waterhammer analysis, the 1 T K Halli to Harohalli 9 Numbers air chambers (each 100 m3) and a
following are the major conclusions: One way Surge Tank (21 m Diameter and 4 m
height) at J.K. Doddi.
• Power failure to seven (7) working
pumps simultaneously is the most 2 Harohalli to Tataguni 8 Numbers air chambers (each 100 m3)
critical case from transient point of 3 Tataguni to Bangalore City 8 Numbers air chambers (each 100 m3
view.

Pumping Station Air Chambers as a surge Protection Device One-way Surge Tank as a Protection Device

ooo
6
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow

D. M. Mandalia Deepak Kumar Mallick
Bangalore is among the fastest growing
cities in Asia and is one of India’s rapidly
developing modern urban centers. The
water supply and wastewater systems
within the municipal limits are under the
management of Bangalore Water Supply
and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).
Among other objectives of the project,
the following are major works to be
implemented:
• Augment the water supply by
about 500 mld and improvement in
transmission and distribution system
to reduce the water leakages and
unaccounted-for water (UFW)
• Augment the sewerage system for
the augmented water supply. This
includes design of new trunk sewer
system, rehabilitation/replacement of
existing sewers and sewage pumping
stations, etc.
Bangalore Sewerage System
The sewerage system of Bangalore was
developed in the 1920’s which was
confined to the then heavily populated
area in the heart of the old city. It was
gradually expanded to the adjacent areas.
The selected pipe material for sewers is RCC
of NP3 class. For further increasing the life
and corrosion resistance, it is proposed to
provide internal lining to the trunk sewers
in all the packages.
Induced Corrosion in Sewers
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) induced
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
Sewer Rehabilitation / Replacement
Sewer rehabilitation / replacement requires expertise
because the sewer lines are buried. The latest
technologies are adopted for this work. Sewer
damage in most cases is due to the corrosion
of pipes due to H2S. Sewer lining increases the
resistance of the pipes to this attack and increases
the life of the sewers.
The authors describe how sewer lining is done, the
lining types and the inspection methods used on the
Mohammed Junaid
BWSSB Project and a recommendation of the lining.
corrosion is an issue in sewers in tropical of the situation. The various types of
climate. Often the design life-span is lining are as given below:
considerably reduced, and in some areas,
to one thirds to half. The main mitigation 1. Polyurea Lining
measure to overcome the corrosion in
2. PVC Lining
sewer is to install pipes that are resistant
to hydrogen sulphide attack. There are 3. RotaLoc Lining
several types of corrosion resistant pipes
and the most traditional pipe is the
Glazed Stone-ware pipe. Bedsides there
are many other resin based pipes such
as uPVC, GRP, HDPE etc. The existing
Bangalore Sewerage System uses salt
glazed stoneware (vitrified clay) pipes
for sizes up to and including 300mm and
RCC pipes of NP2/NP3 class for larger
diameter.
The pipe and joint materials should be:
1. Chemically stable and corrosion
resistant to wastewater and external
aggressive soils and ground water
2. Chemically stable and internally
corrosion resistant to H2S and
industrial discharges and externally
corrosion resistant to aggressive soils
and ground water
3. Resistant to microbiological attack
4. Impermeable and sufficiently abrasion
resistant
Therefore the pipes have to be internally
lined to avoid exposure to the sulphide
environment. Closed Circuit Television
(CCTV) inspection has to be done before
lining to know the cause and the nature
7
 8. Ultraviolet (UV) Lining
Polyurea is a type
elastomer that is derived
from the reaction of an
isocyanate component
and a synthetic resin blend
component. Polyurea
protective elastomeric
coatings have unique
properties like waterproof,
etc.
PVC liner consists of a
continuous plastic profiled strip which
is spirally wound into the existing
deteriorated host pipe. The spiral
widening takes place between two
manholes.
Rotaloc is a full-bore spirally wound
PVC liner that restores the structural
integrity, reliability and efficiency of aging
sewers, gravity pipelines and culverts with
diameters from 800mm to 1,500mm.
Rotaloc consists of a single, continuous
strip of PVC, which is progressively wound
into the existing pipeline by a winding
machine. No excavation is required.
HDPE lining provides an effective isolating
barrier against the concrete corrosion
for the concrete structures, sewer pipes,
tunnels, manholes, etc. HDPE lining
system is a continuous, extruded and
homogeneous plastic sheet membrane
of flexible Polyethylene that is especially
compounded to provide maximum
4. HDPE Lining resistance against chemical attack. HDPE
lining has ensured concrete protection for
5. METACHEM Paints
over 100 years.
6. High Alumina Lining
Meta-chem is an anticorrosive paint
7. Purethane which protects pipes from corrosion and
is available in 701, 701A, 701R, 702, 703,
Safety First and Always
20 million accident-free, safe man-hours
Major Facilities of the Park
yy Engg. Buildings (6)
yy General Service Buildings (12)
yy Utility Buildings (3)
yy Central Spine (330m long & 30 m high)
yy Tower (130 m high)
yy Library, Auditorium, Training Center
yy Guest House, Club House, Amphi Theatre
yy Multilevel car parking, Golf ground
Single, Integrated & Largest Facility in South Asia
yy Artificial lake etc
8
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
704, 709, 711, 715, 716 in the market.
High-alumina cement is rapid-hardening
cement made by fusing a mixture of
bauxite and limestone in an electric
furnace or in a rotary kiln, at 1,500 to
1,600 °C. High-alumina cement gains a
high proportion of its ultimate strength
within 24 hours and has a high resistance
to chemical attack. High alumina cement
has been used to line the interior of RCC
pipes intended for sewage transportation.
Purethane is 100% solid polyurethane
coating for long term protection of
concrete in immersed, splash and buried
environments against corrosion, abrasion
and impact. The products available in
the market are Purethane®386/9000,
Purethane® 386H/12000, etc.
UV lining is a new advanced, ‘No-dig’
sewer repair process now available from
Dyno-Rod, the emergency drain repair
Service Company. The system is designed
to provide fast repair of sewer pipes and
its speed of installation. The liner, which
is impregnated with resin, is cured quickly
by using a UV light train.
Project Recommendation
From the Techno-economic analysis, RCC
pipe with corrosion protective material
viz. High Alumina Cement lining (<
900mm dia pipes) and PVC lining (>900
mm dia pipes) are found technically
sound and economical. For the BWSSP-II
Project polyurea / high-alumina lining
and PVC lining are recommended. Both
types of lining are adopted for different
diameter of pipes
ooo
TCS Techno Park -Chennai

K.T.Veerabhadra Swamy K.Vigneswar Rao
Bangalore City is fast developing as
an administrative, industri¬al, trade,
commercial and educational centre. In
recognition of its importance, many
multinational companies have shifted their
corporate offices there.
The water system within the old Municipal
limits before 2005, which had 100 wards, is
under the management of Bangalore Water
Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).
The water systems of the City Municipal
Councils (CMCs) that have recently merged
with the Bangalore Mahanagar Palike
(BMP) and formed the Bruhat Bangalore
Mahanagar Palike (BBMP).
These factors have resulted in an increase in
the supply area of BWSSB and in additional
water demand. Over the years, BWSSB took
possible steps to augment the water supply
to the city, during 1974, 1982, 1993 and
2003. Still the BWSSB is not able to meet
the demand. Further, BWSSB focused
on reducing the Unaccounted-For Water
(UFW). In this connection, BWSSB, under
W7 Contract of CWSS (Cauvery Water
Supply Scheme), Stage IV, Phase I Project
(funded by JBIC) implemented a pilot
project between 2003 and 2006.Figure 1
shows the works undertaken during the
pilot project. This project has resulted in
the reduction of UFW, from 64% to 38%.
With the success of the pilot project, BWSSB
is planning to undertake a Distribution
System Improvement and UFW Reduction
Programme in water distribution system
for Bangalore city. This proposed project
will be implemented with loan from Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
Reduction in Unaccounted - For Water
And Leakage Control
‘Unaccounted-For Water’ (UFW) is a loss. Prevention of UFW is a vital issue
in Water Industry. UFW is the difference between the total quantity of
water entering the distribution system and the total quantity consumed.
In a number of cities of the developing world, more than 40% of the
treated water is lost before reaching the consumer. The reduction of UFW
is a crucial step to improving the financial soundness of water utilities
and to save scarce water resources.
The authors describes the pilot project of BWSSB covering about 20 sq
km in the core area during 2003-06 and the plans to extended in the
remaining part of Bangalore.
Proposed UFW Reduction Plans • Prepare DMA Files and DMA operation
The UFW Reduction & Control and and maintenance manuals
Distribution System Improvement Project Part-II: Pipeline Rehabilitation,
will cover a total area of about 305 Km2, Strengthening of Network
comprising the Core Area of the city made
• Assess pipeline replacement and/or
of 100 wards (221.32 Km2), together with cleaning works
adjacent areas outside the Core Area (84
Km2). This area is divided into six contracts • Replace/clean pipe line works
as indicated in Figure-2. Three contracts • Clean and line the existing pipe line
D1a, D2a and D2b will be implemented in with cement mortar/epoxy spray lining
Batch-1 and the remaining three D1b, D1c Part-III: Maintenance
and D2c will be implemented in Batch-2.
• Regularly monitor the performance of
The scope of the project is divided into four each DMA (flows, pressures, supply
components:
hours, leakage and UFW levels, etc.)
Part-I: Preparing Work, Testing & • Identify when remedial action needed
Repairs
• Undertake leakage surveys as necessary,
• Carry out topographical survey and locate and repair leaks
update BWSSB
GIS records
• Under take
n e t w o r k
modelling
• Measure the initial
level of UFW.
• Reduce UFW
level to 16% by
carrying out leak
detection and
repair works
• Replace corroded
or leaking service
connections with
new MDPE service
pipe work and
fittings
• Identify and
replace mains Figure 1- Physical Woks during Pilot Project
Continued on page 12
9
 TCE Celebrates
Mumbai : 29 January 2009

Welcome, Mr. Gupta Good tastes: Good times

Delhi : 07 February 2009

The more, the merrier Beautiful efforts

Bangalore : 31 January 2009

Sweet voices Best pictures are really the painters themselves

10
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
Annual Day 2009
Kolkata : 29 February 2009

Employees performing On way to a nice time

Pune : 14 February 2009

Employees showing the other skills ‘Wonderful’ kids

Jamshedpur : 03 March 2009

Tasty part of the Days Dancing a good Today

11
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Continued from page 9
Figure 2- Proposed Contract Packages
• Re-measure leakage and UFW until
levels reduced to required values
• Update DMA Files as necessary
Part-IV: Training
• Training of BWSSB Staff in all activities
associated with the Programme
Project Details
About 130 km2 area comprising Central,
West and South parts of the Core Area
was taken up under the UFW Reduction
and Distribution System Improvement
Programme under Batch-1. The remaining
area of about 175 km2 area comprising
South-East, East and North parts of the
Core Area will be taken under Batch-2. The
general information of the Project area is
as in Table 1.
Methodology to Reduce UFW
The methodology is the District Meter Area
method. This method consists of dividing
the distribution network in to smaller,
hydraulically isolated areas called District
Meter Area (DMA). Inflow and outflow across
the boundaries of DMA areas are metered.
UFW is the difference between the total
quantity of water entering the distribution
system and the total quantity consumed.
The components of the UFW are divided
into two groups:
1) Physical losses: Leakage from reservoirs,
trunk mains and distribution system
2) Non-physical losses: These include:
• Consumer meter errors
• Non-functional consumer meters
• Illegal use of water
• Un-metered connections
• Administrative errors
12
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
Table 1: General Information of the Project Area
Batch - 1
Parameters Contract Contract
–D1a –D2a
Portion Central West
covered
Area (km2) 20.55 57.52
Population 568648 1349579
(2036)
Connection 47641 132236
Physical losses are measured using the Net
Night Flow (NNF) method where continuous
water supply arrangement can be made.
The leakage is evaluated from the flow
measurements taken at the DMA supply
flow meters when the demand in the DMA
is at a minimum. This will generally be
between 01.00 and 04.00 am.
In DMA’s where it is not possible to supply
water for 24 hours, an alternative approach
such as tanker method is adopted. In this
method, short sections of the main are
temporarily isolated from the rest of the
network and water is pumped. The measure
of flow during this testing is a measure of
leak in this section.
The non-physical losses in the system are
assessed by carrying out the consumer
survey in which the information on type
of meter, non-functional meter, damaged
meter, un-metered connections etc are
collected. A sample consumer meters are
tested for the accuracy. The results of the
consumer survey and the meter testing give
the measure of non-physical losses.
Pipeline Rehabilitation and
Strengthening of Network
The pipeline rehabilitation is generally based
on the collation and interpretation of the
historical sample data and complaints,
corrosion surveys, pipe sampling results,
computerized network modeling, pressure
and flow surveys and leakage surveys.
Identified works
An assessment has been made of the
likely requirements for the development
of the DMAs under the contract packages
for Distribution Improvement, Reduction
in UFW and Leakage Control. These
proposals are based on study of available
Batch - 2
Contract Contract Contract Contract
–D2b –D2c –D1b –D1c
South South- East North
East
52.04 34.39 64.24 70.89
917978 743213 1675199 1798877
105696 44927 64429 79411
GIS information with BWSSB, sample
network analysis and considering the
experience of the pilot project.
Maintenance and Training
The Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
period for each DMA will start as soon
as the agreed target level of UFW has
been reached. The start date of the O&M
period will therefore be different for each
DMA. During the maintenance phase of
the project, the contractor will maintain
the UFW level to the target level. When
the leakage in the DMA increases, the
contractor will do the leak detection survey
and repair the leaks, thus bring back the
UFW level to the target level.
The Contractor shall deliver sufficient training
to BWSSB staff so that the Board staff is able
to plan and undertake UFW reduction and
control. The training is a mix of on-the-job
training and classroom training.
Benefits of UFW Project
• Increase in revenue
• Longer supply hours
• Internal valve operations within the
DMA are minimized
• Increased pressure in the network,
hence better service
• Capital works expenditure can be
deferred
• Avoiding pollutants from surrounding
area getting into the system
• Use of latest technologies for UFW
reduction improves O&M system.
• Reduction in the incidence of failed
water distribution assets
ooo
 Structural Design of Ground Level
Reservoirs In Bangalore City
A ground level reservoir is a storage tank constructed within a city for water
supply. It stores water for supply to the city, by Trunk Mains. Reinforced
Cement Concrete (RCC) Ground Level Reservoirs (GLRs) are extensively
used by Municipalities and water supply boards, for drinking water storage
and distribution in cities.
The authors discuss the structural design of RCC ground level reservoirs
proposed for Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project – II (BWSSP-II).

Mudassar A Wasta R Rathina Giridhar

Ground Level Reservoirs (GLRs) are used Table 1: Comparison Of Reservoirs Of Different Shapes
as primary mean of storage of drinking
Rectangular reservoir Circular reservoir Folded plate wall
water in cities. The GLRs are preferred
reservoir
where the geography is such that water Advantages • E a s y t o • Construction • R e i n f o r c e m e n t
from the reservoir will flow by gravity to and accommodate the needs skilled bar arrangement
reach the designated areas. The GLRs can disadvantages reservoir shape to workmanship. and treatment of
be constructed to store large volumes of land shape. construction joints
water. They require lower pumping head • Difficult to
requires skilled
than for elevated reservoirs. Reservoirs are • Simple Structural maintain quality
workmanship.
essential because the trunk mains cannot detailing and control
be used for direct distribution. T Construction
• Dead space may
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage be created in the
Board (BWSSB) caters the water supply and site layout.
sewage disposal needs of Bangalore city. At Advantages • With soil / gravel • Dome r o o f • Square dome roof
present the water demand has increased and /clay tile cover, needs periodical needs periodical
and hence this Project is taken up. Phase II disadvantages thermal effect to inspection for inspection
of Stage IV was proposed to meet growing in O & M the reservoir can cracking. for cracking.
demand and is under implementation. be reduced. Uncertain. Life
• Repair difficult.
The Stage IV Phase II project will supply • Least maintenance • With thermal
500 MLD of potable water to the city of • Special treatment
effect to the
Bangalore. • Easy Repairs to prevent thermal
reservoir can be
effects
It is proposed to construct 6 Ground Level reduced.
Reservoirs around the city having capacities
ranging from 9 ML to 50 ML, under Phase
II project.
Existing BWSSB Reservoirs
Of the existing BWSSB reservoirs in
Bangalore city, 10 are aged more than 60
years and provide 19% of existing water
storage of the city. Some old reservoirs are
now out of service.
Design Options Shape Consideration The rectangular design is economical for
reservoirs having more than 9 ML capacity.
A comparison of cantilever wall rectangular Based on the study carried out during
Stage-IV Phase-I project; single cylinder Local experience indicates that a dome
reservoir, circular reservoir and folded
plate wall reservoir was carried out. The circular design is found to be economical for roof causes difficulties of maintenance
advantages and disadvantages in the reservoirs less than 9 ML capacity. However and repair. It is recommended that the
construction and O & M for these reservoirs double cylinder two compartment design is rectangular design be adopted for all the
are listed in the Table 1. more expensive than the rectangular design. reservoirs.

13
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Design Storage Depth
Design water depth is the depth between
high water level and low water level in the
reservoir. A shallow reservoir needs a larger
area for a given capacity, and in a deep
reservoir it is more difficult to keep water
tightness, since despite reinforcement,
there are more significant fluctuations.
Cover to Reservoir
Thermal strain due to daily temperature
change is one of the major factors affecting
natural deterioration of the reservoir. The
effective measure against this is a soil mat
or a gravel mat / clay tile to cover the entire
reservoir structure.
General Design Requirements
The following design standards were
adopted while designing GLRs:
1. The reservoir design is based on Indian
Standard Codes of practice (IS 3370,
IS 456, IS 875, IS 1893) International
Continued from page 4
• Storing rain water runoff in lakes for
reuse
• Rainwater harvesting for borewell
re c h a r g i n g a n d g ro u n d w a t e r
recharging
• Recycling of waste water
• Tertiary treated waste water for
Industrial use
Storing Rain Water Runoff in Lakes
for Reuse
• Rainwater Harvesting in urban areas
is the process of collecting, filtering
and using of rainwater, which falls on
the rooftop (terrace or tile roof) and
in the portico of the house. Rainwater
harvesting can be adopted in three
methods. These are; recharging of
borewells near the house, recharging
of ground water sources and collection
of rainwater for reuse. There is
sufficient rainwater potential available
in Bangalore city.
• Most of the lakes in Bangalore are
environmentally deteriorating and
the storage capacities have been
reduced because of silting and solid
14
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
codes of AWWA [and BS for water
retaining structures are also referred.
2. Design depreciation period of the
reservoir is set at 50 years as minimum,
3. For long term durability of structure
and maximizing of water tightness,
minimum thickness of wall and slab
are taken as 250 mm and 200 mm
respectively
4. The reservoirs have two chambers to
facilitate maintenance without much
difficulty in supply of water.
System Design Requirements
A. Inlet and Outlet Arrangements The
mouth of the pipe feeding water to
the reservoir is kept 10 cm above the
maximum water level.
B. Reservoir base: The depth of footing is
kept at a minimum of 1 m below the
ground under normal soil conditions.
waste and garbage dumping. There
is no maintenance of tank bunds and
spillways. Some places the untreated/
overflowed sewage water is flowing
to the lakes directly. So the following
rehabilitation works has to be done.
• De-silting and De-weeding
• Strengthening of tank bunds and
spillway structures
• No access to the public near to the
lakes
• No sewage water should be allowed
without proper treatment
Recycling of Waste Water
Bangalore city is having a well developed
sewerage system in the core area. As the
water demand is high, the waste water
generation is also high. In Bangalore city 13
STPs exist and under BWSSB-Phase-II project
another 9 STPs are proposed, where some
locations are adjacent to the existing STPs.
The details are given below. Reuse of waste
water is a good option, but an expensive
option. After successful completion of this
project additional 135 MLD of water will be
available for the city.
C. Access and Ventilation: RCC staircases
are constructed, one for each chamber,
with a common entry from above.
D. Drainage: To cater to overflow
conditions, separate chambers are
constructed along the wall of the
reservoir.
Conclusion
A discussion on design of proposed RCC
Ground Level Reservoirs in Bangalore city
is carried out. Observations on existing
reservoirs have led to many improvements
in the design criteria of the proposed
reservoirs with respect to shape, size, cover,
material of construction, layout, general
arrangement, structural design, ventilation
and other such parameters.
ooo
Tertiary Treated Waste Water for
Industrial Use
Industrial demand in Bangalore city is
approximately 10% of the total demand.
So for the year 2021 the industrial demand
comes out to be 215.54 MLD. It is possible
to use tertiary treated water for industrial
purpose. BWSSB is currently supplying
tertiary treated water for industrial or non-
domestic use.
Public Awareness
Public should get knowledge about the
value of water and the conservation of
water. It is BWSSB or Government’s duty
to educate people not to misuse the water
and the various methods adopted for
water conservation. Rainwater harvesting
can be made compulsory for each house
hold and Government should give some
subsidy for this.
Conclusions
BWSSB or Government of Karnataka has
to take some necessary actions to solve the
water problem in the city. BWSSB should
find some alternative and economical way
to meet the water scarcity of the city.
ooo
 Options for Water Treatment Plant Processes

A number of treatment process alternatives are being used worldwide

to meet the desired goals of quality of the treated water supplied to
consumers. Selection of the process depends on the various factors,
the most important being the raw water quality and the treated water.
The authors describe the various treatment alternatives along with the
pros and cons, considered on the BWSSB’ Project II.

P L Kshirsagar Yatish

Bangalore is ranked as the sixth largest city
in India and is one of the fastest growing
metropolitan cities in India. Recently,
the Government of Karnataka merged 8
Urban Local Bodies and 110 villages with
the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara
Palike (BMP) and formed Bruhat Bangalore
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). Accordingly
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage
Board (BWSSB) service area increased from
300 sqkm to 800 sqkm. The projected
population for the core area and peripheral
area in 2011 is 7.6 million and in year 2021
is 9.7 million. The existing supply to the City
is 959 MLD, as given in Table 1.
Water Treatment Plant - BWSSB
Project – II
The Raw water quality considered for
the water treatment plant (WTP) process
design is based on the result of the raw
water analysis obtained for past years. This
is given in Table 2.

Table-1
Present Supply –Design Capacity Of Existing Water Treatment Plant
Sr. No Source WTP Location Design Capacity in Year of
Mld Commissioning
Hesarghatta
1 Arkavati River 149 1896 through 1933/64
Thippagonda Halli
T K Halli – Cauvery stage - I 135 1974
T K Halli – Cauvery stage - II 135 1982
2 Cauvery River
T K Halli – Cauvery stage - III 270 1994-95
T K Halli – Cauvery stage – IV, Phase I 270 2002
Total Water Supply 959
Table 2
Raw Water Quality Criteria For Process Design
Raw Water Parameter Units of measurement Design value
Turbidity NTU 100 max, Less than 20 NTU – 95% of the time.
pH pH units 7.0 min* 9.0 max*
Alkalinity mg/l as CaCO3 30 min 200 max
Total hardness mg/l as CaCO3 30 min 160 max
Total dissolved solids mg/l 70 min 350 max
Electrical conductivity mhos/cm 100 min 500 max
Calcium mg/l 5 min 40 max
Iron mg/l 0.3 min 1.0 max
Magnesium mg/l 3 min 28 max
Total Coliforms MPN per 100 ml 2000 max
Temperature oC 19 min 36 max 26 mean
Total Suspended Solids mg/l 400 max, Less than 60 mg/l – 95% of the time.
* min- Minimum, max- Maximum

15
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Existing Water Treatment Plant at T.K.Halli Cascade Aerator Pulsator Clarifier

Table 3
Treated Water Quality Criteria
Sample Location Performance Requirement
Settled Water Turbidity less than 5 NTU for 90% of time
Combined filtrate Turbidity: Less than 1 NTU for 100% of the time; less than 0.5 NTU 95%ile of the time
Al: Less than 0.03 mg/l 95% of the time, and not more than 0.2 mg/l at any time.
pH: 7.0 to 8.5
Colour: Less than 5 units Pt/Co scale
Iron: Less than 0.1 mg/l
Filtrate from individual filters Turbidity: As above
Al: Less than 0.03 mg/l
Clearwater reservoir outlet Faecal Coliforms 0/100 mL (Nil)
Total Coliforms 0/100 mL (Nil)

Treated Water Quality
The treated water quality requirements are
specified to meet the recommendations of
the expert committee constituted by the
Government of India, in the Manual on
Water Supply and Treatment (May 1999 -
Third Edition). Based on this standard, the
treated water quality criteria are specified in
Table 3 below. These standards have been
followed for the design of WTP at T K Halli.
Water Treatment Process
Treatment unit processes were identified
based on the review of functioning of
the existing treatment plant(s), the raw
water data and the required performance
parameters. For the proposed stage IV
phase II WTP at T.K Halli, five options were
studied for the WTP.
1. Conventional Process with High Rate
Inclined Plate Clarifier/Inclined tube
Clarifier
2. Conventional Flat Bottom Sludge (Floc)
Blanket Clarifier Process
3. Dissolved Air flotation (DAF)
4. Ballasted Flocculation/ Micro sand/
Plastic media process and
5. Low Pressure Membrane Process
Each alternative was evaluated and
compared with one another for suitability
of implementation as a part of the Cauvery
Stage IV, Phase II Project. The evaluation
was based on the total inflow availability
of 600 MLD and a number of criteria like;
raw water quality, treated water quality,
suitability for design and implementation
in Bangalore, operation and maintenance
issues, availability of spares and cost of
implementing.
Discussion
The study of the cost estimate showed that
the capital cost for membrane filtration
was 16 % higher than the conventional
treatment plant with Pulsator technology.
However, the cost of treated water at
the end of 30 year life cycle is lower than
the conventional plants. The primary
driver in the higher cost is replacement
of membranes every 7 years. As the
membrane life is extended beyond 10 years,
these costs will also become comparable
with the conventional treatment plant life
cycle costs.
The capital cost of direct filtration plant is
comparable with that of a conventional
plant with lamella plate settlers. The
slight difference between the O&M cost
between the direct filtration process and
conventional processes is essentially due
to use of less chemicals in a direct filtration
plant.
Based on the unit process technology
evaluation it is evident that the conventional
treatment technologies need lower capital
investment than other unit processes
such as dissolved air flotation, membrane
filtration and ballasted flocculation. For the
overall 30 year life cycle cost of conventional
treatment process with that of DAF as well
as membrane filtration process, both the
processes are only marginally higher in
terms of per-MLD cost of treated water.
ooo

16
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow

Japan International Cooperation Agency Funds
Anil Joshi
Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) requires that the procurement of goods
and services in a project under its funding is
done in accordance with its “Guidelines
for Procurement under JICA ODA Loans”.
These guidelines govern the relationship
between the JICA and the Borrower who is
to do the procurement for the project. No
provision of the Guidelines has to be taken
as creating any right or obligation between
the JICA and any third party. The rights and
obligations of the Borrower vis-a-vis the
bidders are governed as per the bidding
documents which are issued by the Borrower,
in accordance with the Guidelines.
Prequalification of the Bidders
The JICA considers that in most cases,
I n ter n ati o n al Co mpetitive B idding
(ICB) is the best method for satisfying
the requirements. Therefore the JICA
normally requires the Borrower to do the
procurement through ICB, in accordance
with the procedures described in Part II of
the Guidelines.
For all works and services to be procured
under the loan agreement and the package
under ICB, the prequalification of bidders is
mandatory. The prequalification documents
for this Project were prepared in accordance
with the JICA’s sample documents. The
prequalification of the bidders is to be
as per the procedure in the Sample
prequalification documents.
Use of FIDIC General Conditions of
Contract
FIDIC (Inter national Federation of
Consulting Engineers) has published forms
of General Conditions of Contract, which
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
Procurement under
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) which funded the BWSSB (II) Project
requires that the procurement of goods and services in its-funded project is done
in accordance with its “Guidelines for Procurement under JICA ODA Loans”. The
JICA considers that in most cases, International Competitive Bidding (ICB) is the
best method.
The author describes the procurement process of the BWSSB (II) Project
are fair and equitable. FIDIC standard
forms are recognized by the construction
industry and have been tested for an
extensive period in many jurisdictions over
the world. Moreover, as per the guideline
of the funding agency, the FIDIC forms are
to be used.
The following forms of FIDIC Conditions of
the Contract were adopted for formulation
of bid documents:
(1) For item rate contracts: Conditions of
Contract for Construction for Building
and Engineering works designed by the
Employer - First edition 1999 (new red
book)
(2) For lump sum design, construct and
turnkey contracts: Conditions of
Contract for Plant and Design, Build
for Electrical and Mechanical Plant
and for Building and Engineering
works designed by the Contractor- First
edition 1999 (new yellow book )
The reason for considering the 1999
editions is that they are the latest and
each one covers all major topics of the
conditions. There are twenty chapters of
main clause and numerous sub clauses
in each chapter. The General Conditions
are standard combinations of a particular
contract provisions. While the Particular
Conditions of the contract are the result
of specific modifications to the General
Conditions which are proposed to suit a
particular contact.
The FIDIC’s form of the Contract for Plant
and Design Build is mainly to cover ‘Works
Contract’ part of the Contract. While
in the project it was opted that a single
contract Design build as well as operate
and maintain should be awarded to a single
Contractor, to optimize the co-ordination,
quality and performance.
Almost for all cases, a two-envelope
procedure was adopted. Under this
bidding procedure, the bidders submit
simultaneously, the Technical proposal and
the Price proposal, in two separate sealed
envelopes. To facilitate this submission, the
documents were as follows:
(1) Volume 1: General requirements
- Invitation for Bids, Instruction to
Bidders, Part I – General Conditions,
Part II – Particular Conditions of
Contract, etc;
(2) Volume 2: Specifications (For Turnkey
Contract - Employer’s requirements)
This included: Technical Specifications,
Form of Technical Proposal, Technical
Schedules
(3) Volume 3 : Price proposal - Priced Bill
of Quantities, other Price Schedules
and Form of Price Proposal
(4) Volume 4 : Drawings
Initially only the Technical Proposals were be
opened. Technical Proposals of the bidders
which are not substantially responsive
were rejected. If necessary, clarifications
of the Technical Proposals were sought,
but no change in the price or substance of
the bid, offered or permitted. At the end
of the evaluation of Technical Proposals
and after receiving the approval of JICA,
these bidders were determined as being
qualified to attend the bid opening of the
Price Proposals.
17
 Bid Evaluation
(a) The purpose of bid evaluation is
to compare bids which conform to
the technical specifications and are
responsive to the bidding documents
on the basis of their evaluated cost.
(b) Bid evaluation has to be consistent with
the terms and conditions in the bidding
documents. To the extent practicable,
factors other than price are expressed
in monetary terms per criteria specified
in the bidding documents, or given a
relative weight in accordance with the
evaluation provisions in the bidding
documents.
Award of Contract
Detailed reports on the evaluation and
comparison of bids with reasons on which
determination of the lowest evaluated bid
was based were prepared. The contract is
to be awarded to the bidder whose bid is
determined to be the lowest evaluated bid
When a joint venture is awarded a Contract,
all partners are ‘jointly and severally’
responsible for the execution of the whole
Contract. Therefore it was not acceptable
to divide the contract and to allow each
member of the firm to separately make
contracts for a divided portion.
ooo

Biology meets Engineering

Opportunities and Implications
A Seminar on the theme of the interaction of Engineering with Biology was held,
jointly by TCE and Virginia Tech, USA, on 07 March 2009, in Mumbai. 25 participants
and 10 invitees from various offices
attended. The Vice President for
Outreach & International Affairs, Dr
John E Dooley, Professor and Head,
Engineering Science & Mechanics, Dr
Ishwar K Puri and Associate Professor,
Engineering Science & Mechanics, Dr
Mark A Stremler from Virginia Tech
Dr Ishwar K Puri, Dr Mark A Stremler and Dr John E conducted the Seminar. In addition
Dooley listening to the presentations
to the presentations by the Virginia
Tech professors, the participants
A very animated discussion
were involved in very interesting Team Writing Assignments, Discussions and followed the presentations
Presentations. Four teams gave their presentations.
The concept of the ‘Biology meeting Engineering’ is that many processes and matters in Biology present lessons and ways for
Engineering. E.g. coconut tree grows on seashores, still gives fresh, sweet water in the fruits. That is an RO process in a tree. The
leaves of a lotus do not get wet. Why? The answer will yield many engineering applications for human needs; like the wind shield
for a vehicle.

‘Nanotechnology Seminar’

Mr. Syamal Gupta Mr. A P Mull

TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai and Virginia Tech, USA jointly organized a Seminar on ‘Nanotechnology-
Opportunities and Implications’ on 17 & 18 October, 2008 in Mumbai. The Inaugural Session was held on 17 Oct 2008
and was well attended by dignitaries from various Tata and non-Tata Companies and professors from Virginia Tech. The
distinguished gathering was addressed by TCE Chairman, Mr. Syamal Gupta and CEO & MD Mr. A P Mull.
The Session on 18 Oct 2008 was attended by 26 engineers from various disciplines and offices of TCE and eight participants
from other Tata and non-Tata companies and Virginia Tech Alumni. There were presentations by the Virginia Tech professors.
Also, the participants were involved in Case Study discussions and presentations.

18
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Town Hall Meetings

Managers panel seated on dais Interaction from audience General audience

The Town Hall Meetings were started in 2007 to convey to all employees first hand regarding the past, present
performance of the company and future scenarios or more specifically the targets, achievements, goals and
expectations of the organization. The Meeting provides a platform to increase the interaction and thus the
mutual understanding of all on common issues. The Meetings are conducted at locations where a significant
number of employees from the design office and the adjacent construction sites can attend and participate.
The first Town Hall Meeting (THM) this year, i.e. financial year 2008-2009, was organized in January 2008 and
subsequently at six other locations. THM is also a forum where suggestions are invited from the audience and
discussions take place between a panel of senior managers and the audience.

The THM is where the Company addresses the aspirations of the stakeholders. The THMs have been greatly
welcomed by the employees at all the locations.

Maharashtra Governor His Excellency Shri S C Jamir (second from right)

presenting the ‘Certificate of Merit’ to Mr. J P Haran, on 26 Sep 2008.
Standing along side Mr. Haran are Mr. B M Nichat and Dr. Bomi Patel
(extreme left).
TCE has brought out innovation in plant design and engineering for the
manufacture of Distilled Fatty Acids. The new design, less capital-intensive,
is environment-friendly and can result in savings in energy and water.
In recognition, Indian Chemical Council awarded ‘Certificate Of Merit’ For
‘Excellence In Chemical Plant Design and Engineering’ for 2007 to TCE
Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai.

His Excellency the President of Zambia, Mr. Bwezani Rupiah Banda, visited
Kariba North Bank Extension Hydro Power Project Site for the inauguration
ceremony, on 06 Mar 2009. Project Manager Mr. G L Kamath (center) is all
smiles at the President’s appreciation words.

19
TCE WORLD OCTOBER 2009 Engineering a better tomorrow
 Reg. No. MAHENG/2003/10412

TCE-QSTP-LLC
TCE’s Subsidiary at the Technology Park, Doha, Qatar

TCE has established its subsidiary company in Qatar,

namely: ‘TCE QSTP-LLC’, at Qatar Science & Technology
Park, Free Zone. TCE will carry out major applied research
and development related to energy, water, material
science, development of new softwares, modeling
activities, selection and scale up of University related
research work related to nanotechnology, technical
consulting, technical training, etc.
The QSTP was officially inaugurated on 16 Mar 2009 by
His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani and
Her Highness Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al-Missned. TCE is the only Indian company amongst the
leading Global companies like Shell, Exxonmobil, GE, Virgin Health, Total, Voda Phone, EADS, Shell,
ConocoPhilips, Qatar Petroleum, etc. who are partners in the QSTP.
TCE QSTP-LLC is on the steering group of Corporate Innovation and
Entrepreneurship Program (CIEP).
TCE is already executing assignments, including Specialists’ Services in
the area of electrical engineering to Dodsal at Ras Laffan, for Common
Cooling Seawater Project-II for Qatar Petroleum, design of louvers
subjected to blast pressures and sand storm conditions, for Al Udeid,
Package 4E, for Voltas Ltd. Doha, Qatar, Selection of Project Testing Sites
at QSTP, Sewage Treatment and Disposal Plant for a new township;
namely Barwa City, being developed by Barwa Real Estate Company
on the outskirts of Doha.