Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences

Department of Veterinary Microbiology

Answer Book for Online Examination

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Exam Type: Open Book Exam (Timed Window)
Registration No.: 2K19-AV-118
Semester/Term: 2ndSemester
Course Title: General Veterinary Microbiology biology
Course Code: Micr-102
Batch: 2K19
Theory: Theory
Study Program: DVM
Starting Date/Time: 19-12-2020, 9:00 A.M
Closing Date/Time: 20-12-2020, 9:00 A.M
Time Slot: 24 Hours
Instructions for Students:
- Use Font Size: 12 for headings, 11 for Answers
- “Save as” the answer book file in PDF and then submit the file through MS
Teams Assignment Submission Option within the allowed time slot.
- There is no limit of pages for writing answers.
- Attempt every question on the separate page.
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Answer to Question # 1:
➢ Write at least five contributions made by louis Pasteur in microbiology
1. He is renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial
fermentation and pasteurization.
2. Today there are some 30 institutes and an impressive number of hospitals, schools,
buildings, and streets that bear his name- a set of honors bestowed on few scientists.
3. He first coined the term “microbiology” for the study of organisms of microscopic size.
For his innumerable contributions in the field, he is also known as the Father of
Microbiology.
4. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of disease and postulated the germ
theory of disease: He stated that disease cannot be caused by bad air or vapor but it is
produced by the microorganisms present in air.
5. He described the method of pasteurization of milk and wine.

➢ Enlist five toxin producing bacteria and fungi.

• Botulinum neurotoxin
• Tetrodotoxins
• Staphylococcal toxins
• Viral toxin
• Tetanus toxin
• Aspergillus
• Penicillium
• Fusarium
• Citrinin
• Ergot
➢ Can toxoids be used in vaccine production? If yes, then describe in detail.

Toxoids are used extensively in the production of vaccines, the most prominent examples
being the toxoids of diphtheria and tetanus, which are often given in a
combined vaccine. Toxoids used in modern vaccines are commonly obtained by incubating
toxins with formaldehyde at 37° for several weeks
➢ Enlist five fungal diseases of veterinary importance
• Aspergillosis.
• Blastomycosis.
• Candidiasis.
• Candida auris.
• Coccidioidomycosis.

❖ Aspergillosis is infection, usually of the lungs, caused by the fungus Aspergillus. A ball of
fungus fibers, blood clots, and white blood cells may form in the lungs or sinuses. People
may have no symptoms or may cough up blood or have a fever, chest pain, and difficulty
breathing.

Saturday, December 19, 2020

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Answer to Question # 2:
A. How prokaryotes and eukaryotes are structurally different from each other.

Prokaryotes Eurokaryotes
No Membrane bound nucleus Membrane bound Nucleaus
Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Cell wall, if present, made of cellulose
No membrane bound orgenelles Membrane bound orgenelles
Have pili and fimbriae membrane Have cilia and flagella
Mucilaginous No mucilaginous capsule present
Cell sizes ranges 0.5um to 100um Cell size range from 10 to 150um
B. Draw and explain flagellar arrangement in microorganisms
There are basically four different types of flagellar arrangements: 1. A single flagellum can
extend from one end of the cell - if so, the bacterium is said to be monotrichous. 2. A
single flagellum (or multiple flagella; see below) can extend from both ends of the cell -
amphitrichous.

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C. How spore and vegetative cells are different from each other. Explain with suitable examples.

Spore
Spore is dormant , reproductive cell
with thick wall, which is highly resistant
to unfavorable environmental
conditions
Not produced by animal
Resistant to unfavorable conditions
and when the conditions are
favorable, spore regrow into a new
individual
Hornworts, mosses, and ferns
cutting
vegetative
A vegetative cell is any cell of the body
except the cells that participate in the
production of gametes
Include animal cells that do not
participate in the formation of
gametes
These are the normal functioning cells
of the body
Example: seed, spore, bud or a plant

D. How does thermophiles and psychrophiles affect the life of microorganisms?

A spore is a dormant, reproductive cell with a thick cell wall, which is highly resistant to unfavorable
environmental conditions. When the conditions are favorable, a spore gives rise to a new individual of
the same species. Spores do not fuse with other spores to produce an individual, like gametes.
Therefore, spore formation is a type of asexual reproduction. Typically, plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria
produce spores. A spore is very similar to a plant seed but may contain some stored food compared to a
seed. Plants that undergo the alteration of generations produce spores as reproductive cells of the
asexual generation. Lower plants such as ferns, mosses, hornworts, and liverworts produce spores,
which act as seeds.

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Answer to Question # 3:
A. What would be your possible diagnosis?

From review of symptoms, medical history, basic laboratory results, and a physical examination. After
developing a differential diagnosis, I may then perform additional tests to begin to rule out specific
conditions or diseases and come to a final diagnosis

B. Describe causative agent and general characteristics of that microorganism

The main causative agents of postoperative suppurative complications and their sensitivity to antibiotics

C. Can this disease spread from animals to humans?.

Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans. A zoonosis (zoonotic disease or zoonoses -plural) is an
infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to
animals).

D. What is the pathophysiology of that microorganism?

Microbial pathogenesis is determined by a cocktail of pathogenic factors (either presented on the

surface of microbes, secreted into the medium, or injected into the host cytoplasm) which are able to
interact with host-cell molecules to trigger specific responses.

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Answer to Question # 4:
A. Is virus alive or dead? Explain general characteristics of virion.

Viruses are not living things. Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules, including
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, but on their own they can do nothing until
they enter a living cell. Without cells, viruses would not be able to multiply. Therefore, viruses
are not living things.

Characteristics of virion.
They are acellular, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles. They carry out no
metabolism on their own and must replicate using the host cell's metabolic machinery. In other
words, viruses don't grow and divide. ... The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA
but not both.

B. Define vaccine. How does vaccine failure occur?

Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or

of antibodies or lymphocytes that is administered primarily to prevent disease.
How does vaccine failure occur?
There are two main reasons for failure of immunizations: (1) failure of the vaccine delivery
system to provide potent vaccines properly to persons in need; and (2) failure of the immune
response, whether due to inadequacies of the vaccine or factors inherent in the host.

C. Describe possible routes of vaccine administration in dogs

D. How does virus replicate?

Viruses cannot replicate on their own, but rather depend on their host cell’s protein synthesis
pathways to reproduce. This typically occurs by the virus inserting its genetic material in host
cells, co-opting the proteins to create viral replicates, until the cell bursts from the high volume
of new viral particles.

Saturday, December 19, 2020