M MomsMano

CharlesR K1me

RETI LOGICHE
Prima edizione italiana

Revmoneeadattamenta
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 Reti logiche
Prima edizione italiana
Indice
Prefa7.10neall'edmonel!alrana
Prefouoneall'ed!7.lonemglese
 311 J\1olt1phcatot1bman
Esercm 3 12 Ammet,ca ckcunale
Numerr deam,l, rn oomplei,,emo
Appendice
 Rapp== HDL- YHDL
Dcscazloneottutturalc "''" 48 Dcscnz«,m,1nHDLo:hcrcumocquenz.1al,
lmguaggioVHDL

3 14
o--•=
~~dataflow

Rapprcnt:1Z10n1 HDL-Venlog
Descnzioncmuauralc
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49

410
=v.:;J!Lo:hatcull"1"°'1,l!C=al>

Stnrcs,ddcapuolo
Rm:nmennb,bhografic,
'49

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Oeso,JZ1onedataflow
g:,::i.c.~ "' == "'
Smtcaddcapitolo "'
''° Capitolo 5 Registri e contatori
,._
R16:runcnnb1bhogcafici.
51 IntrodUZ10nc
52 Rcgwr1
R.eg,nr1aan::amcntoparallelo
Capitolo 4 Cirwltl sequenziali ~•ascorrJ.Wento
4 1 Gcncrnhtlt su> arcwtl scqueaz>ah 'Ilufuunentoscnalc
Swnmaocnalc
42 Latch
'°' :Rcgisa,ascommentoacatlea.mcntoparalldo
LatcbSRcS:R
LatcbditipoD '"'
'"' 54
Rqpll<na8C0ltllnmtolnd=ttonal.t
Contatonacascara

" Contatot1b.inan•1ncron1

ffi Pwgcttaz,oncdtcontatonlnnmn
Coo.tatonconR1pRopO
Coo.tatonseaaL.cpoialld,
Coo.tatottbmatJ.amacmentoede<xemcnto
lngi,,, .. ditctt1
'" Contatot1lnnana--topataUd0
44An.alwo:hara.unsequcn"'"'11
"' 56 Altnnptdi.contaton

tlmoddlodiMcalycdaMoote fi~:~? 57
ContatorcBCD
Contatorccon""'lnemad>contcgg,.oatb1ttana
Des<nzSonedi."S'5tnascorruncnto
econtatoc1.1nl.tnguagg,oVHDL

45
i 58 D=n7.1oneo:hrq;;11taascota.mcnto
econtator11nhnguagg,oVi:nlog m

-
~~l!Cdt~ed.Jletab,Jled,stato
SmtcSJ.ddcapnolo
46 Progcttazionewnfhpfu,pD
Ptog,,ttarcconstat,nonutt]rzzan
230
231 Rtferuncnalnbl.togrmc, "'
47 Prog,,nanonca;mlhpflopJK
Tubdlcdiewtnionede>fhpllop
234
234
"'
'""
Proccdurcdiprogcttazione 236
Capitolo 6 Memorie e dispositivi logici programmabili
61 McmonecdispOS1tmlogiciprogramrnab,J, 306
62 Meni.on,, ad accesso casuale (RAM)
""
O~=chleuumescnttuta
Tempou,.,,wonede,segnalldlconttollo
Prupnetiddlamemotla m Prefazione all'edizione italiana
63

64

65
---
Cucum d, me,tnona RAM
Buliioratrestatl
Sdmonepercwnctdema

Memoria RAM a banclu

Unità d1 memonaRAM chll&ln1Cll.
D15poat1v1 logie, programmabili
m
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C1M1J.oddnuovoo.<dmamentudcgl1s,uchun.tvcnlWlcl'15uuw.onedci.nuov1cutach
laurea tnennal, hanno portato aunacumpletaopcmdI """!OnedClcutncula, 1npac,1
colarmododocumd,iautm,ningcgnenauifucmanca Ì>lllll:llqwnchfCS1gc,:,tad1d,
spocred1t,,st1.lnttodurttvtallostudlo~rcnlogicl,ecillc~..,tecnicl,cchproget
tu1one,deswtanogl1studenuddptunoaruw Qucstollbtovuoleessi=unanspooç,
illces1p,cespressccdcnvadaunad.tt:imcntodlunode,,t,,sttpru.unlmaunacoml
lnU<1i"=:,d~;:a,.,,<::r:..~:~:.,n;:=~~~
scntazlonedelleuifutmaz101U,all'algebrad1Boolea1=1ncumb11,atone""'lucmla!I
66

67
Mcmoricasolaltttura(ROM}
Implcmcnl3Zl"""ch=ttcomhlnaror1mcduu,,"'ROM
D15p011:1nv1amamcelogicaprogrammab,Jc
"'
,.,'" perconttnuaneconloS1uchodeopcu,a.pahbloc:ch1=,nili,laprogctta,Jonegctardlla,.
dle1t,:wt1.complc,sl,1chsposltlvllog,.e1prog=nmabili
1ltc0uiprogettatupetunGo.<Soscmcstralcd.itffllog,chepropedeuacuallostudlO
68
69
D15p011:1ttv1log,c1amamccprog,:ammab,ic

D~~,di.n~~~
,., ~:;;ui::.:i~"'"m":'~~~~ddk~=~
"' tulOnemedi,..,,,,,imguagpperladesctwonedcll'hardwme,lnparneoliucVHDLcVe-
Sttw:tumdclloX.,bnxXOi000
lntetwn11C1s10111X.hlll< "'
,,. ~•;?:,:~i!~';~~j;::r..,:=~=
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610
Logica.Xi:hm<
Smtes:1.delcap1rolo
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357
dalooliwatc~StudentEdiuonF<J11ndanonSctico,cl>ecullllClll.'Caghstudent1d1
unlnarcunosttumentoprofcsaonalcs,ndalpnmoconmttoconla=klddlaprogct
tntonede,;=ncletttoru;a;digttal1

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R<lcnmcnnbibhogtafìc,.
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lcu.tatond.iqUCSl<ladmtamentosentonoil"""""'dlnngt,IZlllll'mmodopamcu
larcladottoaAasandraPl=rdoe ladottsaDonatdla Pepe per l'lllfin1tapaz,.enzae la

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puntuale...,........,setm.lequal1qnest0lmrotunonsanebbem01J!IUUtOaconclUSl<lne

lndk:eanalitico
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An11,,...G,""1,,
AnmmoGentdeè:ncercatorep,.,.,.,,1D,partuncnmd,Iogegnenainfurmat1<>1dell'U-
nn•:mtàd,Pa]ermo L'1ng Genulc1~&,,/,,g,d,,,e~-J,,,cd/a,

~.:tit.=m~=~~~ru::.!!{t=~=~,I
tes$ldin=a.ngua,danolcatclutettutepawlcledicalcolaton,1!Wltelillannegand,npo
SlMDelapmgctt=onediatehitettureVUidit1po,h,,n-,,,,,..
Prefazione' all'edizione inglese
FUJppoSoroello~pmfutsorcstraordinanod,cala,la10nelemom□ prcsmdO.,,..ttt
LaprunaedmonediquestoW>ro&1buavawl1e11ma,,,.p,,,,,-Bng,_...,;IJ.,,pHdrd
mento di lagcgnel'la lali>rmauea delf!Jm=a,tà d, Palermo Attualmente, d ptof So,
Uldrt(l988)dicwetaautoreM MornsMono 1'etennan,,ln,..,l11a:u01.oicvaallon.
beflo1ascgna~,k,c~cI.mg,.,gg,e~perdCor...d,Laurcam unatrattau>neb1laaaataddlaprogctt:monciog,.a.,ddlapmget1UJOnedeiSJStem1d,g,
Ing,,gnen.Infurmaucadell'Unnrcm.tad,Palermo ISU0111>tcress.Ldinrercar,gua,danole
1:iheddlaptogettaz,onedibuedeicakolaior,
otclutetturedc,calm1au>n,leapphcaziornddlcrenneutal.te,I,-..~"

~=
G.altempoddlapwnacd,...,neicteaucbcdi~ede,CJrtaUt.Lelettmm-
c,d,g,tal.Lclagrsndediffiwonedegl111ttWnenlldi.....,,.,1og,caavcvanocnsfo,JnatDle
~~~diè: ~Jc:...~~~c;.;:~1::::i.;
ptofusoreao:mt:rottod,h/,,g,d,,,e~d,,~perdCor...d,Lautea1n
n:aud,ed,p10gettaz»<1ede.Ls:1StCmJdigua.hportandoleaopetatealJYd~d,-=
ouperu>tll'llpettoaquelloatc111talcEtaac,già.prwcad,ffwadttattamenmddlak>g,ca
diconnollocdeidiudp,ul,aruaverooletecmcbed,ttssfunmentoftarcgutt1elusode.L
I~1ainfutmaticaddl'Unnrcm.tàdihlcm,oiSU011ntetcts.1dinccta.rigua,daoole
lrnguagg,perladeoa:a:»<1Cddlhatdwarelaoltrc,larcadcnzasemprec,esrentedeipro
tct1.neural,,.,..da]pum,,d,\lllltadelleappl""'"'°rnd,eddlalorounple1'.DCntaD>JJcou
dispoa,...,,,hard_te ptogrammabd~ ••== mull'l agente g,,mru d, compu!Cr verm 1'apptoOC1D RISC (J&,/,-,/ fnm..,a,,,,. &I C""'P~ avcw.
a,od,lìca10lcttad.i...,nal1rccruehed!p,ogctw.10ncCISC(C,,,.,;,/erl1UtN11:no"S.'
c,,,,,p-rj .hwemeamlesueunple==mpipeJ.,ne,Jateh.ttcttUR.RlSC&1Ct11
OCJnptepruaffcrmatacomcarrlurcttnradommantcedetausataonchecomeQJOredelle

~~!;icpni:,.:~i::~t;:=:,>;,.'°J:!"1=;..::
LapnmaediZJOned1qucotollbtoeranaradunqucptogettataperformrcun1Ilhcme
cquilibratod!arg,,mentJ.mtes,aof&ireuntiattamentomodernodellercauclted,pio-
gettumne,mollltD<UllCD<llamb1.mermddlctcea01oglceCD<1laprancaDI<lustnalc
Negli ultumqualt10 anm, 1p10gre,stdelle te=chedilllqru>Onc dc, WCUltl elet-
ttorua d,giral1 cd cneu:enrc 1mp,cgo dcgb ,trutnenu d1 "11te111 logx:ahanno mnsolidaro
l'UOC>dCllmguagg,d!deoctwonedelllwdware(HDL)a,meveicolopr,ne,paleperlad<>-
=ne,1nfaeprogcttualc,dc,&IStCJ!lld,g,tal.Lcd,claborazioneelettmnx:a Neln-
8JX>ndereaquestenumretendeme,laoecondaed.wonedelhb101ntroducedlo.aguagg,c,
Verik>g. dhnguagg<D VHDL, c.J. trattamento ddle rncmorreRAM dmamiche

eorua~:"U:==t(~~l~~==~~=e:::,,.,~
tamocWicarae..,.tttwtae,aukerJOre....cegnodegl,ob,ettnr,.didamaddlopcra,allase

===::..-::"~:'==:ti.~~"'::)
non421Found:mon""'SenesperstStem,M1Ciom/iW'mdows°'
Uno "l'"'a!e "ngra,iamento lo nvolgo a Val, ,rua mogloe, p« lmesaomb1k sostegno e
comprens10nc durante tutto 11 perrodo di p><:pa~aztone della "°' onda e<lozione
Cap,tolol

I calcolatori elettronici
e il concetto di informazione
4 Cap""lo1 lcak.<11atonoldln>m:1ed"""<èltG<II...-.....,

1.1 Calcolatori elettronici

I adcolaton detttomc, hanac a1&un10 w, ruolo pnmat10 e== oella aoactlt. mo-

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e1cndl'ateaddl'1-=11to Vèngo110molm,unbu:anpctlcp"""'10ru=omlo
ne,~~nr!':

gicbc e Llmorutota!lll'o ,unb,enmlo In campo 1ndustr1ole, soru, pe11a,1t,ementc 1mp,ega,,

nella&s:id,ptopnz,onc,ptod=onc,dl&mbuz,onecvendna<hptodocuiadcolatoI'I
dctuoruahanno~conttd>wtoaungtanllllmeood,scopette=tdìmecsnlup
pindc,mpoddl'mgognena.d,fficwncntcoeterub,l,peral=via Paradosoalmentc,la
ptogcC1aZ1oned!unnuovop;rcc,e,s=perunadcolamtcmodornononpo1tcbbc......,
portataa.anci..,,,.,.ulilizmre1adcolamt1eomcnt1'
Lapmpnerltp1111mponamcd,w,adcolat,,,eelctnomco~lagencul1d. Uncom
putcrpubcoegwtcunaacquenmd,1SttUZ1.oru,dnamataptogtamma,cbeopctawunm
=didan l!utcntcpubs~cmodifu:atcilptogammaopputc1da11,econdo
lcptopnce&1gcmcGrulcaqnc,talles&dnbl¼,uncslcolo.mtcdottn>ruoopulldabocnc
grand,quannd.cvanetàd,ud'otmaz,omcptogtama:uchccoptonounampioapcttto<h
appl.:aaoru Un adcolaco« domon,co tm<mi pu,pou è I escmp10 pi!! """' d, lll5tcmo.
=la:~~~!,,at;.~~tc:'"-,':.!':::r.:~t
scr=Sonoescmp1di1111lLCm1d,sc,cniol0cfu,deamaJ,,lc261""""'ddlolfubcn,,lc
52Cllttcdag,ocod,unID11220d,ar,c,lo64cdlc<huna..:acdueraco,,lv,alpnon
:,,~:.:.:~=~==..:,in:xb:&;:!i,°!~i::.:ri:~:;
.,_,_
Gbclcmem:idioc,,,nd,mfutIDIIZloneoonotapp"'""""'"',mnnsistcmo.d,gLwc pe,
m=od,gmndozzefwchccJuamatcup,,l, 'll:lllll<lnCCCOt:a:ntc0<'1101segnai,e!c,a,a
piuutLbz:.auccomuru Patnoolond,,;posttiv1dett,,:,mc,,cluamat1ttan&1Sto~•onogl1
elemennfunda,n,,ntal,.dcle1tc11C1chcfannouao<h,cgnal,clcttnc,Lamaggiowmade,
,,..,,,__
smcnu<hgnahacwal1ucdma110l..,,mdnovalond,scret,per1s,grud1cperqueom110""
Iducvalondisaca,nelcuodis,gnal,elcttnc,chcUSllllOn,,woru,sonoquclliap
F,gura11Unesemp.,d11ntervall1d,tcn,ro""peroew,ahbrnan
F.ststonomvctllmod,petdonomuuu,,gb1ntc:rl'll!hd!tcJ1s1onod,mgtc=,ed,U5Cl
taquahpcresempiol-UGHcWW,TRlIBeFALSE,le0 Ècluat<>chcgl,"""""'1bd,
tenstoneconvalonp111aln110no""'oc""'alhvdloHIGH,abbt.matoconH,cgl,=
:/:~~~c"':~.:J,t'ti;'c~i:!°,u~.;.,•~=•~~"j"'~'':,
e,;emp10 1s,mbol,TRUEc 1 p.,..ono ......,....,c,anaa2l.J>1ntcrva!lo o,n leten.111om pm
alte.,. a q..icllo con le te.Qllo.a, p!U baac (d, O>nsegnonza FALSE e O oatarulo aaooaan al
faltto1mcrvallo) Jn....,,,..d,mdu:u,oneconnanaaa!IWDetltcbe1111mbohTRUEcl
aanoam>CJ11nagl11IlW'Vl11Liatclllltoncpiualraed,e1a,mbobFALSEc0OLaJ1<>8SIIOCllll:l
agl,.imcnalbatcllll»nopinbasm
Lascelra<h un.,...,.,,. bmatIO ~dottatadavincoh an:wW, lcgat, all'affidabthli
Infaru,c1n"""'ddla.muut0ncillumatanellaFlgutal ls,considetasocw,.,...,.,,.c0n
l0val=,ognunodclqual1legat<>allllllctfradeclmalc,lot=s10mdtoporubwnellostes
oomtcrvallotta0e5vokandtcbbcrodM8cmd,cc,.m""""1b,aaacuno<hamp=0,5
r~·::!:.tw~~=.i~~==. ~.
stomdiiagtc10ocbedownoadetcallmtctll0d!aaacunod,que11t1dtoctm""""-[h Con
Oldc:tando ,I p,oblcma del nunotc ow l!Yelb d, t=s10nc, le tclllll<>m d, uaata potnbbcto
oscillued!unaquanntltJI11110n,d,0,2Svo.ltperaascunaafrarapptuentataeletc.Q110

c=~~c=~::i:!':i":::::~~~1~..,:~
tcdit=s10ned,11SC1taHIGHwnaua4c5vob,mcnttcilvalotcd,tcJ11llone<hU3Ctta
111d'ingt,,ssopomebbcmvanatc<hunoquautttàIDU10tcdi0,25volr1nmododanonsu
penu:c1!11Wn TuttoabncluodelallCCCMltà<harcwr,cletm,IIJCJcomplc...ecoS10acbe
devo"" dtsctumnatc 1ntcnall1 d, t=s10nc poco dmanu tta lot<> e chcm ogmcaso tillll]
LOWvam ttll -0,5 e l wk L1mcrvallo de, valon ddla tcn111onc di 1ngtcs,o comp=o """bbet<>IC-"llbthal.lctenstoruspunc<hnunotcc.U.dispeniorudelloCllfllttcrim:hcdei
tta 4 e 5,5voltv,eoo nco110scmm comeHIGH, mcnnc fmu,rvallo de,valon d, tclllto
ncd,mgr,,s,,,oomp,,,,ona---0,5c2vo!tVICIICt1C01"'0CIUl:OCOmcLOWS1110ncbogb ===~tr:,bo~:"m:,:1;.":,,Z~~n~b=t:t~
<b
zt0ne il
cn:uu, bman per I quali .,,che
funw:mamento O>ttctt<> pub""""" garannro
llltCl'Vll!ltd1tc1111onc<h1"1l""""sono..!ezionatimmododa"""""P"-'=P1dei0>tt1
=:.::;~~te,<t=.,";!'t.,~.!i.~n~~':~m';,':'
toela.p"""'1Zlld,,:ens,om>pWI10(dencancbc......,,rumotc)chcpo&1onoctaetc"81l'Un-
~~=d>c~:"i:...~.=;:,.,t:~=:i::<b'!.:
diuscna(HfGHeLOW)oo1"'ocmpha,làc,l,dapmg=arecd--•-•
tco110ttra:ttcal.lctc111101Ud!uscn:a
(; ndounnumc•o~csp1,cssooeoondoknora,.1onep<1S17'0n,' .vcngono1nd1c,nsol·
,amo1coeffic,ermeJpun,odecunalc

'tUmondoan[:lmsmoeno,o,.t<m,,.C ma, . ' "'"'"''"""l'"B"'""'""""!punro,,.onlc

(l<>l•pcrser•mcl,, l"'"''""""dtll, p,ct,foua,nm,.. Ntl,~'""''"'"o\qmocl,qmesrano=nc
10Caprtok>11<al<nl.....,-..uc,e,1<Un<:dlod1infortnanono

Ccsemp1<>,cguont<m<>Sm.unnumerombasc5connè3c,n=lclarclatM.con·
vers1onencln=deamileoonupondcou

(3124),: g~
~'+\1x\to: ;:;~~o"
4 ~4s-~):;~l, è 16
17
65,536
131,Gn
-'75+5+2+08),.=(828),.
18 262,144
S.n<>nchcllmtcmambasc5unlu:zal<>lmnr<>CU1<jllC.unb<>l1c,penanro,1valondci
19 524,288
coeffictcnndiunnumero1D,ba..5possono ... ercsofoU1ro0,l,2,3,4
ln"@S'U11U.al S1Stcmadcanwc,><>n<>ut!.l.n:,an1nambiro1nfurmanco1lllUlelna 20 1,048,576
~1~<>11StstcmaOffO!ee1l,nsrcmaesodec,malcovcn,n,nsp........,,,..,rc,basepon•2,8 21 2,097,152
22 4,194,304
23 8,:J.811,«IS
Numeri binari
llm,cmanwncnc<>bmanoèun,nsr,mo1nbase2chcurihao.ducsohamb<>h0clUn
numero bmon<>quilc 11010 11 èCSj>i'CSSo come uno""'lllCD,Zlldi Un<> cuncdcvcnrual
mcnrcconncncanclicunpunr<> CcqmvilonrcdcctnwcdiunnwnC10bmanopubcsoe-
:tt."=::,,.~:.::;: è ,Uustraro nello e<>nverst<>n• del numero doa-
"'dctcrmllloro ~ondendo1coeffioenn1nunoscncdipo=.zambaoe2 Pcre,emp10, 625 - 512 • 113 • N, 51:Za:Z•
(11010), ~ (1 X :z4 + l X 2• + O X 2' + 1 X 2 1 + O X 2"l,o ~ (26),o l13-64•4!hN2 64=:z•
Come ~ """" gù. onnaparo, le afi'c In un numc,o binano &ono duomore bir Se un bu è 49-3:Z= 17 = li, 3:Z ~ 2'

%'~~;::i.", ~==::=g,dtubt::=;,~
=<1,nonconrnbUISCC.Uosommadtinuueloe<>n=<>nePcttanrolaconvcnt<>ncdiun

0 sommando le potei=
(11010111)~ = (32 + 16 + 4 + 1 + 05 + 025) 10 = (5:l75l 10
17-16= 1~N4

9
1-l•0•Ni
16•2'
1-2•
{625)10 -2 +'?+2'+2f+J!'~(Hl0111000lh

Li.Tobcllal lelcncalepnme24poimzcdel2 InamblfoU1funnattc<>,210 èropprcsen Numeri ottali ed esadecimali

;i:;,o=•oloKcchwnarohlo,analogarncnrcM(mcga)per220 cpcrG{glg,,Jper Comegù.a«:cnnaro preccdcnrcmcnrc,turn te<>mpurcrc tSJSrclilldtgttih unh=mola
rapprcscntw.<>ncbmonoil,nsr,moottale(ba.e8)ci.l•,arcmac,adeamale(basel6)l<>
4K•2'X2'°•2 12 -4,0%
16M-2•x220 .2u. 16,777,216
;,,;1~1r:.:-::c.:,,d,~:z~~~•:\::i::J:.a~,,;.t
~"Pondeorreafrebinancccwcunacd'racsadcctmalccornspondooqm1ffl'Oafreb1
Ltconvcmonediunnumcrodcamalcmbinan<>pubCSBcl'clàc1lmcnreorrenun.nuliz-
Laropp,.,..,,!'lmOnccompmadc,.numcnbtnon,chcst<>rnoncconllSts<cmaotm-
===='::,.'!:~~bJ=~•;;c;:.~~~u:,.,~;:1"~
chcS1J1U11J1P"'°""'di 2 (stvedalaTab.Uo 11) oche, sortrattoal numcmdtporrcnza,
lccconi.lmrcmaesadcctmalc,èpme<>nvontcntedcllcocquenzcdib,.,chc.,,notrc<>
quattr<>volrepmhn,{lhe Pcrranro,lamagg,<>tpar,.,dc,mo.nuahunltzzalarapp=onra-
prodUècunoddli,rm-,apo&1tM. Indu:aratalcdiffcrcnz:tconM,"p<oècdeconlldetcr-
=ilnumcr<>p111gmndc.SCIDp"'p<>ren"'dt2,chc,l<>tttatt<>aN1,produceun•dif
fctemapOSUlWchcamdu:aconN,U.proccdun.V1encnpetntofinooquandoladiffi,
,..,,,._n<>ndnocntanullo S1èe<>nvent1<>,U1qucsr<>modo,1lnumcr<>dcamalcncllc•ne
componennmbase2 Ilnumerobinanooq111valenrcèor2nu<<>da.tcocffiaenndiuno
=~~1:b:=::~~~~:,;~:~~:;::
esadcamalclaoa,lmrraloropprcscntaz1<>nc<>tralccqucllaesadcwnalcper1numcnln-
nan~arburana.scbbcnclanpprcscnnw<>neesadoctmalctendaocsBcl'cloprcfcnra.dal
scncdiporcmcc.hcc==<>lasommadellcc<>mponcnu Nel numcr<> binano Cl momcnrochc1buappmon<>spc,&omg:rupp1dnuihw.pcr4
llatàunlnellcposwon1U1C1111l<cm,1ne,potenmdi2,opporc,montrcei.mrizerom
 -'-

(67312);= (110 Ili 011 001 0l0h=(II0ll!Oll 00101),

(3A6O10=(001110100110 1100), (lll0!O0llOlll,

Intervalli numerici
(o]colosquivolenteinboseclec;mole

(153),oa(2Jl},
10Cap1tololl--e,l«>n<:etwd11nOt1n..,one

lllll!lllll!llleonv..ion•cl ·;~dodeclmollnbinoito &e~:=-~:"'co:::.ddJ.i:;::taz,:::,:wuntodnumetodict

~v:,lm,mcroclocunak411nbJn.rw Analcgamena: per oonvertue una patte ftuicnar,adeamale In ctcale o«:cne.,..,
4112-20+1/2
20/2. -10
!tosto-Il
=0
afmmeno-llbtiva gwa: le molnpl,C1WOn1 '"""""""' oon il metodo pttma deocrttto pet 8

10/2-S -O llllil!IIIIIConvwsioftedifro:d..,imclmolin-1•

::1=~-m
Yl=2+1/2 .1 ~dllll.lll0t0clmmale05lndwmoponclent<1nbueottobmllmdoal
212ml -O
l/2•0+1/2 =l Cdrap11,u1gnlru3lMI
•=
(41) 10 =(10100I)z
~v:dnu"""°doarnakpota,bbe.....o:«>11,,,tttt<,ut,bz,,,mdola,om
0104><8=0832
083h8a6656 .,
,nad1pot,:m,,d1l 0656><8-5:248 -5 Clftameno"Wtdkati""'
(41) 10 -32+8+1=(10!001) 2 n......,,,.,om1e,appto<surutmalle3c,li,,p1U!1gntficauw,,~o-tocondde
1m<1ok"'fo:1nli:v:St""""'cltcl'ultmui<ifm,_S,~Utill=olllpe1atto
la oom=s!O"" d, unafr=cne~ 1n base rllleneeocgunacon un metodonpeatt tondu,:1nbas.8laafrap,=,den1<,6,1nmo<loda<>tten...,1l!11ldtatooeguen11<
vosumleaqudloutdi=toperlap.....,,ntetalnquestocmo""ngono..,,gwreunascne (0513),..(0407),,
:.:r:~=;:,~1a~:;;,~~~le~~=;:a:dole partiint=dOi laconvent011Cdinumettde=nali,oompost1Sllldaunapan,,1nteralWl.daunapartefu.-
X1Dnar1a,è:eoegunaa,nveitendocwcunaparteoepatatamena:eqwnd,cornbJ.nondo1
duensultanUal=aodo1nsu.ltat10Qenunnegl1...,,,p1!3e160tott1e""
Conv,,rslon•difrcalonl . .lmollnbi,,orio
(153513)10 -(231407)•
Co""""1v:J.!numaoclocunak0687S1nbi""""
Anche1nquosto<alloquandor>lO(pere.emp,ol6)lepatl!1n=,rnanrnano0ttenu
~=!6E5;:~!:...r~;:.;~..=;:::.~-
llp'°""""y,e
tenen<loanconwiawllaunapom,m-•unapartofrmonana
a:,dcvcno=ieconverut<ndlaafracorrJSpcndenteinbaser

neapetntolinoaquandolapaaefur,,on•aadiunpro<loa,lollàug,alcaO
o!'!"=quaodo,l""""""&,llocfu:dd1111n><to""""""'to~sulli=n"'pe,:IP
0Ultlv:lapt,:<.U1011Cvolutal..e<tfuedolnumetoh11,,nooonoottenute,querta
1.4 Codici binario-decimali
'Y<>lta,oonst&ranoolepan,1nten,manmano0Uomiv:romedisegw1<o«w>t,aro
llwtema nwncnoo b1nonoè il •"""""-pm natmale pet un compu~ menttz, d wv:ma
06875><2•1$750 lntet<>-IICiftapru"'&"mcdl... d.CllDaieè:tlp,unaturaleperunuomo Unrnodoperaw1c:1nai,:leduees,gen..,preYCdc
03750•2=07500 -o diconvenu,,1numettde=nal1,nb1nat10,e,egwv:1calool1at1tmettc,1nb1nattoeqwn
d,a,nverttretlJUultatodab1nono1ndecirnale Q)!e,t0rnet0do,tuetaV1a,nd11edeche1
07SOOxl =15000 •l numettdecunah vengano mcmcrIDat> 1n modo ,bo ix-,,o,,...,., oonverttttin b1nano
05000><2 -10000 -1 Cdiatneno"'B'>i&.trv,. Po1d,é1a>mpun,tposoonog,ottn,ooltanrole0, .. devonoh.fl>"""n~ledtedea
ma4mcdianteun oodJ.cechecontengasol111n101sunbch le O Quesiamppa,sentaz1011C
(06875),o=(O!OllJ, devecon,.,nun,d, eseguo,, dia,ttamenn,leopetaz1<>111arnmetu:he,oen.._bisognodicon
"""'10n1,ualm:ar,do1nurnendcctmah~1nbtnan0
Dall'csemp,cp~nrensultaduaro<he,perotGCnerci.lnumeICoonvertito,o<:<:<>r<e
9"'leparu1ntcllCdall'altovenoilbassc,""'°"dodversoddlafn,<:<:1aStnonon<he Un<erl,oeb,nar10a•b.ttèungruppodinb.tt.chep,.b"'"'11nea,finoa2.•oomb.t-
nwon! dtSUnn, d, le O, 1n <W CWCUlla a>mbtnuwne tappt=nta 11n elemento dell',n
chei.lnUJne<C<em'erl>tobaUQnUJne<Cfinitodidln,llptoceosodim0lt1phawonedel-
lep11rt1.ftazionaneper,nons,dce.ocon~...-wnenn,quando .. o<t1eneun 8'emeda<ed.tlioaa, Ce&1un1nstem0diquattroeiementlpuòe.,sen,oochfkatooonun
a,d1C,,b1nanoconn"'2.bot,d881.Unelernentodell',n.,._,lllassegnawaunadelle
20 <ap,tolol lcalrolaton<lctlron,ue,lconcettod,,nlo,ma,io""

---·----
'
Addii:ione BCD

(185) 10 = (0001 1000 O!Olhcn = (10111001h

22 Capndol l-1eleltronoè1e~«in<etlocilffl<llffl0..,.o

llill!IIIIAddlidanaBCD

~
937
Ihpo,;roBCD OlO:
~mo
Som,na.h=na--;;;;:
So.nmadt6
11 Ol~
><000
~
+0110
•ooo
'""
10001
+0110
li codice ASCII
b codice lnoano sw:ulard per l caracten alfu,umenc, ~ cluam,n., ASOI c,i,,,,,.,an
s,,,,,d,,,.ia.f,femjim,wt,,,~ba~) TalecocLceuttlma7b,tperl.acoddìcad,
128"""'1<0;,cosl.comc,llwttatonclla'llibeUa14I,..,.bndolcocbceronodcnomUJa

CodiceASCll(AmencanStandardeodEforlnformat1on1rrterchango)

..
So,nmaBCD 10011 10111

In,-"""""'1,\oafu,BCD.,,,.,..,,_,,....,,,,,.,."°"""'d"""u,no,;tbJ
...ns.la..,,.,_""'""'i.,.._,,d,10011 ,.~0110,P"'o-la
A '
~
afn.=ddlaoomma1nBCDed11pon,, Nella,x,lcioru.d1dmtra,l•oomma oon e
0,00
0101
D 'u
T
0110
G
'' V
w
•=
,oo, H X
y

k' z
1010
1011
1100
1101
e i
1110
1111
M
N !
o
1.5 Codici alfanumerici
lii molte appllCOZIOnc: 111ionnanche&1 n::lucdc ormai lagm10ne d, dati sia numcnc.t""'
-:.:::~
-·E?:
alfubctlCI Unacompagm•~-CD11miglcuadidteot1unlrzza1ctlrolato11perl'c
labo1mJoJ1c dei à>cumcna m cw so,x, prcsena sia, nom1naalcrc 11UÙnnaZ1<>ru che 11- Eo.doftst
cluedono d, coddk:ue anchc:ie lett= dcltalfabern olt:tc a, oumer, e a, <=ttten ,pec:tal.t Eo.dof""°"""""

:"~"::!'~~i!'1~~:U~T-~.'X:!=
oopCCla!.t Uotalc=nducdcalmct1o32combmaz10.tudistmtcscacsse,csncluoe
sooosololeietterem.awsrole,meotrenencluedealmcno64reoono111clusecanrolelet
tc:temamscol.c:quan111le11l1Dl1<mle NclptJIDOcuo,~nc:ccssar10uocod,c:edi.almcno ...
bsrmenm:ocl"""'°"do~-=uncodiced,almeno=teb.tt loochctbJ11.U1,VJSID
......
~
Ho,nonmloti,

chc1computerpossonogemrcsokantole0,svo'i!onouoruololoodamcntaleocll'am

--
b=ddl.'d,abotaZ,ooc:d,_gitaledetdar, S1noachelawdsfx:ab1noriamodsfìc:arcmplice
menre1amboltutJ!i,;mncno.i:,d,,gru&atodegùclcmeot1d,mlom,.azionc: ~.::-,l'OtU<n
,,..
Jcakolator«lettromc.eolooncettod,mform,,.one 16 '"''"'dd.,,p,tolo 2S

Gonp",itàp",i ~
ASCIIA 1000001 11000001
1010100
:u, Caprtolot l<al<ol ..... ,o1onronH:,e1lcvnootlod11nlu..........,.
Riferimenti bibliografici
I MANo, M M e,,,,,_.-.,-~ Ht,,d,,,,m,Da,g,, F.nglowuod dLflir, NJ,
P=uccHal!,1988
2 MANo,M M D,g,,,dDe,,gr,. 2•cd &g!ewooddLflir,NJ,PtcnticeHall, 1991
3 Ml.No, M M eo,,,,,_,s,,,,,,,,An:h,11wutt, 3• ed Englewcod Oiffi, NJ, Pren
nccHal~l993
4 PATI'ERSON,D A,H8NNESSY,J L 0-,.,,,r~,,,,JDmgn 11,,
Han/v,,uJS,,ji,,,,lRhitnfo,:,2"cdSanMatco,CA,MotganKaufmann,l998
5 TANBNBAOM,ASSm,,:-.dComp.-~'°cdUppers.dd!elùvc,,
NJ,PtcnnceHall,1999
6WHl'rn,RHtn,,c,,,,,p,-,W&,,;,Emory.,.Ue,CA,Zdf-Dawil'ress,1993
7 WII.uAMs,MRAH,,JqryefCo"'J"'ll"l:T~Engl.....,,jCJLflir,NJ,Ptcn-
nccHo.ll,t985
Esercizi
llllllllll,egnop1u(+)mdica=ta21.amunpdo<llcomplesrntipm~,l'astensco("}
c:heua.o.80luztoncòdupm:ublicsul•towebcheac:c:om~dte.to
11 •E1=1numendal6a31mba.ebmana,otta!eedesade,::unale
12 Qualtd numct<I di btt1n una-=che amuenc (o) 48K lnt, (b) 256M lnt,
(c)SGlnt
13 Qualòfcqwvalentcdcama!edelpllg,andemw,,:,btnonoc:hepuò""""'ottenu-
rooon(o)Slnt,(b)32btt
l 4 ; 0~ 1 seguenn numen lnnan m dea.male 1101001, 10001011 on,
15 Convetnre1oeguenttn""""1deamahmbtnano 1776,1812,19(,9,2000
16 IanqncnwncnscguennoonoC!plCBl.lnsnunomunaba.cdn,c;sa Quah<ll""'1
hanno !o.......,va!ote m d=male> (12011)., (3312)4, (2022),. (2A7) 1., (l9Ah1
l7*Convcrnrc,.cguennnw:ncndal!abaoe<llpanenzanel!ealru:ttcbamelencate
ndlazabella
~ Binaria Ottale~
.....,,
18 Sommare,sotttarre,molnpb,::are!eseguennooppic<llnumcnoenzo.amverntl,m
(a)(37l),e(2S6).,(b)(2EC),6e(7B),. (e)(ll0011hc(l0l011)2
l 9 • ConVCttUC 1 ""!="' numon decuml, ndle ba., mdica.te utdi=do 1 metodi
degl1E.cmpl3el6
(a)756245mottalc,l938257mowlecumlc,(c)l75175mbtnano,
ll0+Unmetodoa!ternanvoper""""""""unnwnetombascrmunnumerodea
maleòilluruatodalla.cgucntccqumonc
CN.110•(( (Cd....,r+4-,)r+A,,..,) +A;)r+AJr+A,,
Aosumcndounaconvcmonedallabase2stabdtt-coequ.. tometodoèplleffiaen-
tclntctonmdtnumerod1add1z10memolnpl=•n.cluestcddmc11:1do11lu-
8';nltondparagrafo12c:heusa!epo,:eme<ll2S1 ... umac:heC1ascmiapotenmdt
.,...
ducdcbba .....-.calcolo.12Ducunad1I110ttranonequant1ta.nvaasuppott0ddla
lll'Escgwtc!eoegucnn-=n1unlo=andolabaseducmvecechelabasel0co-
mebasemternuldutperlaconvetsione
(a) (673 6)a me.adco.male, (b) (E7C B)~ ,n ottale, (e) (310 2)4 mottale
112 +Ladn,monepubesseteeoegmtamedUlJltem<>lnphcmon1e-- - ·
ielad1v,s10J1ebtnana1011110101ottcncndoquoacntcerc,n,
113 ~n!==~'!"'~n~"""C:~stat2stoneamcntc
(a}dcncarcleaftcpcrunst&tCmaabaoc20,utd""""'1ouno.••t1:enS10J1edel!atap
presentazione unbzza12 per la base esad<amale
(b)con-vctwc(2000) 10 mbase20
(e}convernte(BGHJ) 211 mdllCIIllll!e
114+Dctetm1nareunalçontm0~.,..,.,pcr!a=oncdabaoc20abasel0
ouervandoche20èpma2xl0
115 *lnewcunodc,,c:amscguenn,d=!aradLCCr
(a)(BEE),.(2699ho Cb)(365),.(194l,o
I 16 ~ ~ ~ : : : i : n , = : : w ; r i ; = • = a ! < l l n ~ = i ~
med,ta,quante<bta.d=averedpollo:u,aa.,;unp,.ede>
((35),+(24),Jx(21),g(l501),
l 17 • Rappresentare I numendecunah694 e835 tn BCO equm<ll 1Uu.ttan: 1 pus,.
.,..,,...,,petc:alcolarclaloto.omma
l 18 Ilnsultm,dt1Dia,ommllmBCDè3459 S1,onoverrlìca.nnpom,ullaposmone
meno-.gndicat1.vaesuquellapr-c,::edentelapno1tlOllCp1uS1gn1ficatrvaDetemn-
nare, valot, lnnmn delle somme pnma. della. cruteztone mcludendo d nporto
28 Capltolo1 Cc,lcolarooelettromcoetlcone<'t!o~ttofo,ma,oo"•

Cap1tolo2

Circuiti logici combinatori


2.1 Logica binaria e porte logiche
:=.~::m==~dti:.::·:·=.i:=:t~,.,.~m!'
pJ..,.._5Cltlla>ndurrore, dnanw1<=><"' •~t,,g,,,# I =idig,r:d,di. b..,""""cluaa>&
u;µm~ Pcr,cmphfìareiap,ogctlUIOn<,, cm:um elerrmmct._ _ _ _ _
mode]]ana>mc1ns&em1di.ponclogunerraiom1-- llpmgct""""-no.ndovtà
:==t::.r:!,!'-c:,._•~~~"':,.~~~i:,_~:.=:!~
fuhe Lcuac.,edell.eporrc"""°opphatteagl1ingrCM1di..!crcportcedlom11Wcmca>-
I
snrwsreuncirw11<1dig,r:de
Per dcscnvcre le pmpncà. operar,vedet ar<ll1f1 logie1, è nccco,111'10 1mmdtme una
nonwonemaremar=chc,pcci6cln1!funz1ono.meomd.t<:lllllcum.porm,'91c--
~:.:;t;d,i,~~.;;~!,P,U~e,ck!Ì. t;i:'.=:,.,,chc..r.::dd
~o';:W~~t.=t=!~":a~~~.,n:,:-
.......,,..delleportcdlglr:ili11aperlapmgcr=10ned.t=•iog,.a_...sol'clabora
....,.. dt csp1'CsSIOD1 booleane S. com1n1:1,m mn fuirmduuone dd. concerro dt log,.ca
bu,aru.ca~larclazlonc<.OD.Jeponcdiguilic,,cgnal.,h,mr, S,,llttOdurran,,r,
~"t'~:t;:ddl',lgebrabooleana.lllllcm•adoltr1merod.tutilipcriapmgei=io-
Logica binaria
I.a log,,:o.lxmna mmawnabdt che po.B>DO anumcrc duev:don dbuen (wnabili t..n..-
ne) e opecn10.111 d.t logica-~ chc ad ... e po..,o,,o =
oppi1catc l due wlor1
chclevanalxh..,WIIODl)po..,o,>oaveredrlfercnnnom,,<»mcu,chcamnd.hr,igraioll,
ma., fun di qucsrarwt,m<me, nsuln. ~ pemare '" rermin1 di. valon h1.mn •
"'""Il"""' I oOaogmvarWIJc Ncllaprunapartediqucom hbm lcvmabtl,.mnompprc-
SCD.tllt<daietteredd!'.t&bero, comcpcr .. cmplO.A. B, c;.x; YeZ Pthavaor11nom1oa
rannop1ulw,gb,emcludcrannoscqu..,..di!ettere,nwncnc<:al9ltcn1pcaoh Treopc
.....,..Jogichcfondamcnrab,detteAND,ORcNar."!'=""sullevanabiL.hJnallC
I Opemaone ANO È ntpp,escnnra da UII. pu""' o dal!'....,.... dcll'opcnmrc Per
.. cmpio,Z•X YoZ=XY(lllegge"ZèuguolcaXANDYj llrISUiutodcll'o
p=onediANDiogir.oèZ• l sccsoloscX~ le Y~ 1,oltnmermZ=O(an-
COM.lchcX, YeZsonownahil1btmrreepm,ono...cn:uguol1110loa l o0)
2 Op<,raz,oneOR.È~rocncar._dalsunbol.odell.'addizlone Pcrcscmpio,Z•X+Y
Wl~~r.;~";~:;~tol•cX~10 .. Y-l,uX-lcY=l
21~bmanaeparlolog,d,oJI
3 ~~~N~!~~=~,':tl~-:~x1:~•1 ~x:7t':'
pcrazioneNOF è anche do=mmplem--,potehé tm..&>rmawiavallahde
nel.mocomp[emenro{lin0e0inl)
;:;.==~·:j~p~;:::~~::,:~:::~~:.,.~;;~i
dcgb...,....mnbal.tusar, permoluphcaziotu caddizlotll. Comunqucialog,.cah=
no.11.va<»..fusa.D0.11.1'2l1nncr=bu.ana.lufàtr1,mcnueuna.van.ab.,lcanrmcacab"'"""-
pubosmmereunquolu,,ogltawloremb...,2,unavanabdeiog,.capuò.,!nmmasswne
re1volor1lc0LescgucDUrdazio"'ddlnua>nolopc:nwoncloJ11ca.OR.
0+l-1
l +O~ l
l+l•l
Leoper:wom.wotn:rioordanoadd<ziomLnbac2D0.11.=onepcrl'ultuna. lnlogu:a
bu.ana.1111...l +I= l (alcg• 'UII.OORunouguoleuno"),Jaddovein-•~•-•
S1Ml+l•l0(51Jegge"unopmunougualcU11.0.zc:m')Pc,CVll2lcamhigwtàV1CDC
usaroJambolov,lllVCCCdcl111tlbolo+,pctmdlca,el'opcrazioncORN01cas1u,Q1J
ope,uiomarmneridreelog,.chcnon,onoprmenr1Dlllll~stusa,nru-
molmenre,dsunb:,lo+per=..,,,_b,_
Lcoegue=relaziomdefìmsa,no!'opei,won•log,.c:tAND
o o-o
1 0A0
11=1
Leopc:nwo"1...,lre"""°1dennd,eallamolnpbcaztm,elnnana,neJl'iporestchc,1uriliz..
zt un.._!o bit Un ,unboloolrcnianvool pcrl'opcr=cAND è ~,,pGIOO llW<I Ln
a>"J!IUDZ10ne.!111tlbolovperl'OR
Per ogm comblDllZl.onc di volon delle ,...w,.w btnatreX e Y, ..,.. UII. vaLm di.Z
È~i:;~E~T~=:S:
re,mo.,r,ala,dm:,oru,rm1wlona&SU11C1dallcval1ab.WcJ!l1suhacoddl'opcrui0ncLe
rol,elJ.ed1vcntàpcrlcopC<1Z10111AND,OReNOF""""''l'Mt2le"ellaT,l,ella21 Co
mcdcrmmprecedema,letol,c[!enpo,ru,oruttelcpossd,,!Jcombmwo"1divolondcl-
leduevarutbdtbmancc,a>rr,.pondcnuruulrancillu.,rntn0cln=critclc~
dcllcrreopCIU!ODlvtstepnma
32 CapllDlo2 Qraahlo@:lac:uml11Dlt10n

TABELLA21 Tobellad1Vffllàperletneopeiaz1on1log.:hefundamentah

-~
:=D---,.,., :::::D---,-,., ,----1>-,

'~
'~
Porte logiche
Leportelog,chesonoaranndettcon.tacheopetanomunoop1uoegnal1d,,"P"'opcr (AND))(•Y~

f:!::l"u~;.~~~~~nc,,~bJh'i':=n:;,:
u::nru,nc:dannotnUBCJtaocgnahtlcwvaloteapputlàlC:._una.dellc:duc:fasa:d,tcnaonc: (OR) x~v ~
cl,e..,nonspean,a,n.ente...,,aateallllogicoealloOl<>gico,o,mc:dlusteaeolle]la.F,gu-
tall Leportelog,chc:aa:cttanoa,term,,nahd,,u,gressooegnal11ntemtonc:,lauvalon::
nc:ncta1nunadc:lleduc:fasa:mmentrteenspondonoa.t=nunahd,usataconoegnal,d,
(NOT)X: ~
analoganatntaLeregiorum=mcdic:cta!eduelàsa,,,llU&tracendla.F,gutall,oonoat-
tmvetU!e..,lodutaneeletta.tmuorudalaOodaOalc:..,nochiaman::,ogn,n,d,tmn-
Flglr.l21furt,,log1Ched1g,lo.h

~~~~?JiE:È~En~~Ef=~~
"P""""tabelled,ventà,quando.engt,noapphcat,oegnal1di.,ngi,e,,o~teaunl
~ ~l:u:";°ua!1:=.1'1:"mTina!:;~no~~ ~ rQ.!:'° ~R::-
ga:,,o ..,no ill11StmC1 co- diagranu,:u n,n,potal, ndla F,gum 2 l(b), nmc:m:: al com-
•pondente~~dd,cgnalc:d,UK.1tapetcwcunt1pod.porta.L"""'

r=:!.,dcJ~":':t~';::~J!::r'_,7~':°===
~:r~:.:~"'laps.i~:z~~=~p=~:~~
un,egnalc:d.uoatallogim""almenounode,segnal,d,,ngresm~unl Laporta.NITT
E[)--Mao
èpium,nunen,mtenotamm,,-Ilmottvodiqu<:0conomeèe,,d,rnedallan
=~n~..;:t'i:'g,a,dal:,:: nffldte d~log,a, m u&ata~ la
"8""'2lfurteam,ngre,,s,mulbph
36Capnolo2ClrallbJos,a<OIIOal1lllcm

..,._,I.Aia ldeo!otàd,basedellalgobrabooloana
ii::,".t\~::!,t"t~T.t~doppaneg,wonetcstttu1Scelavanalnleoog,nale
Leidentitàl0e!lnabJl1Sconodtel'onbnemc:wlcvattabtl,ooru,ptcsCnt1nonin•
flue=l t! t1sultato quando ll usano gl., ope,atot1AND e OR (leggi o o = - ) Le
X+X•X 6 X X•X l<ietwlll2e 13stabxhocono chet!rJSUltatodtunope,u,oneoonttevan,d,,t,~,ndJpen
x.x.1 s xX'-o dentedall'otd.ineconcwqucstesonoconsukrate(lcgg,assoaatl'l'C)Conocgucnu=ente
lepaunteupossonocsocteomesse

.
12
X-x

X+(Y+Z)•(X+Y)+Z 13 ~Y.Z)-(XY)Z ~_,-

l'n,pn<eàa,mmutatiw.
X+ (Y+Z) =CX•}') +Z•X+Y+Z

.x{lZ)A(XY)Z•Xl'Z
14 ~Y+Z)-XY+XZ 15 X+l'Z-~+Y)(X+Z) 1'1Dpnetidi«t1butt,o,
16 r+"Y=X Y 17 Y"Y=X+Y -r. d.DeMoigan ~~~:r:::==b~~~":J~~~~lt.=:J:;
dmrdiuttva, t!lusctata dalrulentrrà 15, ~ la duale della puma legge d:rn,butiva e non=
varismnttondl'algebraordmanaC,meillustrat<,,nprccederu,i,ogn,vanalnleinWU1
doraulennd pub essete""'""""' da un'cspn:smone boOWU>a senza a l - lavalidttà
Principali identità dell'algebra booleana dell'uicntttàstessaAtttolodtcsemp10,s:roollSldet11'csprcss,011C(A+B)(A+ClJ)eSJ
LaTabdla23dcnc,.lcpr1napal11<icruJ1ldell'algcbn.boolcaoaruillequohporsndl=a pongaX•A Y=BeZ.CD,applicandola,econdaleggediatt1bUt1Va,.,o'ltlene
dtscntturanonèsta<Dnpon,,t0dstmbolope,:1'01"""tMCAND Lcpnmenovculent1tà (A +11/(A+ CJ:IJ •A +BCD
moruanolatduionettauna8Jngolavat!abdeX.dsuocomplementD.Xelccost:mt1b1
naru,Oel Lc-=cmqncidennù.chevaonodallalOallal4,hannocmt!llpOn Lcul11medueulenntlncllaTabella23,

;t::r-~~=:-:!t';..:-u~~t~::::
Lcrcgolefundamental.ielencatenellacd,dlasononatedn..e1nduecolonnepet
dunosn:trelapmprntldtdualnàdell'algebtabooleana Ièeopresstone,/wtkdtuncspte<
,.,nelog,cas,ottlCJlCscambtandofu.lotoleopcnmoruORedANDe..,=dolcco
startt1lcon0evtc-,avendocuradtmanren=lepr1oruàcsphcttce1mphc1tepi,,-
scnt1Lcpnomlcspl1crte10noe.1dcnztatedallaprcscm,,ddlepatenteS1,mcnttelc
~~pl:S::"m=~':m.dalla.J:~';iia~P:=::.:.t~er:::.
X+Y-X Y e x-y.x. Y
oono anche non, oome _,,.,,.,, d. D<Mo,.,,,,. S, tta1ta dt un teo=na molto 1mportsnu,
unl.,,,.t0pero""1lCtCJcomplementodtun'e,prcssronellteorcmad!DeMorg:mpul>es--
sere dtmoruato atlttl'l'eISo tabelle dt ventà che usegaano
tutlI ,poss,b,J, valon b,nan alle
=t~~~!=A~.t~~tàlnf~~:'"~
pos,lbilivalot1dtXe Y, atlcokndoP!lmaX + Yepo,mnadctaodone,J
NcllapaneB,stvallllallOpttmaXeP'eqrnndtl'ANDtradt= Po~t!ruuhatoèlo
complemento
""'""'pe<tuctelecombtn1WOmbinanedtXeY,neoeguelavctmaldellulentui

;:.."t'ddl~~:1::"i:' ~:,:, ~ ~• b~.:i~~;:o'::i:.."":b

dualedtun'cspreso»nenongeneraunnsulc.tocq1UV8lcnteallcsp,css,oneong,.nale,dt
,.,,_,LA24 Tabollad,venlilperlovormcadelteon,inad,DeMorgan
Al X llj X
c ~ ~ u n ' ~ ~ " ; : / : . . : : : • = ~ = • : t p o s s o n o esserelàcrl-
mentevcnfu:ote.oost1tuendo ognuno de1dueposs,bt!1valonallavanabJleX Perrhmo--
smitecheX+0=X.butaponepnmaX=0dacw8Jot11cne0+0•0,esu--•
X=ldae111SJo<nenel+0•l Entrambelecq=rusonovercsecondoladdìru=,ne
' o
ddl'ope,atotclof>C<>OR.Leulenmidcncatenellatabellaooru.,nuanoavalere,•eSJ•<>- o o o
stltu:scelavanobileXconun'espi=uonecomunquecomplcssa I'enaotoconstderando
1'1<ienmà3 eponcndoX=AB+ G;Slomene
AB+ C+ I • l
 22 Algoi,,a\>oolean, 39

Figura 24 lmplementa,,çe,cd,funz,oc,booleanecooporoolog,che
40 C.p,tolol Orc,u><klg,ocomhmalon
Untnet0do piu oemplic,: p e r ~ ,I complemento d, una fum:im>: ~~ la M1nterm,n1pertrevanab1h
dualeddlafww.oaee""P"'ogn,lettemle Qneswmetododetlvadallagea.e<al.=,one
deli,,o,m:,ad,DeMoo:gan s,nconhcheladualed,un'es~oae.,"""'1>=ocaml»an
dole<>petWomANDeOReglt lcongl,o Nelrtattarefu=>on,cotnplesse~speao XYZ o o
utde,ondecmtareconfusl(Ee,aggl~alcunepan:n..,.,,atruno,utennuupnmmdi
di'ettuam:dduale,1nmododaevtdeowuelepiea,deme1.1Dplcite =
JM I O O O
o o
O O

lilil!lllillll eo.--.funziDniinfanno............,_.._doloduolità 1 o o =
nz o o o o
s,._,,l~ddkfumtomdell'Esèrnp102l"""""""o<b.pt>ttm,le
fwmedual,e.a.egmdo,""°"""""ogmku,,ak
F,•~+Xl'Z•tw.Z)+(Xlz)
I
I
O
1
I
O
Xi'2'
~ ::: o
o o o

Lafutms_dudodi.F11'(K+Y+Z)(K+Y+Z)
Complem<nt,,ndo<n>Cldll,,r-1,,>tortlènOL.funucnoF11nfutms.=nple
momm(X"+l"+Z)(X"+Y+Z)=F,
iò,.•xtYZ+l'Z)•Xl(Yz)+(lZ))
~~:~:::..!:oru;.1~~~=':~.rI
eY,,quattronuntetomuoono,Jlf,.KY;X'FeXY.mentre""1casod.iuevatlOb,bX,Ye
~l,futmadualedi.F,•X+(Y+Z)(Y+Z) .z;g1tononuntennlillcorr11pondennsonoekncannellaTabella26
Lecdn,de,numer,bmanchevannoda000a111{2'-l,essendon=3),onon-
C>mp]<m.,nt,,ndoau:un [e,-1,,., orumoL.fumtcaoF,mform,«>mpk
p<>natendlepmnetrecolonneddlaTabella26,chehaa.nocomellllleSIUlODeX,YeZ
mommX+(Y+Z)(l"+ZJ=-Pò
Petog,:ucotnlnoaru;neddlevanabweststedtelar""'nun~die~dpt0donod.itre

==~'j":=~~~=:s~r,;,,b:.ua~~c;r::-
bdo m,, dove dped,i,,,J~l"'luMlentedecuaale del numero bmanocornspondente.U..
2.3 Forme canoniche combui.uux,,ebmar,aperlaquolednunternuneasswnevalo:el Apa.nu,,da,.vrnal,1.
hsig==<>2"1Illntettnltll'n.,,c<JJ1J=0 2"-l lnolne,lecolonne=""' "'1
Uaafww.onebooleanamformmolgebt,ca.p<tò~ospte,nmmolrefunnettakm> nella1àbella26sonoletabelle<h-=tidttldtl1nuntennuuperdCllllO<:htte""""-b,i'

:i:n;!::J!~"':.,~~==~i.:===:a
cuwmk,gic,pw..,,.pi,ci
Lefottnecanonu::heUSllilOtetmuup,,J,,=etennuu,.,,,...,Uneaempio<hpro
dotool~prodonologico,AND,<hne!etruti,,analoga,ne<12im=mp,od,ootnma
lX+Y+Z sonunakigu:o,O:R,dtbelettemh
Mintermini e maxtermini
lòstatomosllll.TO ,npi=dem:achele tabelle d,...,ru;idefin19cono ,n,nodo UJUYOCO le
funziom booleane Un'esp,:ess,onealgd,t,at,chetapp=e11':a uaafunum>:, sipuhden
va:edallarelanvamho!iadt"'1'1tàeoegu,=nd.0L.orunmalogu:aditnttt,prodomper1qua-
ltlafunzioneaau1nevalorel Unpt0dcmo,.a.elqualetucielevanabilial>P"'onounavol-
:,..~'!'a~~=:J:""d::"0:.~1t.:"'.:..,~a
~~-=lla~~~f'ì:~==~:;!o(k
ctmolec<>mcdec<JJ1ùped,c,,,dd--ewle0pertunelealtrecomb"""'""' Le
tabelledi"""1d.detnuntetmuusirannoutdi.ou=ivamenteper~fuoz,<n1
booleone come somme di mmterrn1DI
llaasotnlDllcbeC<ltlt,ene,una,olavollll,tutrelevar,11bù,o,nformad,m,ao1n
fotmmneg,tllls,duama,,,,,_,,,,m,Analog;unen,eaquant0accadecon1nuntennml,è
p01>lb,legene,:ate2"tn0>:tetmttuapu""'da."vu,11b,i, Gltottoma,tt,en,u[Upertl"""o
d.ittevanab,i,50110elencannelJa'lltbella27 Ogn,--~lasotntaakigi<:adtue
=tab,i,,tnQ110gnJwnabdeèP1"""'ttotnfotmm<:breitaoneg,t1"-oedcorr,spondentelnt
ddlacomlnnutonebmanaaso0c1aml:0olll,m:holoper1U1mutemunel:M,.doveJ
:,;iu;!",i~d,l.....~=t,; rt~:.."!a:~~
ènp<>mttanellecolonnemtesta:te.Mà M7ddlaThbdla27 Ilvalon,dtunmutennme
1:0,ncornsp<ndenzadellarombuiaztoaedelJetre""tabwtlCllleqwvalentedecunale
corrmponcleolped,c,,,dd--elpertutteleoltrerombm.azuxuR,,.ultaadesso
2 ~:::::'.':,~ fonz,onc booleana può esoere espressa come nna somma lr,g,ca d,
 :~=D-----·
e-
o
:
o
o
~
e o
(a)AB+C(O+E) E

F,gur.,2~ lmplcrnonta21oncadueeatrel1vdl. lb) AB+CP+CE

40 Capctulul Cmcml,logmc<>mb,noto,,

I-. • '
ofiirl
'~

F,gura27 lmplcmenta,oone,nfocmaprodott<>d,s..,mme
~ ~~
~ ,1,EEEEJ
~,-
 24 S<mphfic,n.,,,.,;onl'""'dellemapped,Kama"Sh 53

F,guffl211 Mappad,Kamau8hpc,IEscmp102J

F,g"ra212 Mappa d, Kamaur,I> a (re var,abol, on VC,s,ooe normale{a) e avvoltaw uncilmdro

l"''mostrarelead1accn,etcalecelle(b)
54 (ap,tala2 Cm;u,tilag«ocomb,n•IO"

f;: "" "' ~

ElU
,1:U~,-
(a)F,{XYZ):~:\;67)

f,gura214/\,\apped1Kacn,ughperlE,emp,024
 24 Semplnlc,,..,,eoo,,l'usodellemapped,Kam,ugh 57

flgura2.16 F(X Y ZJ=Em(l,2,3 5 7)=Z+RY

• unrcrtangolod, 2cellcrapp,escruaunprodo«od,rrc lewerili

• unret<angolod14ccllcrapprcscnmwiprodo"od,dueler.cral,
• untectangolod,8cdlcrapprescntaunprodottod1unle<rcralc
• unrettangoloillJ6uclle,chc<.0mprmdetuttckrelle.dàlllogoaunafun21oncchc
assumcsemprcilvalo.eelog1u,[
 24 Sempl,!ka,,oneconl'"'odellemappcd,Ka,naùgh 59

w~-"o:o:,:':I
w[" w w w w '
10 8 9 11 10

X2 -,~

F,gor.12 19 Mappa d, K,unau~hperl Esemp,o2 S F-f+ WZ + XZ

~ Samplificareuna~~neaquattra~~ili«mk, mappe--
diKarnaugh
S1><0mphfich,lafiuwonebook.,na
F-AlfC+Bcli+AliC +ABCti
f1go .. 2 20 Mappa d, Kam,ugh pe< I [semp,u 2 r, F -BO+ BE +Aci5

F,g.,,a221 Pr,m,,mpl,car,t,per1E,emp,o27 AD Bi5eAD

 ~ Sempr.fica:zia...,cliunafunzianecanla,..,galadi..,le:ziane
f,gura222Mapperelat,vc;IIEsemp,o28 S11rov,unespres,1onewnphficatancJJ•formad!,ommad!prodottlpcrF(AB,
CD)=Lm(O 1,2 4 5,10,11.13,15)

~ Sftmplifi<azianftmediant<il'u>adiprimiimpHa:intie•..,nziar.e
dlprlmlimplia:intlnane»enziali
Rt!, 8, e, D) = AC+ABD+AliC+Alfl5

Fogura223 Mappad,Kamaughp€f1Esempoo29
 25Marnpolaz!_d..,._,;s
64 ùpotolo2 Oraidllogl<•airioo,,alon

Semplificazione di funzioni espresse wme prodotto di somme

Lcfunuan1b0oleo.n,ocmphfiatc,,,,..,1ntumgh<>cmp<p=:cdcot1,$D0csp,_eco
m,..,m,md.,prodott1 Canpoc:hemodifidt<Ol)>0S00"00C01pldì=efimzwntcsptcne
<:cJncprodottodioomm<:
l.aptocedutapcrottenctca1pressicni.sempldi<:atebasatc.u p,odottc d.,,ommc, oc:
guclc:propr1a:àd.,btseddlefu=cn1b0ckancl--nonmcl1101nellafunzwne
a~oalccmplementcddlafunZloneNcscguechcdcomplemcntodellafim

:h.~'°.:~~i:i.~·~
nc:Pera1ptimcelafum.loneFcomeprodott0d.,00nuru:è•ullku:otc,qumd,,<:alcolarc
F•çf+li+C)(B+D)
pul,cncrcdt.cgna.tand.b.mappa.<>tteocodopwm1lou0c:omplement0
,lcomplcmentod.iF,<:hepul,aaoeteottcD.Uto,<:omi:des<:r1tt0ndl'esemplo22,detaml
nando,ldualc:dcllafunzJoneeèomplementandoogmsuoletteralc Ji-~+lfli

-s.n,pliliaw,,unafunzlone_.........,,.proclottodi :e11e"'::===?.~~·~~-·..~;~~=:~
ta d., F ap=sa come ,omma. d., prodotti Combiuando gh O e complementando l'e
S,"""'pldkh,loRJU<ll"'full>l<D'booleaoainfui:,,..d1ptodottodJ..,..._
]¾8 C,D)~l:m(0,1,2 S,B,9,10)
LecdledolJa.mapp•nellal'!guta224=anlnp~lm1DlflDll'b.
ddlafunuonoLecdl<mata1<-0"'P~•-D.QO,nclwt1D.
~~1·:;:.~.;.i:-~~Eu~i;:=
F<.dnnque,d<notanod=npl.man,,diF Combmandolecdle~-o Condizioni di non-specificazione (don't care)
.. ott1<n0unap=oicnerm,plifi,:ataperl•fumrooooomplemon,ata lmtntem:un.1diunafum.ionebooleanamdmduanotuttclccombmazicn1d.,w!or,ddlc
F~AB+CJJ+B15
~d,bleemmpl=iomdoC!QSQIIJ.lo""rok,01ott1onotlcomplcmon
~ruf.:'!':'!..6::::.~':i°.d:~~~~":~"!"'.;:,
nonè,p=fkatod""101'<:diclafwmancdeveasrumcrcpcra,,tecombtnuton,d,valo
w<L.',ower<>lafumJaoeFinfurmadiprodottod.,somme r1delleV1111,J,thSonodueiecondwarumèWquatopubawcrutc

de.~!~=t~S~!~~:..:=d~~
F~(A+B)(C+DJ(B+D)

p~=:,,,,~"::,'è"':..=1~~0~~=d~~:t:::

::~=~~;',;':;;:'~~:::.
=,mn
ènc<:a111or10<:onosc:cr,, qualcwlot,,.,..., assunte d.U.furmon, per1mmtettrum non
S,èsol,,ndenommne1mmtcrm1n1nan,pcaficmd,unafunzum.ccomc,.,,..
d,dòn..-od,~n,Qie,tecond,:z,omc0s1tnu.ocon0grad1d1h
=.'!.:"E:::"'utd=atesuunamapptd, Kanw,gbperuna ultcnon:a:1npldì

F,gura.224Mappad1Kamaughperl"'-10210 Fa!A+J)(E+li)(!f+D)
66 Capll<>lo2 Ormihlog,acmibinoton
25Mampolu..,odellemappefJ

:~°Ei~:Tl'É~~~~~~f?~E
~i.~:rrs=~~~=sE;
~mdilrcrenre,e,!.,do,eOolè""""!l""toailafun-.ionepctq..dpamcoliucmuucnnmc
Nellafascdiscmpl,fkaz,cmcdiunafunv.cme,nellac:copp,an,c:dlcacLa.::cnt,.,1mm
~~==~~=5==~
a,nXelereston0<:dle11<C10""""""'ca:,.O Pc,oucnere!afu<moru,...,,_pbfic.,.

tctmm1ncm,pcafu::anl"'"'""'oassumcrcmdilfurcrucmcno:valrucloOl.asa:lmdi
pcndcd..qualcddlcddepo..,b,h~gcneral'cspt=10ne?1uoemplice lno!trc,nonsid,,-
vcoc:egli=un-=nenonsp<>:tSattoscquei,o ncmconrnbu,sceaptodutreun
1mpltcanrep1upndel.a.ocdmdipcndecscl-=,cdalleposmbdtràd..scmphfica
z,oneoggiuru,vechc .. possonooticnere
"'""""""""'°ndlao:&OOOlpuò....,..<ombmamcon]aaillaOOl!peroue
neicunprodottoam:letter>hTnrra,,a IR<lud.ndounoop,nXodia::mt,,.,
po,,ortocombmaicqmmocd!emuna:x:opp,amcnroper"""""reuntnlllo:r
m,noodne!ctter.hNdla.Flguro225(a)lcnonop""11ciwcruOc2Kfl<>mdu.,,
G<flg\, I od,_,,,, dacut rwaltala.funuonc<at,phliata
F=CD•XH
NelloF,pr.t225(b)la.non~5~,ndwaa,n,m1~dac:w
donw.la..:gucnt<~.,;,,phGcata

-Sentplflocnlo,.. i n ~ - ............. c11.-specilccniran.

Pornql,och=rela~dt~1np,c=tudtc,nd,zim,d,
Lcdne"'P,-raw-••uanod,,ofuo:E1m1olg<~non<q~
Fntrambo,nclm<Lno1~ddla.N:IZla>oong,n.Je mooasnmac,p,e,
noncmdado~~dtncm~Fnt,an,beleatpr,s:1o<n
non_,Bcazione, • con,tder,. la "'SU'ffl" l'urwono F cl.epo<IIOdo t,;emm1<'< "Ppreo<n"""'-.p]llio,z,on,~,ddlafu:mmco,,gmalc noncocnpba
n,,rul!Qn1pC1::,flconJ """""'!>"'•6ca"' Lumcadt!&,ren:u.~-..,,1~...,,.,.,daFnoorn
~.B,CD)-l:.,(1,3,7,1115) ,p<ndema.ddlc~non,p,,::,8"""
Perlal'un,:,oru,didlo~225èand.e~ot1enon,un,,1,.-<em.
•-=d1F"""°lc~1dtva,,,i,,hporlcqu.Jib.run.-,,,,,,i,, ~a:...~:~0~2q:,"'g1,"";',J;~~~
llmm-dtd,orwlea,:ulmon1dinonop~al1.q1Wlpuò..., oummdo,:mlunc,p,..,.,...,cmphfic&tadelb.fun=necompkn,a,.1<>
re-m~d,,.J,..,Oo~v,don,! lamoppaèn!""tat•OO
1aFigura225 JIIUfllermn,dtF11oX10""""211conl,quelhd,d,onoman::an F-lJ+A.C
=="'dtf_?.fuonad>prodon,,d,"""""""'°"""eqw~d
F-D{A+C)

Lesemp,opn:ccdent,,mosrr;.chcne\lamappadJ.Kam;.ugb.!eoond,r;,on,d,_non,p""'fl.

~n;,.."'.:i=~:=de!~m:r!::1!ok=~1..r:
I· "10neongu,olenoncomp!cwnéim,,pe<mQ!a Tuna---.unavokadrettwttalascdta,la

:i:;~m==!~~O,~~~=il":,,~
==~:~cono:nen.no,!valo,.,X,lcuac11.,,ndl'=p.lcmcntaz10nelinale,asru

Rgma225Eoomp10<Lfunz10111concondiz1ort1d,n0nspec,fice.z""'°
:::::o--, :n,
:::D--, :=u-,
•---0-e
*
ffi'
,~1>--, m
•--{>--e----;.~
ffl
:=o-, :::u--,
:=i:::>-, :n,
: : :)[)---, :=o-,
:=D-, :=o-,
Circuiti NAND
Lapo,taNANDèclu:roiarapottauo""""""'pctchtqualuoqne--=d,gi!alepub ..
sm,rcalnza,o nttl,;zzando>Dlo pone NANO PcrP<0"'lte q = ~ n e basta mo
= , --e-"-1>--'
muech• gl,; 0pen.tor1logiaAND, OR e Nor possono essere=hzzatt nttl=do sol-
tanto l'operatrue NANO Co,ne momato nclb.Figuta 2 Zl, !'opOl'UIOru, coo:npwRcnto MO:==1::>--------1.. a~

~:~>,a,.,
è0ttcn11tadauoapmu.NAN0:,1cwdn•mga,ss.ièopphcatolo,...,0scgoalc,1.0ta!ca-
sos,ott1•neX•X XT11ttav,a,11naportaNANDauo1.0gi:c..omlnogod,W>l""!'ll
""onc è un 8Jmboio noo v:dido cd è ...:npa, sostinuto dal 8Jmbo!o Nor Per ,ea1,_,.,

~~"';"1;,~~;:,,":~~~=-;~.,\!"'C:,":;f~ot:'°"~
l;operatote ORèottmntontth,:z,u,do lll>l porta NANO coo nn NOTm ogo, togt"'SO,
p«bd.im-=•butaapphc:ateli=aad,O<Morgan(Figuta227)
Uon>Od0co,nod0p<tunpl=tateuoafuoz,ooeboo!eana11tthu:aod0sol0potte f'll"ra2'r70p,n,z1m1log,chec011porteNAND
NANO, p=ede d, otten= ptlml< una funzione boolca.aa sempbficata "'P"""' ,n tct--
nuI11d!AND, ORe N O I ' • , ~ , ,::oovets,ooe ddla......._,nlog,ca.NAND
La convcmonc d, uo'~onc algcbt1<:a da ANO, OR• NOI' a NANO pnll ...cte
w,gwta gnwc all'uso d., scmp!tc1 m:mch• che teasforo,aoo 1 c,rcwn log,a ANO OR. a ~ ==[),- XYZ ~ =L)- t+7+?•l<Yz
dncl,vdli,u,cuam,logle!,aodioss,adnehvdh,coo>DleporteNAND
(B)ANO tfOT (b)~Of-OR
1
sunb~~~.J:;~~(~:~,;,)~~~p!,;:~:i:a:.:toh~~.=
lenn per bpo<ta NANO I! s,mbo!oAND NOT, già 111:tl=ato prtccdcntcmcnte per li • ----[>---• '----{>--•
NANO, coru!lstcm un sunboloANO e,J tclat,vopalltoo snll'USClta lo altttnattvaè poo «=
81bi!etapprcocnttr.tcunapo,taNANDcooliS1mboloORc11npallmom<US<:1101ngrcs
•o I:"'lnmleoza dd .,,nboJo NOT OR con b porta NANO, de<tva dal teore,:na dt O• l'tgunl22851mb0hgraf,c1al[e"n1111V1pe,-porieNANDeNOT
Mmp.o X Y=X+YOneonnbo!,altctoanv,perlapo,taNITT,onomostranndbr.

~~~~~.~J,°;"~':i:1.,:%:0°:.ì'::if.:!"i~m
g,,ttaz,oo•dlci<C111nl,...u,s11pom,NAND

Implementazione a due livelli

I:1mplcmcotaz.1one di un.. fuiw.one booleana con por,, NANO è ,emplJcC oc !a funz!o

~"'J;,':~;i!",,,"':;'.,.d:..,so:,~T;1:n.~8::i:C:":::~"~
!~·\~·
OR, s, dice eh• le porte ANO sono d, pnmo !,,.,[lo e la potta OR è d., secondo livdlo

\~·
Pcrcii:<:Wtt a due !ivel.!1, <YCDtualJ. IDVCrtltoll, pasn ougli IDll""" dcg!,AND e/o sulle
lUCltealrOR,n00110110com>demncorn•hvdliagg,uo1;nr, Pcrcomp<CDden:!ardntonc
tral'<qnà3!0DOdlunafimzionccomeoommad1pmdotnc!eqnw.i!cot,11:nple,ncnm
Zl<>IlCIDlog,caNAND81COilSldtt1!aF,gnm229 T11ti,etn,1cucumoono"4tt!wlconc
1mp!emcntano!astessafunz!onc

fi8""112~ Tremodiper,mplemenlaref~AB+CD
t~~~;;,~:1:;;:~~~:~r::~:~~,hv~~~°,;:'•lema cun la/imz,une u,1g,n-alc

F=Alf F.i5=AB+=

~ lmplementazionedici.:Cuili<on soloporteNAND Ftgm-.230 5olu,,o,..,pe,l'E.semp,ul72

S, 1mplement1 la "b'ti<nt< fun,,onc Loole"'1A uttltzz,mlo ,olo porle NAND
 lb l':'<h,N/\NOeNOR 7S

:~~>
!~i~µ-
"""- (O)po"aNAND

F1gu,a231 lmplementa71on,:,d1F-N.CO+RJ+BF

::::D--i_~>
:~ (O)po"aNAND

F,gi,,a232 lrr,plemenlaL1oned,F-(Alf+Al<l(E(C+(J))
 l'lgu""23S lmplomentazionedif•(A+B)(C+O)Ea,nporteNOR

f,s,...:z33 Operu<>mlog,cheamporteNOR

NOR1eutmgCC$SlsoDoCDtn.D1.bi.complemcncandapom:NOT N.U..P,guta.234110
no nporw, 1 due .,mbcl, altecnanv, per la porta NOR Il runbolo OR NOT defin=e
ropeta=DO NOR rnme W\ OR oeguito da UD NOT Il ambclo NOT AND compie
metltaCllSCUD"'S"""Ocdesogw:qu,wh='opetanoneAND Quesnsunbol,altemanvt
u1d,v,duanola...,.,aopemm>neNORcperùn:c,emad,DcM.,,ganSODolog,=mencc

È,~===i~~!:=~=:~~~~
cqwvalc:nn
l'.unplem,ntan0ne a duehvdl, con porte: NOR~ molto &empha: so lafunzoo.,. ~

~~~~du<>,~"7:'~":.oT'~~w:.=~Z-."b7.;:!:'!
:!!:'1a"::.~.:=~~::'.:.tti'i<:~~;~~2.1tr~=
a,n,mgolo1ctcenlc:de.unatoallaponad,...,,ndohvellode.o=rnmplemcntmon
spcttoalla""""'ncongmalc,owcrode.octsetem.enraunapormNot,ullacollDCSSI<>
11Cdcou11a1aalNOR<huac:11a La:F,gura235mostmrunplementaZ1Cne1ulogu:aNOR

fl9,ra2:MDoe8'mbohgraf.:1perlaportaNOR
F,... 236 l~<rnentaz101\1!d1F-(Alf+XB)aC+li)cooporteNOR
;a Cap,tolol ç,,cu,t,log,c,combmalM

2.7 Porta OR-esclusivo

I:opemore OR-,,sclWlJYo (XOR) s, mdtca con ,1 s,mbolo E& ed è definito d.J)a segucme
operanonclogtca
X©Y=xY+XY
!IO C.potolo2 c.m,,urog,a.,,......._
Figin23B Mapped• Karnausf> per funzioni di11p,m • p,u vanabJh
lcqumtlentebuwioddl'md=•-==b.~,,,,.,ao1=,Jc:omplemcnroddla.
=~~~w.=ì:~con~.,:!:n...i:=at
apar,,osaruendolaponad.t use1t:1.conuno.pom.XNOR
Generazione e controllo di parità
Lcfunuon1pancdupannsu.ltanomolrounl,ne1smcm1chench1Cdonoood.tcl~c:on
m,Jlocc:om,z,oru,d.tctrot< Comcvi,rop~enrcndl'angmfu15,èuDh=ro
u.nbird,panràpcrl'mdmduozioncd.tcm,ndurantcb.-=ned.t,nfurmazu>mln
non• Un lntd.t pmtà èun bo.tagg,WID'"' chevICne mcluso nel messaggio da tnSmett•
,.,,nmodocheilnwnerod.t l complc>sMpresenunclmes,aggu,.,._par1(1.nakums,
otemI tale numero pul> cose« dupan) Il lllClilll8S'o completo è quindi uasniesso e
controllaroalfamvoperu:divuiuarela.!"""cmad.tmon,.-,rualmentclnoottlduranc<
)a.ttasJJUSsion• S,èmP1=""'-d.tcnon,oclapar1tàddmcsoogg,ott<ZYUtoDoDc:orn
spon,icaquelladdniessawo-= llc=u1mchcg=emilbstdipantànclcta
snc1:nn,,eèdctto~,/,l"',u,,Jcrcu.1toch•c:onttollalapar1tànclru:e,It<m,i:
dctto~,J,µ,.,,.Conieesempio,,.c:onsidmlatiasm=ncd.tunm...,,ggioa
u,,lnt,conparuàpm
Flga"'-239 Fum,on1d"""'ia1ngress,mul~pl, a)i,,nera,n,d,parllà,b)conlrollo.,d,parllll
Tabellad,ventaperun.,.-.,,.tored,pantapar,
_ _ a..,brr
LaTabclla29niosu..larabdlad.t-.rid.tungenerar=d.tparirà lttebttx;YcZ
oosnttoscono,Jmesoaggu,csonoghmgte,malCJft:lillo llbttd.tpariràP1àpprcscnral'11
oamddp;-= l'crJD>.poncb.panràpanalmessagg,.odatrasm=,.ilbirPdc,c
,.s=gencratommodochc,Jnurncroromlcdil (,nclusoP).,apan Dallarabcllad,vc
rirà&1puònotarechcPcost1t1USc:cunafunzu,ncdispon,mquantoèugualcalporqu01
mmtcmuru co,mpondcru,_ a l1llll c:omb,.noz,onedcgh myc,s, con un numero di.pari
d.tlO.conscgucnza.Ppuò....,.eoptcSliocom•unafunzioncd,,panam,wrutlnJ1
P-X©Y©Z
lld.togtammalog,c:opcr,lgc,><n.10,ed.tpantàducusoo,ènportamncllaFigum239(a)
lttobitddm...,.gg,.oeilbttd.tpantàvcnp;onotrWDn,s,alla!on,dcsttnmoncdo
vcvengonoamlmaudaunc1tCU11Dpct.ilcontrollodipanè,alloocopod.tvenfumc,c,
dursntclamsm15Sonc,Sl50novcnficanctmnl\,Ichéle,nlòmia:m,n,oonostatctra
omcsseconpanlàpar1,1quamobttno:vun&vo11<>...,.rcunnumcmpand,l I:onmc
S1vcrU:Ìatsedmcssaggwmzvutocont1encwinwncrod,,pand.tl,11CVldcm,a,mquc
otomodo,chcu.nbi.t,duw,tciatn5m.lSSlonc,haa,mhutto,Jpropnovitlm.lnp=ema.
d.tunod&ttoerrorc(crnm,ocmph<:c),l'mcuaddc:onuollod.tpanù
C-X@Y©ZWP
nrll.ugualcal Lo.funzionepctilc:onaollod.tpantà,èperdcfuu.,oncunafum.toncd,_
opan che pub......, 1111.plemcntll.ta u,J,=ndo porte XOR Nella. F,gura. 2 39(b) è illu
otmto .il diagramms. logico dd c:ontndlotc di panta
È d,.wo, dall'....np10 p ~ , che lmcita dc, arcultl per la. ger,=onc e ,J
c:onttollodipantà.èl>Dllfum.ioncchec:onucne1mmtcmwu1cwu:diacorncnp;onoun
nunicn, pan od.t.par1d.t l,aoccondadclla puità,pecfu:o.ta D, conscguonza. mb arc1U-
upossono esserc=li=t1.d.trettamer1tcconporccXOR Umfu.n:aonc,1cw-=ru
con
haunounnwncropand.ti,è,la,mplcnicurod111111lfunzw11<dispanF.sso.pu1>....,..
IJDplenientttta c:on portc XOR esc:Ju,,onc della porta musata che viene soaunuta
conunaportaXNOR.pctottcne!'Cilcomplcrneuto
82 C.p,t(lloi c.cudlL,g,.c1«>mbo-•
2.8 Circuiti integrati
lcrn:ummrcgr=,(IC,bu,gr,,#dC,,,,.,il,sonodupos,nv,a,enucondwro~mualmen
=~$!~~~~,:::::~t==~~~=d
:,,~::'~~!=~:::,::;:::-::0:!::·~1~=;;=:a:
unmmunodi i4,pagl1!Cp111pi<XO!J,adivemecenr,ruuapcr1pn,grand1 C.ascunlC
è 1de11r1f=o con lerr= e numeri, srampar1 sulla mpuficoe del CODrenJrote Ogi,, pro
durrorepubbhca1nuncaralogo,1!d,,t,t/,,,",ladesa=<>ned.trurtigU1Ccheproduceo
>«••-~necessancper1llmousoncllaprog<=rJOned.tC1KUJt1digtral.t R,ccnre
menrc,coDoemprcmaggiorcfrequenu.1darabooksonod,spomb,i.tne,smwcbdetven
d=
Livelli di integrazione
Con ,I progredtre della rccool0fl"' d1 '""'gra,<lODC. tl numuo d.t pone logiche lime
graro m un smgolo chip~ no=<olmcnre aum..,iaro pusando da poche decme a div=
m,Uon1d1po:relad.tsr1nZJonerradupcheconra,gonopochcponcequdhchenecon
,..,goi,omilion1(come1m1c,oproceosorl)~sranrrad=onalm.enreopcro,raoullabasedd
le d.tmCDSIOD! del con=~ defin..,do disposlrtv1 aocala d.t. lIIRfl<=on• pu:cola, me
dta.gnu,deemolrogrande
lun~~um"'!~~~7P~~a!,':;!'J~:.:.,~~~=
!~Jr:~::: ~:=:~èru:.~tr,:."!:on:;:;,~a::· ~ui'i:
graro 1 arcultl MSI (M;J,...,. ~,,kll<litf.Nld, a media ,cala d1 I D ~ e ) , conre,go-
no, npu:amenre, da l0a lOO pone pcrs!Dgolo conr..,,rorc ,.ono progenarepc,eoogw
rc opec,fiche funzmn1 d.t.gltah clclllCl)ran, com.e pa c,cmp,o l'add=<>ne d.t. qwiruo b1r Le
fum1omd,gnaliMSI,ono,untl1aiblocchifwwonahchevcdremo--=•-
Capiroh3e5
lcn:wt1.LSl(IArg<'Sofkln,w,,Jtd,agrandescalad.t.JDrcgraz1ono},con=igonoda
pocbec..,tuwaad,versenugha1ad.t.po,rc1nuos,ngoloconteo1rorec,gcneralmentc,so
no ..ram,, a.i SlStclD.l d,girah d1 media complesmà come p,ccol1 p,occs,or,, mcm.onedt
p1ccoled.t.menst0ruemoduhp,ogrammabtl1
no~"'::a':~~7.s,a~e5::rc~~~=:=-~~d,
porrepusmgolocon,..,,ro~ comend casodetm,aoproccs,on edetclup pc,rdabora
:~dl::!r.r..,::,;:.::;;.;.,~?..=:~hann~:t
recnologiapcrlap<ogcttu1onedets1Stem.1dtgttal1, consenret>dolaprogetr:IZIOil<d.tstrU<
turccom.pi..,.,,mconcep1bohfu:toapoduaw:i1là
28Clt<>òmtegrat,113
Famiglie logiche
Icrcwr11~1diguahsonoclaatfu:attnonoobaorosu.Ilaba,edcllefunuoru....,1tc,
ma anche 10 baso allaopcctflca reCDologtad.t. irnplcmencwone ClrQJ.Jrale Tali recnolog,e
~=%buo,~=•q=~:!i~~ru~Cl~~;.i~
com.pi..,, Ttpicun..,rct cr<nmd, bue d.t. ogo, =nologia,onoleponeNAND, NOR
• NOT e 1! nome della rccoologta dcnva dm componcnn elertronu:, unlman per la co
srrlltloned1raharcuI11 lDnum......,J1famigl1ed.tC!fCU!r!1ntcgrau.sono,rorc101rodone
sulm=aroelep1u!Dl(>rutann,onoelcncaiedt,cguiro
R1l, ResmorTraos,oro,Log,c(logu:arc,u,ron, _ _,
DTL DIOde 1mno1Sror Logo: {logica d,odo ,,,.,,.,..,,,)
TrL T=wsror'Ilan,,,storLog,c(log,.ca,ransisrorrran.,,,ror)
EnurrerCouplodlog,.c(iogu:,,adaccoppJaIDCDrod.temernt.ore)
MctalO:udeScrruconducror{Iog=ascnuconduttorccon""'1dod,mcrallo)
Com.plclllCl)=yMcral.-Oiud,Scrruconduaor(logt<:acom.plcmcnrareasc
m1condlllrorecon<>SGIC!odtmC!allo)
BtCMOS Btpolar Complemeo=y Mcral-O~1de S=dw:ror (logica bipolare
complcmenrarea&cm.JCOndorrorecono,adod,.metallo)
GaA.. GallrumAncntde(log,caadareruw:od,galho)
LcfàmtgbeR'.11.eDTLsono•atelepnmeaes,crc,rar,,mrrodorte e oggi possono con....
dcram obsolcrc La logu:aTil. ~ •i:ua amptameoreunh=ranet d=ru precod..,n ma
ogg,tlsuounlmio,rarap.damcnrcdimmueodo Lalog,caFCL=caranc,,=,adacJe
=V=:.=~~~~!.':~~~=:~i
detCMOSV?eneU!Ùl2iSàranet"""""1chcnduodonoaoc:bobeaicollllUID..ldlpo!cma Un
bassoconsum.od.t.potenza.p,ev,.enetlmrr=aldamcnrodetd,spo,inv11nr,g,,anadalra
dcns!tà, tale carart0l1Stlci. è fimdam..,talc wiro che la =oologia CMOS ~ oggi quella
dcmmante Lalogu,a BICMOS, che combina le carattcnmche della 1og1ca CMOS • d1
qudla1TL,s,U!Ih=netawmruilalog,.caCMOSnonè1ngradod1foro1readcguue
~~==::===~'!'i.,."°:ì:,':,r"'ne lofinelalog,ca
:.::::"'.:=ortabosc
Lca<attcnrucbcddlevar1e&m.gi,elog,chesono,ndmduareanahzz:andotlctrCW--
D150f!U1r0stopo,rano1paran,cmp1111Dlpomm11d,.va-
no Ventagl,ocb~o(Rr,, •.,,),pcc,fu:atlnumctom8fflmod11Dgrcs,,ches,p"""'-
V....tag!mcbmata{Rm ou,),pcalicatlnumcro dtcanclnsrandan;l ,;helll)0pona
~~t.:.,=::::i:.=:r:.t.~•a nancootandardpub=•
 'Lc=l___
H
0
,,,z

, ~

' ~
,,;;::,~
l:;'"'~
f,gu,a242Asse,inazooned<,,11vetl,d,,cgnaleepolantalog1ca
88 caprrolo2 Ora,,t,"'3-n-• lttlen,nent,;bJlihografio,81}

Ftgura244Pu,..d,tra5m,ss.,.,.rrç) f<Su,._245 PurlilXORroalizza1aconduepc.-red,trasrmss1one(TG)

NdlaP,gwa244(b)•244(g""""'mOSI!WodmoddlodJU11•:man,mperlaporta
dJrraamiss,one,mbuealq...!•X•Ysonoc:onness1seC•t•C-o(imer.nirtorechwsu),
menrr<:XeYsunodlsa,nnoss,seC•0eC-1 (1nr<:trimareapcrm) Comedllllltl'8!0nel
laPigura244(d),

;:~<=e.ic:::::=idi~;,~:~AAf~.!_.!"..
pe,curso~olaTGOclx:connerc•Fo.A.enon=unpermrsoarrr:IYCfloTGl,
co~~..1:;.~:

per au F-.if Tat,,compormmenro co,ru:i<k con larabdladJ wnckdell.oXOR. nporta

... ndlo.Figura245(b)
l!lllllllil Suppi___, A 2 8 C......11 CMOS
Nd supplemen.ro v...,. p"'8<nlWl.l'""'!'lemenrazione m no:nolog,.a. CMQS ddle porte
log1cl>•dJbue•de:tcuounpwcomple11111

2.9 Sintesi del capitolo Riferimenti bibliografici

:.~=::iomp~.~~~~~.:,~,!:,":'.~11:
giah:Calgd,r..dJBool.e,C05tl'lll1'lmrotnoaqu..,,_opm.ron.funuscegl1strumennperb.
n:wupulaztoneddlefun&10D1boalearn,,"""""""10perlaprogerrazuH10dJcirau1:1h,glc.l
~.=,::,,r.:::i,~,t==~=.·:t~""U:C~~
noessere""P,.,...,nfotm..dJs<lllllDl.dJprodott1.e1nfumn.dJprodu1IOdJsumme,alle
qual, comsporulono unplement:IZloni o.rcwah o. due hvdl1 I aw,r, dJ cono da. ut1lman
ndJam,.nlJJlQzaZlOnlWCll'CWll,oonopnncipalmentednwncrodJponeednum.erudJ
I Boole,G.Anln~ofd,,L,n,,,of11,o"lf,t,NewYo<k,Oover,1854
2 Karnaugb.M "AMapM<thodforSynth=of~ona!LogicC...:u,n,"
Tn,nsM1UnUefA.JEE,C--.,,,_..,,JE/«Jr,,,,,a,72,pun,I(Nc,,1953),
59399
3 lli<tm.cyct;DLLog,<DmpefD,g,t,dSy,tna,3•edllosionAllyn&con,1988
4 M.no,M M D,g,l,JDtnp,2<ed Englewt,odOlffs,NJ,PrenoceHEIU,1991
S Roch,C H A."""'1unt,d,o/Log«Denp.4--ed St Paul,W""<,1992
6 Hay,,s, J P I-mr,J,,n,.,. r,, D,g,t,J Log,< Deugn Rcadu,g, MA, Add..on-Wesley,
1993
7 Wakedy,J F D,gmdDeng,, UppecSaddl,RtV<:r,
t-.1},P,:,:m,ceHall,2000
 2 15 • Semphficarele,eguen □ espi=con, boob"e uuli=,nclo l,mappa J, K.,ma~gh
{,JXZ+l'Z+Xl'Z

216S"'{;pl\fi.=,usando)anoappad,Karnaugh,quatttovatcab1h,lesegw:nt,funL<Q

2 14 Ì:cl~~;"'' ~&,u,dc, la tnapps J, Katnaugh a'"' vanabth, le seguentl hrn,.lonl

 ~:r~~;:'c le scguena furu:ioru u1 forma (1) somma <l• p,odott, e (2) prodouo

(aJF(A,B,C,D)~:!:m{2,3,5 7,8,10,U,lJ)
(b)f<(W,X:Y,Z)=IlM(2,I0,!3)
224Scmpl1ficwele,<guenafunw>mbool=cEnon<ntnpleramen,espccifìca,e,
usa,1<1,, le oondJZLnm cl, mJ,ffcrmzad

(a) progc,rarc una pn,ta Ni\ND a 8 ''W"''" m1h,:zando pott< NAND • due m
gre,,.,epn,t<KOT
 R~
~}
F1gmaA2

,,":_",, " ' ~

00

~ ,[::EEEB}
'"t±:EB
Frguro247 n.>m,adondapcrll:serr;mul40
Capitolo]

Progettazione
dei circuiti logici combinatori
lOOQ,p1tnlo3~•dei..cu,blog,a"'°'b_,

3.1 Circuiti combinatori 3.2 Progettazione

l=loglol~,:nnn<:1a,te,n,,d,gllal1po"'""".,..,.oomb,ru.tonosoquonzool1Un Le <tlOdeme n><ndi.e eh progettauone dei SISleml dig,rolicompiendono metodolq;i1< e

c~~~~~mè!c:;.;:~~t~=
doi""1onllIIIllagl2i%llneglldmt<DU<hmomona Qu<suulto.n,1,alorov<lm,..,,,_o
~":':'="t~~.:'~b~~
gettaziom: e le progetruab ,,,,_.J,,.,,,,
inerodologlO n,,n fondamento!,
10110 argo,ttenU
i""una.mc..:.od.m.:..ntepu,çd<ftlonede!IIStemldigttabV=innollttl:lolmon1<

;:r~jj,:'Ew~~~Si$ ~~:.=:!!~~·~~~~
neddlbardwa<eelet"""1Chedismtesilogu:a
rocomportamenn> èpa10nto u,dmduab,le lrall\ltelo""'l.-.aremporoledogl1ingteo<1
apphc:oued«valon~~=tela..:wn..,quo:wol,annnopres<t1 Gerarchia di progettazione
tmnd.p!'òlllfilOcapirolo
Uncm:wrooombinarono~cararurmatodollevanab,hd,mgre,a:,,dallevanab,h
d1mci.ra,dollepartelog,dioed.uerelame---r.epartelog,cltencevono
~.:...T..!!~~~~~r:;=::,,~:!;-
..,,,.._d,g,tale"""'
QJJIOè1111=diportelog,cl,ern.!on,m=......, 1nun ...
=~~3\~~·~~;;::/!:::=tr.::;
,valor,ddle ,,,vanab,J, d, ,,.,,,...,.,.,di.,porul,,hper......,uclzzzare
esr<m<>, mentre =i:-.1~=:,.,~!~C::~::'~T~~
<SternamenrealCll'CIUf<l_._c,oscunonnabded,wçrcssoediuscuaèunoegnoleb,
nonochepubassum=qwn<h1..Jor1logx;,0el
Dale•vanabWdimgre,,,,,001SIOll<>2•~comlnna,uorub,nanommgrcsso,
;:"'"~~=~~=.;;:=.:J~.:;:t=è
dMsomuru,,paru,duam.areblt,,xh,,d,.ev.ngcnocollq;ounalon,,1nn,ododafoaoa
redcm:wrocompktol.efun"""1!1Vòlteda,blocdueleloromterfac:Geoonod.&n,,
per<;!a9Cunaddlequol.,dc,IWlll>gmuagl1111valonbmandelle1W01teD1~ con•tten-m<ttodo<:hedCl:!OlllO,ndsno,n..,.,,,.e,soddlllìlo'l'oc.&heprogettua
un=<=banatonopuò..-de,cr11toda1J11•labolla<h~chedmca1nlo:r, bS.unbl.occoè=rroppograndoocomplc,,opor""""'P"'ll<ltatocomeuna,m
u,W1Ud.U.ua:neperoçiuoombmazioneddlennabilidi1ngre,a:,Unc,1CUIIO<=b,
golaenuta,può......,asua...tn,divisomblocdnp"'-pxx:ol, Laproc<dnmpub"""""
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~e-::':.~~~~"'~.~:::-;~=
~t:ria:.'t6:1;':'i,;..t:!,,~':.~':'Z
'PhJl«IO!l«10l0tliamomndloFlga&a3!2(a)
N<lla.Plii=312(b)""""illus<rm1nam.,n,ooh1pu,oppr<00,mrelcali<dca
_,, •~-OCO.-..ire,egmennbaq""""' 1nr>"1perb.of...llCD•
O<rteU!Cll<p<rl"'§lll<OU,cdt, Ndla.1òbdJa33~f-l)'"""taJamb.Jlad,V<f1ti
=.~":"'~~~-=~1°,=:i.-:=:t:.=
rc3..,lfflVffl.uogm....,.b,tl,gl.attbollachventàas,umod,ed1<palelc
gi«1 l oco,,,dad,egmemoedocgnaklogi<oOlor..c,'!'._ Alc.,,dopkya
11Crt<oogm<11<1.operm,01nmodo<0n1N11oepcmmo,l<§lll<fluu...,,ndono
conunqnolelog,a,Onoasutmdodi...,,.compL,,ne,,m<cpudlornfu1mO
""""'""' a,.,.~omw-.> loK1C<l01bJnwo1>1b11W.,da!O!Oal11l"""
:=.:=o~~=,!~,.!!::,'::t::;:.=- q-.
Se,nq.....,a,o,.p~ndla....,.,,,ar11=,d"""""rl1l0:cp~
==·~~d, ~.:.::=:~~:.,-:.~g,.t
memodirum,...,,,,no,poreoomp1o~Oai01imcrm11>1da!Oal5
l,,1n~on,:n-dall.rabella.d,vorJt1,.p.,..__.,rrmferJtc111"""'

zd,~==~~t=~;:::==.
:fjl: O /23'-156189
"'""""•-dold..pla,,~loonata<cmo_,o(,,-i..tl!o<l<:mo312.u,_
::1u.~":!,~~oloa":°""'""saapli&.r.perlc...,.famoru~
••AC+ABD+1Jcl5+A1JC
'•Alf+iic'.'li+XCD+,1JJC
flg!IIIK3t2Dr,play••-,egmenll ,-.i8+XD+JICl5+A1JC
d=XcD+AOC'+1Jf:15+A1JC+..lBCD
TAlllllASS Tabellad1veril>perunC0rtv@ll"""'BCD....,,'1l"""'b
/•lfBC+M:IJ+ABIJ+,1!C
:•ACD+1ic+:%Dr:+MiC
Perluaplemenomonodollcoca<funz1on1,ono-.,.!4pon:/iNDe7

=~2~~hu.~:~~~·c::=~
~~~F.;:IE.:~~-EB~:$::.-::=
::.":"r;::t:!m~'::'~-OBl,1nr-ddlepCTt<OR,cl,o,...

In g<noralo ,I munerotoaledipo<t<pub....,., t>do<to ,0 unQn,wto mmbin...,.10 a

=~~~-:=="=i:!o:~"":~n:.~.·!!';:
"
tl&ttlghaltnuig,a,t :=:~~:d&oi~.,:f:p!=!::.':"'~':'.:'l:
V1<dolptogett,stad>ede,.....,.,ngtadod,<'lmlnnan,,m,nnnrun1al]1ntetnodolle
A,
D:
:.FJITI.
.

Dooo~atoca

2'
o
1
~

o,
-o,
,1 2 □,

E""~e S □,
126 <a;,llolo> l'rogettanooeclc.c<r<uo"l"l;' □ combon,tor,

~lmplemenkmonedl..,......,rno.;;~blnon<>medionte
de«>diliwtoreaporteOR
Doli, taWh d, v=,à<lcl sommatore bmano (T,J;ell• 3 1) ~ ottcngoao le fun
"ort1pectlctrcuOLOCOmb<natonomCm,<l,,omm•d,m,ncert1Hm

f,gora31& lmplemen!aZoooedoun~nnmalorebmanomed,antede<:oci1ficatole - - o- -
o o
- ---
Tabellad1,,m"'deosaperuncad,f1catoreconpr,on"'

F1guraa.1a D1agramm>log1ror,,,runcod,licatoreconpnmtaa4mg"''"
1,,. -.,a ....

!
ù • •,., --···-·--- J7 U1

3.7 Multiplexer
Unrnuk:iplo={oelettote) èun<:1rn11tocombmatcr10cb.seimo,,asegoai,bmat1"""°'
n=ndaunaop,ubne<d!~ebdirig,,aunaaogolabna.dtUS<:1lal.a,elcaoned.i

;a~;t:;;,è~:i~~":d==-l.::...,~~~
lmone,lecwcombJJ1'2ao1t1dibo:dccetminanoqual.1npaso~Ndlaligura
0

319òt,pottatounainulupl=t4-1Ciascwtode!quauto,og"""-daD,a~èancbe
unmgn,,,;odellaa,mq,w,dena,pmtaAND Gb"'P""'d,""loz,oneS,.e,lo10dmduaoo
unaparncolatepotta.AND Leusateddl.pott,,ANDsonopo.L"""""""aunaportaOR
oaque,a,rUS<:11>. Pe,:aoabo,an,,l~odelC1tC1Ut<>stm....deuilcaoo10au
(S,.S.:, ~ 10 LaponaANDass<><>a1aolfing""'oD,haduedes],ingn,s,,ugtW!al e,I
~mgsssoconnc:ssoaD,Lealtrettep<>tteANDhannoalmenounmgtessouguab,a
0,perauleusatensuhaaouguaha0 J:w,c,.taddlaportaORèqlllOdtugwd,,alvaloa,d,

::~~~E.n~;a~~~·=·
mentomdmdw.l'u,g,essoch.òconoesooall'uscta,pet""5a1UCOmbma,,on,,delle.,..
nabd,.bmaned,...i.z,,oneQ.u...~lllCorauoauhen=furmaditabellad!..,.
~(doma) Unatabdladt>mù.crteacontetrebbe64nsbe,....,,do6Jevanabtltdi.
,og......,lnquestocmolesangolennabilidi,.._on.,.,appa1onondlacol0.1111adoglt
'-"ll"""-'ddlatabdlamaffllgonout!lmatedirettamenteneDacd.onnaddleusate,mp
pa,sentaDdo10questomododm:="8bedeUa1ab.Jlad!=itàporilmulupl-rddlaF,-

....,._319Mulbplexer4-1 fipa3l0Mu'""'°""'4-1conported,11"5ml85"""'
 'I: : ,-": "
"

'
" .,

'
Figura a :U lmplcmenta2'one çon mult,plcxer <kll• fon,,one a quotùo mgres,i
F~Lrn(1341112137415)

'~fi.··.·- ,
s,-
s,
. -o,

--o,

o,

F,gura324 Demultiplex«1-4
 Un'atttllllttlW!llddo.l<:\lltOd.tmtlbple,r,tmdic:a.chc ..,.,èidcnt1GOaunde«>der
2-4conmgteSS<>diabWIIW<>nCNelcuoddd=du,g11mgtesst1K1noS,eS,,,cl'111
gnsodiob:ihllll<>n<:èEPet,ldo.mult,pl.-.!'1ogressoEfutn=•daa......,_tteagl,.al
ttlmgtmilllOJl<lassegnatelevanahd1d,,eL,z,ones.b~1duocitt:u11lthlmnodJ.vm<
appl1CWo1U,emhannolo11tcModiag"""""'logicoP«nmtound=d.tconU1.gtESOOdt
abduazto11eèanchcduoma.todecod<ddemultipL=- f1pa325Drqrammalog,cod1uncrrcut1Dha[adder

3.8 Sommatori Binari gra,1sonouguahal,,nmttela1K1DUDllScomctdeoonl'OR..dunvottaghmgtess,.Le

fu.nnon1boolcaaeottenutt:dallaaabellad,ve111i110J1<1
Uncm:tU1<1antmdk:oèU11cro::wtocotnbmatottocbe<lll<gll<opuwontantn>Cllciiequah S=.D'+xY=XE!Y
addmoru,oot\tllZlOJU,,i,oltipltcmonicdnrmon1connumet1bmanooonnumtt1d«:ltna-

~~~~==E~~s
,nadad0+0=0.0+l•l,1+0=1,l+l•l0lepnm,:tteopctutoruproduoonowut
Unatcurtohalfaddupub....,,,unple,nentamunl=andollDllpotlllXORcuaapotta
AND, a,olco1neillusttato lldla!',guta325
tkJlntnache"""'"""'dtunbitsoltant<>,ndquart<J,::uo,laSO.IIUllll.d,duobttlpn,duoourut
Fulladder
!:i.:~~~J::::E:1~r:a:~ Co,m:g,àantJctptto,dfulladdotèuncttcurtoco,nbmatottocltceocguela,o.m,nadttte
llUill<ttdaunbtt,.,..._,.,.ntnaaiducadd.ndt,daunlnt<:IIICUllodnpon,,,11<"1ptt:dt

Èson;i:~~E~~7~~~):!
11nple.inen,=unfulladdotS.alhalfaddeo:111adfulladdet110oobloc:clu½;ndibuepet
:.~~=~o!~J=.:.=..so;:,=~==~-=~
,namuooco!onrut11110::c,sl\J11,pi11sigrufìconw.
C<>OÌco1nepo:rl'halfodde,;,oono-u.duo:US<:1t<p,:rg,:nm.tt:~d

~E:!ZiS~~':::=E~ è:~ E
1nezzt1d<iquab.veogooomohz.at1atcU1Uantm<tK:1pt11e<>mplcss,. lntso,n,na.el=IUalelntnpottola"°""""dtu:eln""""mfutunellmtervllllo[03]•

Halfadder 11
Unhalfaddctèuae1tcunoa<JUncllC<lchecostblISOO!aoo111madtduomuncttbmanal
btt l1e1tcu11opo....doduempm.pet1 duelntadd.ndi.cdueUSC1te.diCU1unoèd bit
""mmacl'altto,lhltt1p0tto DIIELLAJ8 Tabell•d1..,.llapermfullodder
Ndla1àbella37èttponatalaaabelladtvetttltdde1tt:U11<1halfaddet-,mCU1XcY
mdicaru,1dueaddauh.1n<11tteS(-)cC(...,,,imdi<:anoleUSClleoo,nma.cl1po,to,
-,,-=tt: f;.uak,oosemu,:cbodtipottoCèlsoltmwquandoeo.mn:1lnghm-

TABELIAS7 Tabellad,....,.,_perunhalfadder
.ddc,:Jwk,.,ddlcl!S<:ltc..,,.,dere,;m.,,.,,dallaSO!lllDoatttme11Ca""-trClntdtmgres,o
Quandotu1111bt<dtmgnssooonouguahaO,ancbolcWC1tc,.,nouguah.a0L11St1taSè

~~E:~;~;E~f:EJ~~~2::~
pl.S,,,,,,1nfunnasommadtpr<>dottopel"loduou=sonodtqtnto"po<tatc
S-X~+n'Z"+xYZ+XYZ

Que,tounplom.......,ncnoccssttadtoettCponc.ANDcdtducpo~OR T""'-Vlll la flgun,.l'D'D,agrarnrnalog,rod,u..c,,a,,..,fulladder

mappapel"fu:sarnSèunafun=ncd,span,mentrelafuozioncdtuoataCpul>.,..,.
marupolat>.per1ndudercl'OResdllil'9<1dtXcYNesegucunonuovafurmulazionedcl
lcfunz>oni boolcanc pcrdfull odde.a!"""'°ln terlllln.ldclfopcD.t<>r< OR..d.usm,
S-(XEl)Y)E&Z
C•xY+Z(XEl)Y)

~:r..:.~b:""''ldtagramma\ogio,cormpondcn~=todadueb.alf

Cirwito sommatore binario con riporto in cascata

Unsommotorclnnanoèunnn:rn11>a1mbinato1>odic~1nua<Jtalasommaantmot1Qt
dtduenwner1bmar1dtnbit l1110JD111ato,.,pomlld,,unh=nfulladdcr1npaallck,,21
cwiog,.,moonoapplu:sn<1multaneunonteghnbitdt<:111ScUn1ngtc,s<>Ifulladtlor50-
no<»nncos11n"8SClta,a,nl'-,,,.nponr,ddl'uno°""'""'•,,J/"'l"""'npm•dclouc
<ZSfiO,«lo"""aunaa&..1npollZl<>ncplu~6=m.4dcn.,lllll!:woncdorivadalla
~=~ca:'.:!.::.":~~=':.n""~:'°~:~
u Iquata,;,b1tdt<:1ucunaddcrulo,AcB,,.,noindic:attdalmenougruficaa.,n,alp1~ ...
flgura3211So,nrnau,rea4b,tronr,port,,.,cuata(/jpp/e""")')
gndlcativoa,nlanotazmncA,cB,.ron,clu,vanaWl0a3Ilnportolnlnll""""'al
oomm-rcè,n~a,nC..,montt<tlnportoinu.ataèln~conCiPcr=tnU«
unaddtuonatorca,...bt<ronnpono1n=to,;,a,;,rronoRfulladderron1nportia,n-
ne<lllnCUC.tàapartUcdalmenosigniflcatntoalpru.agnwq,t!voConadcrando1due
nuaienlnnanA;!OlleB;00ll<1otnenelaoommorelst,vaS;lllOromeoq;ue

Riporto1n,ng,:c.so
""-'•'
C;lCV+XZ+n
•lCV+Z(XV+1<v)
"""""''
SommaS
Riportolnuscto
•lCY+Z(XEll'I')

Flpml:U.Mapped,KamaughperunQ""'tofulladder
Ilr,portommgresaoalfulladderchosomma,b1tcbpcsomoooagndicat,vo~fiamtoa

:,e=;:"'de,d~A:~:~r~=~~:=
raùlur,ommaS,odnport<iC,muoa.ta Lefrea:oillumanotlmoccaolSlllodlp,,,pag;a
: : . : / : : : : ID <:as<2t1.dall'IISC!tadl w,o -1,o all'mgresso di qudlo munodumt
Caddmooato«a41ur~unup;a,esempicd,componentocbgttalochepub..sero

=~1:"..!..~rn~~:::!=.::,,~;~~~
sempWÌ.<3!en<•:<,..,bnonrolap.rogettaz10nedelc,rcuitod,o,avendonovemg;ess,,nclne,
dorebb,,nd.=tmdttlcmle,la,omplclkmonodlunaubdladlvoruicoo512ngho
Quosrcesemp1t1m<>ma1noltrolopormzm!dolfmodalloteanchod,p,,,gottutooea
blooclncboa-a!l'1DIZ>Ocbquestccapnolo

Sommatore con riporto anticipato (Carry Lookahead Adder)

llau:wrooomim<otoccnr,porro1Da&Qlla,o.bbone""rompltcodaunpunrccbv1Sta
ooncettualo,èpod>cuarc==daunooraoolom:udocbnspom.dcwuroallapr......._
cbunolenn,owno,d,pomnollahooaddnportodalbrmeno~albrplU
OlpllflcanvoT~,ùnwdoporunoomma1<1n,a,._b,rpuò=calcolatooome

~~t~~r..=di!~r.:..:;:-1:~u::,:
p""""""-unwloro~eele,,m,, tpou.bùonciurrotlnttrdonollarupootaddar
aoropiopapndop<u,:,ap,dameo1ZednportomediantolWJOcbcucumd,,d,cai;,p,uo,m
ploss,. Unareauco.d,quesrc r,po ~ m,p1ogataoo,<1rcuin,ommaron eco nporto
anna.pmc(e,sny/aoùb,dttdd,,jottonuntrlllfotmandc1rommatono,nnporto1Dca-

=,i,~~i:.,...~~~~tr1;::!!::;.:i::~=:ia~
Comopnmop""""•"'==unalll.l<m.gom,d:,1alogu:a,,q,araodclopart,.del

~"'::1~€:..!~~~?~:~:~i
F,gw,,.329(o)loqw,,m~nportamlosmomo.logia,cbunPFAolacoru>esS10nodl
quattroPFAa!Clm.llUJcbJm>p<gllZl<lnodel11p<1rtoporottenoreU1>,ommatoreaquattrc
btt Siootiche,rupottcallos~delfulladclor,oelPFA,ooo,mteolumnatolaporm
OR•n~hr==•~claiu:=~~~0%°':,ng=ooc,,e
G,~-;.=:z:i;:~A,"t'i"~~~t1p,,,~
Z1<1nodelnportoattD.mllOiosmcho,- QlandoP,~ugualoal,tlnportomuigre,soal-
lootad,o,-~P"'pagat"IDIIS<lUailo...dlo"""""""',°""""'C..,:c; S.P,uguaioaO,
""""'~propogaz,onodelnpon:oddlu,s-,omusaia U.fa-,J,v,u-J,I.,. figu"'32'01<:1J1tooommat,:,"'o,nlogu::ad,nportcantic,pato(catl)'~
pm,,G,~A, B,mdMdua,-,Joo,od,z,on1cl>eg=ranounnportondlostadlo1-
QuandoG,èugualeal,1'UIICil'anpormporlosradioo,=nto~ugwdoal,mchperulon<o
142 Cap,tolo3 Progetta,'°""de,"""'"log,c,a:,mb,n"""'

c,=G,+P,(G0 +PaCÒJ
= G, + P1Go +l',PoCo

I
_l_
 In generale, la sotrrxaone dt due numCJJ a n ufrc, M ,N, m base 2 può essere cf
fcttuaraoon~

2 Senonstver1/iamot<eh1ested1p1emttJal!aeolonnap1u"gmficauva,allora
M?N,ellnsultatoottenmoèco1ccllo

~s,;Ìtra:zioneblnori;;-.;:;;;;;,,..;;:i-,en:rosegnom<a.nple,,_f<>o:2
S1esegualasocc"",oneb1n,rr,0l!00IOO-l00)0II0
l00llU0

Aln,ul,.mfinaleb!wgnaaw1buine1lsegnomcnu

2"-(M-.N+2")=.N-M
Ndl'e,emp10 r=Je,u.e, 100000- 10101 • 0100, tappcesentarl modulo oot1ett0
Progetta,,i,,.,de,umnt,lo~,u,omhmaton

__l
 Ptogetr,,.oruacle,onud,l"!l,c,ccmbmalon

~ Sott,,,d<>nedid1Jenumeri bln<>rioen>«>segno usond<>lotecnl<<>

del<<>mplementool
Slnpcml'E=p,o36 uuù,,,mdo,lcornpl<o\Cnooal
X-Y-1010100-1000011
Xc
I Sommare d complcmcnro, 2 dd soum<ndo N al m1m1cndo M D, CIÒ '1 ncava Coo1pkmcntoald,Y =
M+(i"-N)=M-N+2"
10010000
2 & M~N, la somma gcneca npocro, 2" nella (n + l)-macolonnacl,evaJ{lfiOrn
to,ou,mcndo,M-N
Ltll
L-,,

ccrnplcrncntoald,X - ,0101011
1101110
Noncc'upottefirndc
R"f""to. Y-X=-(camplcmcntoalcl11101110)=---00!0001

~S<>ttn:,>ionedii,;enumeribin<>ri-~~nd<>l<>tea>.ioodel
wmplemenl<><>2
Dau due num<n b,fianX= 1010100 on<l Y~ 1000011, ,1 =J!U"la,ottrxnonc
X- Y e Y -X uul,=nAo le Of>Olazton• di cmnpkmonco a 2
1010100
coo1plemcn1oa2d,Y =

Noncsl5tcnpo,tofin.!e
Y-X=-(çrunplcm<n<oa2cl,l101111)~-00l0001
 P,ogetta,oonede,<,umhlog,c,,;ombma!on

,,:

! _:~1,"1.
11

_l_
T,AIW.AH N b,...,oonsogr,0neUe1rerappr-nb.i100, Somme e sottraiioni di numeri binari con segno
~o2""'- eon,plon-ol ... _ . la,runm.d..duenumenM+Nnppresentanmmcduk,e"'Sfl",quclcolCarie,cg<>lc
dcllanrmct,c,awdmar,,, setlsegncdcghaddcnd,w111adc,s,somJDIIJl0,mcd,.il,elo.
+7 01!1 0111 oomJD11.u,u.metlsesru,d.iM Sc,sesn,= c1i-,.,.,,uracJlll0dulo d..Ndal1110
+6 0110
+5 0101 ~~!!":i:~0u=~c:~d,~~=t~~:~
naancbeselo.--mmmp]emenr<,a2ònecessma0JDCn0 Perescmp,o,oe1due
"
~
+2 0010
numcr1bamw1oc~11ffi'Cl'.31,(00011001)+(1010010l)S!ba0011001-0!00IOI•
lllO!OO,oonpreoen20.d,p...,1<tofinalc,cheoruhcacbetlm<Jdulcd,Mèmmc,cdd
000. mcduk,d.iN,pcrCU1tl,cgm,dolrwlta0!:0ppo..,•qudk,chMequ.ruhèunsegnc
000. menclncdire,tllll0duk,ddnsuho.to,lll0100,de..,e,:sereoorretto,dli:tn,.Uldt,,l
0000
:":.:o•o2 U.mbmarulotlocgru:,etlmodulo0tten1&t1"1pcrvtenealnsuho.mmr-

lnC0J1.tr2Bt0conquantotllustmm,lo.oommo.d..duonumenmmmplemenma2n
d,iedesoltantoch~b.-tnsl,.uldendi.mdu.t,ilb!td.i,egn<> Ilpr=ch
ment0,p11llt<>St<lsemplu:e,èriportatochs:gunc
laoommo.d.duonumenbmo.ncon..:gncrçp,aentattmmmplcmenma28101
toenesempl.rerneru,,sommmd<,1due..Jdond.,mdudendc1"1td,segnc
CEocmp1038nponae!"""'1eocmp1rnm>enc.1d.iswnmed.inwnenbmanamoc
gru:,,app,esentattma,mpicment<,•2 S11lDl!che,1nnmennegattvtsoncs,ll.nelbti:,r
mamwmplementt,.2echel•oommo.011Cn1&U,,cncgo.t1Ya,è:ll>C0nndla....,.fonna

lll&IRIII Sommndlnumerlbh,rl_,.._rn~tlln
co111ple,nen1nn2
+6 00000110 --li 11111010 +6 00000110 --li 11111010
+1' 00001101 +16 00001101 -13 11110011 -13 llU00ll
+1900010011 +700000111 -71111100!-1911101101
ln"""""'°doi'l...u,,,-l'-e,ogwiaèuno.,om.,..cl>o,n,:lndedbJt
dil<lPl<I L.........i.,nponodollacolonaaddbnd,~1,ignorwe,nauhm
di><gnomp,m,IIOl!<lndlo.fonno.,naunplem,,ntoo2

~:C,'"'."':tt:.::=~;.~i:=::-=:.,"::'c1,""~
lewiram•devoll<l=a,mert,t,mmcduloesegn,, llnumerobmaru,1:0nsegnc
lllllOOlònegatnrt,pcrclu!tl"1tpn,81pflcauvg!:wwl\,rC01l0oceme,llll0dulo,0c
C<ltrepelt,e:llèrtuam.eda,mplemento•2,oaonend<I00OO0ll12 •+71o,pcrcu,s:rba
11111001~,,i•-710

SlllDD~l,lQ~:.::,,~;::::~rLi':":~~J\!~=
aanelcalct>It>ddmmplemeru,,•2chenello.soro.mal:e,,entualcnpc,,10c,ltredbu.d,
legllOVll'S""Rtfl
154ùprtolol~d,.a,aàbla(pa.......,._,

Questopro<:cd1rnenmdtt..,.dal.fatrod>eunaoottt:az1oru,può=<:a.mb,atau,
oomma~d ..gnoddoo-.ndo,°'"""'o
{atA)-(+H) •(~A) +C-H)

{atA)-(-B)-{o,A)+(+H)
e,<>HII001è-...to,ambiared"°ll""d,unnumemequmlealàmedcomplementoa2
ll0<mtrar"'èanchcvem,onfatud~chunnumemneptwo,clteèrapp;rc
aenmmmc:ompl,menroa2,genèradnumempos,.tffllcorrup<>ndenre

'm111111Sa1tra1anBclnummibl...i ... ....-,iatiin_,.lmmenlaa2

~ 111no10 11111010 +6 00000110 00000110
+13) -11110011 +00001101 --{-13)-11110011 +00001101
+13 00000111 +19
Riporti 01 Rlport1 10
llnput1<1olttodbu:d.,qonè4l"""'i<>

lnumer1mcomplementoa2...,gonosommat>oaottmruuaandolesiesseregolewmep..-
1numtn..,,uoeplcaleolatonp,,o,onoqllllldiesq;u,rec:ako.hc:on11wner1scm:ascgno
+70 01000110
+80 01010000
+l"i-0 10010110
=: :~:t~~
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oconnum,;noonoegtwmpprd<lrtabll>C:Omplcmcnto•2usandogL=cita11n
li CIMl1t<> ,lluman, ne.llaF,gun 3 31 può ....,e 11111,zuto pcrlaoomma o oottta

~~d,1=::i:!::=';i:~'f:~~r:!:
nando ,lcollegunonn, fu.fmll"""'Scl'ingicsso Ca ddoom.tnamreecon=do
1'11octtaC,.C<>nCapcr""'1,,,,.,.1'cnda,oundcmy

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ql181ldo a parW"t da due nwner, 0•11<>1no d, ~ bu si o:n<èl>C una somma <be ha b,sogtw
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11\llner,cono=usegtw Quando01effietrualaoommama11ualmente,l'a.edlownonè
unproblcmaprud,éru,ngè~mitaundnumemchoiedausate Lac:o,,d,z,oru,d,,,.....
llowcostrtwOCC,mvece,101problemane,~percbt,lruunernchb1tad,spasmo
ru, è fisso ese un nsùlr:,n, ec<:<:dc tale numero non è presemelaauwter.a per purlo
~questomon-..,,=dicaicolo"""'prog<:tlah"'-mododasegnalau:lac:orulmo
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numen=
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porteANDcoolcotnct!lunmonellaFigun.333 Ilsocoodop,odonoparz,alcèo.nenu
1D moltipl.cando B1 B,,pcrA1 edl:,porillllO~otoi,rnd!uoapOU<IOnc Iducp1t1
dompamal,ottCnUuoonoqumdisommabuuL=ndodne=t,halfadd.r(HA)

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delmolttpbcarorcèconnesoomANDcoo"'8S<l1nbitdelmoh,p[JCaOdo,,oraonlnrdl,
quaon """", btt del moluphc:atore ru•""" b,om• dt=o [,vello d, porte ANO è

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3.11 Moltiplicatori binari
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bi.t,oooooece,oar,el2pon.ANDeducootolDltohl41,,t Ncllaf.lJllra334~riporta
todcom,poodcotccucUllOlogico S,nouchc,!bu_,,,,..,,.,,.dclsommaro"'alpn

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3.12 Aritmetica decimale

Alcun,colr.olaroneoeguooolcope=,omanttoonohcd.rcttamcorcnelsltlCIDldccuoal.cc
mppreoentanoau:uoac.rradccuoal.ccoouocochrebnanoUnsomm•torc,ouo....,,lc
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1001 (9 1,,),laoomtna,com,pondcallacilradeamah:cod,ficata,oBCD,l:con:etta Se

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ofu-,ment1rcgisrr1~com"Jl<jncposubdcdlus=,,,dhvdlcdides>:rwonefunuonale
172 Cllpi!Olo3 P,.uaz-11,,,,,..,.mlup,<.<>rnb_,
Sono-ln1ta111oono=111fundamcntol!ddhnguagg,.oVHDLnr.as,anporl1dox:n--
"'°ncdo.t1n:Wlloo,nhina,ot1 Ndcap1tolo4.,i1n1todurnu:ino100SlrUfflporladcsa..
D0ncdollere11seq~
3.14 Rapprentazioni HDL-Verilog
llllilllll!lll~onaYerilog...........,leplll'und_..........,,...
I.al\gunl.336dl""'11unadoo<o..on<v,,dogl""ddttodifi<at..,2.-4db,at0>to
aellaP..,..314 Q""'to~màmii-toperdhiotwenmnotolla,p.,.,.
grnoruldellapru~n•1aVe.1logopo,ùlmi,...,dc:oncottodJ
d=an<rtrut<wal.dcic,n,u,udign.h
lnV...log.dteSl<l"°"'f'WOtradllObam.tte//oilcamteredifìne,,p,ono1n!e,:p<ffi>-
ILOOJne,,,,,,,_. i'et,c:oJnJnCnU!llulw1gaOJutili=noLs,,nboh/e* ladesènzionc
V,nlogddhF1gum344oom,1naaoonduoagh,:dJ""""'1Cntocheidcnllfk:al!oelaspe
cdìa.i-:nz.oneel••uardwoncc:on laFigun,314 Petfaaht=ranohsidd <o<hoo
Vcnlog,ledJveneagh,:sononwne<at<oonr"!lS'unt.ddnLUnel<ldinp.allallnedJogni
"I? di <o<hoo In qua.nto hnguaggio d, pn,gramm.eztone, LI Venlog ~ &tato dJ u ... .,.,.
tu11chedescn11<1nin,dop1"COS<>Lè<l5ttUltlunlnz:.b,J1 Quertoemnpwùlusireiialet..
~hQ'.1t.,:,'i:7.;:~.::•;.::1f~V:,i:8.::'.~.::;;:=::edJ':°~
,nunhstatoeilpunto<""t:<'l•perterra1nueleJStnl<mlllVenlog
fWlr.lll44°""'1ZLOnO_,.le,nVenlogd,undoc:odmcam"'Z--4
langa5com.Lna1conlad,duara"Uoncdiun-4u1e,d>orapptesentailbloa:o
::=:t:i~.io1:r:,;;:!'1'u1i~.::=:e~·r:::':'."o~':-
=~:-?~!~~.~~~-=:~~~
gono1nom.<e1np,use11o,hannounagn11k:an,puucolareenonp-no=eunliz
Zllecom.< nom,1dioggemcom.em.oduh,1ngre,,i.,u,a1eoCOn"""10n1 L"tnulO••--
::,,~~,:~-~~v",".C.~~&!:~
netralettselilall1$è<llcelctten,nunUS<:olemt:CIDl!ll_i_,_at_v,Decoder_~4-~t_v,e
decodar_2_4_at_Vtappre,cnllnonom,Ldi,llnU
Co,!come""".depet1.unboh1nunodctna.11asscgnano1no1n1degl11ngreae
ddleu,atedddo:,uh&a.,renell'IOltUZIOncdiin,dulolnsegwmSlutdizz1un1J:dmt
:rio'"~.;::ti:.::::=.::·~~=~,;~·~/4.::!:
doll•paroladu...,:u,putAJlo,""50modo,s,unl,.,..un1k~,/,.,,,,111perde
:..:.~."""'°DO_n,lll_n,Dll_n,eDJ_asonodenowecom.e""""'dollapamlad,!111<
Ingresuewwe,ooilc:omeghaltntlpldJscgnohdelVenlogpossonoassum.ereuno
tt•quaumvalo<1pos:ubh Aidueoovt,,.JonOel=gonoagg,unU" d>."1ppteèntl.
un""1=11COnOSC1uni,e,:d>crappnsenllunwlored,aha.,,,pcdonzaVenlogpcrm.ctte
d,dcllntreol0.1n11mlhdifuna(,,m,;gd,)cltesecombinaucon1quamovalo<1d.11,fur
n1Soono<L<è1l20np1possililhlwlonstrel@d,1ngenerole,sonoutthzzat,ndl1p,,,get
-..,nedJctttwtldettroll!Cim,anOJL...,.nnotr,i-1n...-sed.
 314 ~,ppoantazoon,HDL-V""l"ll 17'

gnO!not_S[O[,S)O]),
gn11not_Sl1], S[l[);

Descrizionedataflow
 314 Rappn,nla:110111HDl-v.nlcs 177

~~ :~•..~:;:/:;':f.';r n,,.taflcw varilog o,...,ript,.o,i

-.i1adaoodar_2_to_•_.tt_v(E_o, ACI, Al, DO_n, 01_0, DZ_o, oa_o);
inp,ot.B_n,AD,AI,
Gllt,ppt.DO_n,Dl_n, D2_n,DJ_n,

H0"-91'Y= (-S[lJ•-•roJ &D[Ol)I c-s111 &S[OJ&D!l))

...-a..ie i(S[lJ&-S[OJ&D[2l)l(S[lJ&S[O]&D[l]),

f<gura341 =.::.,-d-ow,nVenlogdoonm.,il'Piexer4-1 utihz,aodoequa,;.,n,

lipa346Descnz,ooedataflow1nV,,,1iogd,undocoddu:..,.,2-4

WWW~Yodagdotaffaw-unmulllpl,,,u,r4-I, ...........
~"~~~'!..i:~.!;~;j,!1'~=~.n:
<»mhi"""°""!Uddorn,odmulmto""'"ll""0ol"'llnoledi....,..co_nStno11. Ladesawooer,po,tata""1a~348~,imd,:,datah.U..di~o,
~~~J!:~,:::-,;,~n;.u;z;7
: , ;0 0NAND
d<llaPlgma319mi..,._odoun-at0romndmooalodu:opon.roll,,qno
mmbon11Z10n1b,,....., S.dv.helog,a,tralopare,n,:aèvero ,1..1.orop=o
dentell,imboloè_,...,.n.......bletn<Lp...i.rnotS.d..!oi.k,gtmè

!'dt":',.:,::•:v:,d~~'.~=~~=:==c:::
dociaoo1btnanccom,mndtz,c,01
folso~-=dvaloo,dlO,og«o1 •--,o•tLop:no,..,d,ugua
gl,,.nzalop:oèdonotao,do.-St"""""1o:1p:<esempwla«1ndmonos-
ZbOOlltmn11,0ZbOOopoctli<a""•=-didtu:<tlre(2)hi""""(b)d<ut
..lcm:èOOlac.oodwoneè...axd .. not1;Sèugudeaoo,làloa,o=m•

~v..logdataflaw_ ..... u111p1uer4-1 :=l:1~'::.,°',:.::._~~~"':w":!:°~~':,,

NdlaF,gwaH7,l.mulupl=,tdooe-modauo.a,iopfu....,noboolouu.t
Q,ormeqUOZWJ10n1pp=orn.laro<Ill>.oonuuadiprodotttmnloperuou,&:per
~:"'-~~•lp:<lo.J>'"'"OR l"""1"""'•Udet""'1<1nS<,Oo<1..,utw=tl
=EfZ.~?="S'::1=7~;::,
ohoallìnd.éunowndwonopoo,a.-""""""'<>c<orredu:tuttolocondwoo1

-
p;o,,,d,,nu ... noruuC,..,r.i,.

TAIIELIAJ100perat,r1oner-tabalbot(bm,,seope,at<,,l1nV..,log

½L~~tm~;r!t:::~f:;:l:
!:;:..1: 0) D,
::i~ Daaor~~cn

1
""""-PY={S-2b00) ?D(OJ 1
(S-2b0l) •D(ll
(S••2bl.0J?D[2].
-•1- (S-2bl.l) 10[3] 1 lbx;
 17S (ap,tùlol l'n:,gc!Eazwne<le,c,.cmhlog,c,combmaton

,o<>clulanolf_odder_v(x,y,a,
1up;;.,"·/·,
-S[IJ'(S[0], □ [3]
(S[O],D[!] D[O]), ~ssigu s ~ x y,
~•sigu e~ x • y,

modulefuH•. oac!er_(x, y, x, •, e),

ou~put ~, y~, z·

~ De><rizlaneVeriloggerorchi<.operun..,mmororeoquottroblt
con"porlO"co><ala

'1
!,I
 //<-b>tAddar.Behav>.0ralVerilogDescr1pbon

~·DeocrizioneV..riloglunzi.,,:;;;i;~unsomm;,;,:;;quottrobit
con riporto in«>>«>"'

9 ;~;;tanch,1,, S VHDL Staricr, Gmde Uppcr Saddle Rlv,r, NJ, Pr<nao; Hall,
18'1Cipm,lo3~onoclooci....,,!ng,cico•obnaton

10 IEEE Sim,d,,,r/Dnmp,_~&,,J .,.,m~Hml,,,,,,, Dnmp 33*Uttl=mdoralgebrachBoolc,venlicarechedCltcllllOddl•Figura354gcnct1

-~(IEl!l!Stdi364-1995) Ncw\'ork,To,In,a,nteofElectncaland lafunuo11eXNOR(NORcocbarvo)
l!lec,,oc,ia &g,..._ 1995
11 l'alnu:b.r,s ffnl,,KHDL AG,u,Jn,,IJw-lDn,p,o,Js,,,,J,ms UpperSaddlc
Rlvc,,NJ,SunSoft~i;A!'rmtK:eHallTnlc) 1996
12 Bhukc,,JAlmJ.iHDL~AllmtownPA,SrarGa!axyi'fess,1997
13 ~D,cPMoorby7w~H,m/,,,,,,,Damp,,OJ<u,,g,,,,g,4'odBo
=n,Klnwerkad=Pubbdters,1998
14 Cilett,,M Modelmg Syw-b.mt,eRap,dl'to,c,ryp,ngwJtbchcv.n!ogHDL, Up-
pcrSaddleR,vc,-,NJ,P,...ru;eHall, 1999 figwa354C1r,;u,roperlE!or,;,z,o33

34 ~=lecs~1011.1oempltlìcmperle=FeGdelcuancoddlaF1gn
Esercizi
11':c'!=!:t>è=uJ°':.,":,~d,~1:..,devaro la.tensco(')
31 Dctermman:lc~1booleancpcrleusoteXcYdclcr,;wco=ronclla
Figun.352mfu=ocicdc.tquattromgrea,1

flp"'35:2Corcuof0per1Eoor,;,z,o31
32 *Determmarelatabell•chvcmipcrd=,oddlaF,gura353TnccweW1ar
amocqllt\Olbccpcr Pdi.econrmgaun 111u11cromfcnoted1porteNAND
3"i Der=nmuelambdlad1veniàperFeGdelcuantoddlaF,gura3S5perm=o
dclla11IIIWaZ!Cfle!og,ca
36*Dcnvatelecquwoncbooleancsc,nphfìatteperle=tePeGdelchogamma•
blocch1dellaF,gura356
37 Dc<c,mmarclatabdlachvcmipcrlell5ClwFeGdelchagramiru.•blo.:dug=.r
ducodell•F,gura3571lw,:,boloutilizzacoindn1lbloccodccod.,fìca,orcdclla
Figun.314
38 Ilchapn>malogu:operdarauroCMOSMSl74HCl38èillnm.,onellaF,gu--
n358 Dct=l•fuDUOocboolcznatda<M.aaucuaa1UCK1.cdescr"""'G01>
chwezzalafu=onedclcuanto
39 Rtpeterel'&erazio38 questavolta1Uandoiaairnul=ollclogu:apc,dcccmuna
1elcformcd'Olldad=aounatabellachvenlltpentale,a=tdtédmornnrutrele
furu:ioruboo[.....,

....,_353CncmtoperlE><rc1Z1032
 :~·O -mulfNl"II' S-p..-j-mullpaer

'
''

'
"
f,g,n.J56C,rcu,o:,porlEs,rcwol6

Fipa 3 51 C1rcu,., por gli EM!ozi 3 8 • 3 9

310 ~:=.:~t.J:':l!,;:::::::.!:;acii"'.:"o.o:,~"':'°.=o::
~:~\!:.."':':i~:;:-,~~~3mgre,a, Aquolcd:i
3t1•Pn:igc-uoorcu10>0:,mb,,.tonochcm<hV1du,w,cnorcndlarappmi<Dtll.
zianed11U11lctn'lldocin,.Ic1ncodiceBOC IoaltnteDnJD~d,,,,go=d<hagram
malog,.codiunttrcu,to,laauuaata~lq....uloas),!Df!<CS1101plCOCll"'U11a
delle.,.con,bu>az,on,nonun{loogan,OO~BDC

,_,..
312 Com~ i ptogeno del doa,dwcat,r,, BCD oetteoegn,ca11, csogueodo ,,.,.

(a)D~len,apPediKamaughper=ddleocttcusc:it<dddca,doli
caiwcBCD1Ctte1Cg1UC1Vi•pcali<:a'odallatabdladivcrJ1iddla'Iàb.lla33
fv,n,J5TC,,o,,topod&ercrao37 (b)Semplo&:=leocttcfuoz,,,ru<fusara10furmasommad,.pr,,dotr1cdco:rm1
nar.inumcrorouledipon.d.eoerv1CU1Dop,rl'ni,ple,r,,olaztoneddortu110
(c)Venllan,le1ettefuiwo111diwciramddrcnd=coWtUlleanouoaa,r
rcttascmphfuiu:ioncc =fu>otamcdnum= d, portccorn,pondcnrcc:on qJd-
JD. (b)
loottenlllD
Pn:Jgetla"onedeimc"'t,log,<0<0mhm,to"

F,gu,a359Cu,1moperlE,ea;"'o;i5

3 38 • C.kolare tl ,omplemeotu • J e a 2 dei seguam rnunm bman "'"'~ segno

100JJ000,100J100J,1010ll00,00000000el0000000
3 50 C,lcolatc 1) compkmcmo a IO d« seguenti num<« dec,rnah a 6 afrc 583210,
004567,IOOOOOeOOOOOO
 PN0gel!>,oonedcac1<<ulh"'1;,orumbaoalon

Figoral60C,rmLopcrlE«cc•"o360

f,gura361C,rcu,toper1Esorm10361
194ùp..,loJ~d•o"'wbloglatorrbmaton

366 •C,mp,l=•01mular,,lad.scrtz;oncfun.tonaledclcucwto~-••O,
ndlaF,gura343(6lcVHDL _ _,_be.'OM)Assumcndounaunplcmema
Z1<>n<CoJ:1ripo,,:oin=a,oppli=eoom.\,,naz,0111.dcgua,eav,nficare1lfull
~~~-{t:~~~;i, 1;3! ~ ~ 1 VerUog Deocriptioa

:::..:":~J:~~:"'c!,~~
smmdoàie0clpo,sano......,prop,gaudacoa 011
~%= !;f'•l,n2,nJ,d,a5,afi,
go(al, d),
367 +Utw.zandolaF,gum343oom.enfumtentociloostruttowh4n,ls,apphcatoa
S. ocrmrcunadescn,;onefumtonoleVHDL .daltohvdloptttl cm:u,toadd,-
ZH!nal<llMottrottoreddlaF,gura331 oom.ptlandoenmulàndotlcodx:eottcnu
mhsumendowi'mtplcrnentazlol\cconnp,,,t,in,incascato,oppl,cat,,comb,na
~;;;;;;;·~/;
):!:tj;~l:l:
z,oruad.g,,a,cav,nfialcunodcghotad1pertutteel6lccombin:mon1d.gh
.,..:,t!:.;n2,nS,afi},
~Apc=che~::=~=\dclC:iportoua,
368 +Fom11Cuna~gen:rclucadatallowinVHDLpe,lalog,cadcl=m

:-::.:."'Ja"t!:.::..r:u:=!::'l::.!'f.:;:~=
adoguatamentelalog,cadclcrn:uru,
$76 *Fo,run,unadescnztonedàla&wmVenlogpcr,ICIICUltoddl..Figura353m,.
369•Descn,....,nVenlogesuuuluctldecodi&ato1e2-4nellol'igum344(1ìlc¼ hzEoitdoleqWIZIOJlCbooloanoperl=taFeuttl=andolafiguro347comem<>'
nk,g _ _2_to_4_at_v.v)pcrkoequ=0OO,OOl,0I0,0ll,IOO,l0I, ddlo(fileVenlognI1t1.p1.mo>r_,_to_l_dl'.v)
IIO,lllappk:ato111..,..i,ll,Jlll,Al

==~,"°~,!
3nUuli=ndotlconru.ttocondmunaledotallow(oond,nunald..-.Bow)illustrato
3701wcn,....Ladescr.1Z1oncVenlogper1l~e2-4ndlaF,gura344(1ìlc nella Figun 348 (llleVénlog 1111.lt11,>l...er_4_to_1_~f_v.v) ...,_,.... una.de

~ 1a~,;."ITs'7flk~-;:::,_~
p:i-_,_to_1_st_v.v)peruno,llustmz1oneditihCOJlcetll Qundtoom.ptlaic
emnularctlllleprodottocomeperl'l!fflcuao3fn
=oneda:aflowmVenlogperunmuluplcurS-1 CompdareeStmular,,lade
ocr1t1oncott=utoconunlil$lUl\<dI"'11ondilCSfclte~oad.guotamente
1ln:&oa:anlSlliodisdeziotte

3 71 ;:~_:o~~~v~r.':;!::~ t"-ru!.~~t!°-".Ji~ ~~\~

378
~s'.':.i":o~:!:~,ri.:!!t~~:".,!~
_, ......
llousel000,0100,00I0,0OOlouo,...-,fìrandocltetlcJrciutoop,er,comeun

3n •Den-,,und,ag,:a,,,ma!og,oocbecorruponda.Jladcoc=oneouutturalcVen
""1,,jlm,,)lllwtrllt<>ndlaF,gum349(1lle'knlogn,1til'l<»<er_4_to_l_U_v...)
Con:ip,lu,eSllllul...,la~onenuroCoJ:1un>naomedi-..ndikstche
v,nfid11noadeguatamcnn,,lmecc:arwmodellapnonti

lognellaF,gura362,a,sumendocbegl11ng=i,inq;,t11nonS1onod,sporub,11
373 UtihzzandolaF,gura344c:omenfenmento,fumucunadeocrmonestruttumlc
in¼nlogperdorcmtodcllaFigura352,oom.l"landoe01D1uhndoùcod,c,o1
tenu1<>pertuttelecom.b.-,on1posnbù1dcgb!ngl<SS1C..enf1Candolaco.......,_
mdclLidescr=onc
+iX.{~~l~~*;~~;t,~~~:'.c~~:t1r~y
374Uulnt,mdokFigura345comonfuuncn.to funurcunad.ocru.,one,tn,ttm:ale
10Venlogperi!CUCUJtoddl..Figu.o,.353101rt1tuertdoi1,e•con~E2.0J
. : ) : : : !! i<~a://J~nl li,<~-~~ t~ri!'
Compdar,,e'1inularc,lcod,ceottcoutopertu.t1<lecoJnbJnaz,,oo1poqlbtl1dcgl,
1ogrcoo,.~okeolfett=ddladeocrmonc F-Jti.1Cin:mtoperlEsett:tz10375
375DerMttt:nnch.gn,11U11.a.log,c:<>cbenpp1esent1l..logtea .. duebvdhouolmli.no
=r'chcT:~~~~oruWJvon1oç<1ollar,gura.361 ..
1% C.p<Lolo3 Pe,:,ge(ta,io.,.<l,,ç,""'"log,"'"mb1natan

Capitolo 4

Circuiti sequenziali
Latch SRe Sii
 ''"'"~-,

R(Raset)---9-----Q

F1gura46 latchSRconpocLeNANU

F,gura4SS1mulaz1onelog,cadellan::h;R
 Lo.o,ruhzio110d1mrouddimt<>'1baquando1m,1ngres,1oonougual.,ai lnqw>
-coJ1<lmonc51~nta001.111ngre.ssoalh.tcb1J1CCmo,ongu,andoh.C<>mimo110glàdJ.
....,_perdlin:b~lllaa:bSRèun=dibase.perclu!pcrrn=odJ..-..cngono
c:oatrwria!tn!atcbe11lipllopAkwie~redlaccbSRo,n11J8l"S"'d,_o,ntrollovJOJ1C
duamat<>fhpflopSR(oRS)o,1nunque1nbuealh.rer1DJnolog,atcc111a..-110ns:r
:::..:."""fltpflop,perchénonncoo.kliditrum1icqwsm,come51~.od!apms

LatchditipoD
Untnodoperchaunareloin:at<>u,dolìruconcllaicltSRèqud!od,_cmared,egl,u,p
s:rSeR""'10ugua!1alC<>~nteCuiS1oruc1100>ndlarchd1t1poD,0.em Figun,491..atd,Do,nported,.........,ione
~latchD,illuruacondl•Pigura4Scliehamlmnmdue,ngrcu, D(dan}eC
(C<>nrmllo) llo,mpletoemoddl'u,gre,ooDèo,!l.çacodncmmentea!l',ngrcsso!f.me1t-
crcDècoilegaroa!l'1~JfFtno•quandol'lllfll""""d,_oo.ntmlloè0,1dueu,gre,si Ndcuo,hcucwt1VLSidlaicltd1t1poDè,p....,co,rrwcoo,nlepmted,_na

tÈ~!~~=~x~}~;~=a1~;1'!::
Slu...ctlnd,ramreoer
5DllS8lone(l'G),o,,:nem,omn,nclh.l',gum49 I:,ngi,,,ooCo,nrrollalcduepora,d,_
r=-ncTG Quando c.1 lopon:ad,.--nc,a>111101111aa!l'i.ngi,,,soD, C<>n-
duce,mnntreh.pom.di--nco,nn....a!l'111C.1taQèunc:m:wcoapcrco Queoco

==--a!l'~r~=~~r:~~)~==~=
lllon:hDprcndcdnomedalloSllD.capacddio,nscn=d.a,(Ddadday,ntardo)
dor,d,_~,finoaqwmdol1ngrcuod,_C<>ntrtdlononYiencd.ud,.d.,1at<>lnqul5Co
cuo,lo.,.t<>ntnmequollordiltlY<loll'uln=ttanSJW>nedeil,ng,c,,,o
cmiunao,nnc.uoncda!l'ingressoDatdue1ffi'Cff11Dnsu.!l'usataQPertonm,l'=se
guc:1dand,.1ngrcuofì11W1.coci1'!Cn11>011Catr""QuandoCdm,nra0,h.pnmapona
d,.tns1D1BS10ned,.,o,nnertel'1ngi,,m0Dda!et<Cllll<lelosecondaportoC<>nnetr,,1due1.11-
vcmcon1nunaocllo,htcaz1onc,manr,,IIOJldoluhuooacodd~fìnooW1D.nuo
voobilit=onedd!'1ngteS110C

4.3 Flip flop

~:
Loatarod,_unlatclt11,..,.noaunllipflopC<>IDtnuto1nC01ncdcnmdJ.u.naYQnaZ10ne,an
chc11>0meJ1tOllCa,dd!'~d,_o,ncr,,llo1àlcvariwoncfao,;arcar.dfltpflopcdè
cluaroora"""""("'Jl:Wlllh.tcbD,C<>nl"ll"""'d,_--one(docl,)C<>IDtnUl!l
tuetelc:volrcchcd,cgnalc:d,_dod,:èalM:lloalro PcrCllltodrempochclu,grcaonma
nealM:lloa!m,!'wtcttodellar:chseg,wà1CIIDlbiun<nndell'u,g=es:rdm.d>edlord,
Dèll'tllpl#t8#poicb!1valond,_u,pc,oop.ao110 ... re-..U.ute1te
Inunttrcmro""'luemta!e(v=!Figura43),unanellod1rem.ioneC<>nnctteleute1
tcdttllipflopalcncunocom!unao,no D10,nscguemagh1ngrcma!llipllop10nodc
nvattda!leute1tedello-flipllopodogha!tnflipllop~ndart1Ut<lLusodtt

::·1==-
: ::::-
~ ~-~
llipflopcomedomcnadimC11>omcrcaal<:Wllpn,blc:ctuda!momc11t0chcdflipllop

t~~"T.fn~:~::cn:u:-"~J"~=~t~::a."":.":.:1
.,l,dea,,egnahapphcoua,•U011ngrcu,duranr,,Ùpenodo1nCll>ddodr."""'aJn,elloa!
to Scd,q;na!cappltcatoa!l'ing=oo=nbtomt11treddodc~ancoraa!to,èp-bdccbe
.,_,fu:h,uaanuovocommurmone11011dcsderato.(oaru:hepiud'u'"''nd,pendcn,a
(b)-•to- delle.,...nensttd,cdelan:tU1D),pomndotlflipllop1n11D0 ...to!ndolì.mto~
F,pa48 la1du:bnpoD
 f1gUf0411 S,mula>,onclogicad,un~<pftop5Rmastersl,ve

F,g,,r.1410fl,pflop5Rmastecel=
F,gura412Fl1pfiop/Kmaste<,lave
110 o,pno1o4 0,...,,...,....,11,

Rip flop sensibili alle transizioni (edge triggered)

Adiffi:rcrrzado:ifbpflop"""'t<r~tfbpOopconaruwzione511l&oiredt..Jnodt
di=sadeldock~..(grlnf:1.=d)«>IIUllUlanO<OJo1Dcon;lllpOodomadeJ-
[e,_.,,_,1UdcJ«gnaled,_dod,: A..,.,,ndachelaco-•~nean,:ngadum=la

::=,":~~- ·"~~~=~e1f:°;;!'.fi~è~~
0

!~°"!!~=~~~~=~:';:;~-=
11111adall~sull',ngruisodtdock s.r,ogressodidodr.èugualeaO,dma,!t<:rn
!Ultaalnh<:tto la.uausata<eg0edvalo:cdell1ng«s50Dp..-tum.d_pcnodoJnC111d
clock!:alhvdlobasoo los[a..,1<N<Cer!Bllha.disabibta1<>emantJOntbloo::atolo,ta«>dd
fbpflopNonoppcna51vcnfka11n&ont<:dt..Jn,!1ogr<0<0didockP"""-alhvel!oal f,..._414FhpAopJ/Coen,il11lea1hunbd, ..111a
to,dtsalnluaodo1!11W1e<,ÙC111<tan>S1b!oao.alv:dore"""""1latamcoteprecede=h.
lnl!SIZiOne,eabthi,u,,k,[oolave,chcqU1odipropaga.d<n1<M>S<arolDUBCllallcom_por

~d::::r';::,~::.lr°..:./=:.t:O~;,:l':,r,'=
to du cambJamona al suo 1ngrcsoo, IIICOD;<: duraote la 11:U><rù<>òt l-+ 0, lo ,la_..,è
disabilita!<> pnmamtqualuoquecambwnento nel a-.sa:rlopoo,a,q:grunge«: Uo',m
plementazionealt<:l'J'Wl'IO.èdts"""' oell'lloti=io48 allafì.DOddapitolo
Uul,,:,on,unfbp0op5èò51btleaifionndelclockncluedcparacolaream,nz,oncal
Ja,_poo=iz1<>nedcgl,1ng<e<B1JnrdwonealtdllpodtrtllposttddfbpflopSJ.ddìn1
sa:rem_podt1mpostanoru:(J,,t,ip-)l'1òlèl'ftJlod,tem_poJD1rumo111aul',"S""""dt
..,....,,.,...bdcpmnadelfum<cdeldockoffioché,!valoredt1ng,:cs,,opo1S!acssere
cop,ato511l""""""AUo......,modo,"dtfìruscetem_pod,--roi;.;, . . .
t~o~"""_r.=:;no.,;,':"ts!:':i!i.'!:...~,:;::'j,".:-~J
fbpflopèdofinnocome!',ntem.llodirempoua,lfrontedel.clockel'iSlant<:10aufo
scitt!:nabdeod.<n1<M>S1ato Po,clu!1caml»amen1tdel.lel!lK1tedtrooo=oepan..tt
dalco"""'l!o dogli ingrem, J nwdo d, P'°l"'l'i""'"" m,ouno dolo,......, maggiote del

fla-413Fl,pflopD1e081btleotlronlldi .. lda(po,ffiveO<(,,a11~
 OOOD Doonwn1rollo
atl,,obaaso

-ft
u
Tabelle caratteristiche

JTnggeredD Ln1ggeredD

F1gura41SS1mbol1g,afiu,>andardp,aclatchei11pflop

Q(l+ll Opermiono Q(l•l) Ope"""""'

Q(t) N,~sunC:.,b"n,cntn
_,_ _ , _ _Sec
__ ____ g:cJ Cornpkme_mo _
 114 Caplldo4 0mm,...-,at, 44 Analad1ar-._.i1 21~

-,dicQ(1+l)=Q(i)eq.,1KUlortatoddO,p!lopno11aimb,am111'applu:woncdel

d<>d,.QuandoK=le/=0,l'unp.Jaodr.docltauC<:CSIIVO-=adR.pflop{statodr.tcOCt}
eqmndiooràQ(t+ l)•O Con/•ICK=O,dfhpfloparponandlolta!Odr.,.mn
Q(t+l)•l QuaDdoentrambr./cKaooo..goahal,lortot0futurodm,ma,lcomplo
mentoddlostato~o.-..Q(1+l)=®J Il0,pflopSRèo,m,lealfl4>flop/K
co11/aoanru,1ndaSeK..,.111 .. tDdaR.tranne<beper,lcasomdelin,to,<heèrruhato
da•DP•D10m=op11V0,1""'ioltltlOfuturolDCOrmpondcn,adel""""m<111SeR,ao
noeninmlnaguaha!Lortatofutarodr.anR.pflopDèd,peDde111eaolta11tD..U111
!?"""0Dcdè1ndipendcM,ddl.01tat11attuale,o=Q(1+l)•D(,) Fqjura416A,pflop/Kcoo,ngre,s1d1aete"""'d1relb
S,oou<beoon_,,,ala,11mgiaoollCIO,pOopDd,opo••P10durreunarolKU-
Z10M dr. •oon <21nbwnento" Qac11a rond"'°nc paò es,en, 0""11,.,.. disalnl,imdo d
docltopp-co11-ndol'uootac:onl'~Dmcdra=unmult40lc=Lo.1Uru.<1t. da,co111111<1aDOrontlnumero~ Ncllafigura,qumdr.Clcomrolb.l,nP"'""lfelK S
dr.di,ah1111ateddod<èdenadt,,/,g,m:r,gerlècan.nem.atadall'uood,.11p,a:olo11amc cdRpenantooonoonoo>DttOllatr.daldodr.Cllnoltte,lap-delpalhno,11c:om
rodr.pon,,emumnoc:onsumodrpob:RZa Taktu"""',tuttaVla.ÒopebOMlataa<au,a 'Pondo11Z;dr.SedRmdrcad><tr.lr.,ngres,,oonoanmallrvdlologrc:oO,ovocrod,o ...
delnt:rnlodr.propagmonc<herJU11>du"'nd.oeg,,.Jodr.d<><kddodtavràtemp,dr.pro ponolalo10funz,0110q.aodo,locgnalcloto~catnèO
pagm,oncd!B'i:=11tral<pamdelan:arto~tedallamc111,:adelcMg,u,,,gcle Lo.tabdladrfuruoonamcntodeaam,dc:omponamentodcl-1..cpnmene
pa,r1non,-damlcteciaca Qucstaddli,n,,...dr.DIC(d,,,:J,JMU/)paò,111rodar
::i:c=-~~~=~do~d,su,cronrunorraparudel<,r ~~i::.:~,.,;,;::~:;.:.'li':..t'.W.!.":;:::ttim=
d,P,gan46)efunzionano,~daldodr.o.-o,nmodoao,ll<l0nol.e
.lum,, q•almt ngb< h r,feracono al f,,=onamemo m P-1"' del dod,: quando

•DQladlDpel"
mc:n,,dr._..,undr,p""ll\lO~todauncompottameDIO~adonando
1111alogico.cbco>1>1rollaunoolo,ngresoo=-dr.duc,o>11una~"""Plrfiazto110
dcl<llQlltommplesom>
Ingressi diretti
IO,p flop oono ,pCIIIO o:,m,daudr.mgta11 ,peaal, pcrl'm,.portaoroDOO l'a,zramcnto
wncro111I:mgresoodr.1mpo,tazoonoasr11cronoèd<oomrnato,i,,«/H10pr<S41L1ngres
aoperl•--ao,D<rOooèm-,ca,deoommarotUlt<tmno,'-r I:oppl,azlonca
queotr.rn~otdr.•11lneUol(oO"°èl'1""'D!e1lpallrood1111'1'emonc)<a-la
t13rurtz1011Cncllootato rorr,epondcnte,1ndrpendentememedalb.in-"'"omenodcl
~!~.:~~~_!J;i:,d.:..i~:;~.::~r::.::
ldODCalcn:urtoEsslqurndr.<01111C11tonodr.Jò......,.oo,toto,11"1.loDOropnmadclnor
mal.fwmonamcnton,go!atodalclod,:
Ndla Frgura4 16 è r,ponato ,lsunbolo g,,,fìc:o IERE"'8Ddardper un 0,p Oop/K
consuclaOtdrrem l.enotri,:oonlCl,lfc!Kmdr.cano111~drpende11t1ttadrlo10
uu,ngreuocncl,ettatoC...do'l'C11èunnumeromiero,conmrnatu111gl,al1r1tD8fChl
-
SR=ll Ildod:allu,gre,,,0Cèropp.-D1atoconunaf=aa'lal0!.Jropermdr.ca&
da,,IA,pflopèar11V01ulfi<ino=poa,11V0~"'9'"'tf/!"d)Ilfunnonomentodcl
fhpOop,aoeg.u:oall',ppha,,c,nod.gl1,11pµs,,/eK,ocguoq..ntodr...:.ooot11~
4 .4 Analisi di circuiti sequenziali
ncomponam<D1Ddrunr,n:u,tDaequem:,:deèdet,,rm.,,.10daglr,ngres,,,dall,,u..,_iee
<Wlootatom<mesoo01irova.clu.matootatop"""""' Leusa,cclo1tatofuturoaono
f,,m,onedegh1ng,as,edcllo111at1>~"""'Lanalw.dr.11an:urtooeq_,mral,,,rpone
looa,podr.~•1>adc.amo110ddJ.CYO!dlo110tcmporaJedegh1DgfCIOI,ddJC ....le
edcllostato
Undr<alfO>eqllODZlal.~o,naonooeècompo,rodafl,pflopdotai.dr.tDgl<IIOdr
,nd_
dock,a,11,,.,...<1.=amencco a unoegn.lodr.,rD<r011,=z10M,e1ns-
11dm:mdr.octe ,-,;non ut/lr=irduraa"'dnormalcfun"'°namemodelan:a,ro 10,p
floppoPOnoesscr:cdr.qual.11q_,1,poedr,n:unopuòmd.-"'reomeno•1>0P"""mm
lnnatorla lnq....,a11e<10nosaràdl•trananamen:odoioglaperfaoalmdetan:at1r.sc
:t=~~;:-;:~v=!.:=i:c.tii:~~=tJ:;:!~'X
staro,atd,pcrde.<rne&dfunzionamcntodr.unamnrooequeru,ale Namcmareoempi,
i!l.snuannoanarram<gliolametodolog,acpropoo1a

I,
 JI ctrc,uto della figura 118 può esme d<,c,1,«, d,i ,egueme tstem, di equazioni
d1mg,esso
DA=(AX+BX)

figuro 41 7 lmple,"cnlilZ10r>edeltee4uaz,omdo,"gre'so lA=XB+YCeK,.=YG+C

àlèuguakalpe,(A,;\'.)=01 I:u,waè!Mnedenvatadallequaztoned'u.sc!!a
Y=AX+BX
edallaequaw>ned'uscira

S:S:""'mp10,"'<;ondolacla,,cficazJoncpreccdcrite,""k,1sc<oaw,c<,cuctod,npo
f,!l"ra410 D1agramm,d1,tato

Procedura di progettazione
D,segu,ro.si<1por1alaproceduraperlap.-og,1=nedimclllI1scqucnnal,
i'-LH""-"''l~,arn1n,di,tamokrabelladisraroa('llmcdolladese<,noncvcrbale
ddproblcrna
2 .,eè d,spombile solranto ,1 doagrarnma d, siam, sr ncmla rabclla distato

l
 45 Proge11az..,edo<0•<ot•1•scqoem,al,

4 sidcrw1It0kcqua:uon1d',ngre=aifl1pllopdùlccok,nncrdatove.!lo.,,...,furnro
dd\,,.bdlad,,.....,oodific,,.-a
5 ~<krovonolc<qumonid'umta<Lsllccok,nnctdarovcallcusatcddl,1"bell,1d,,,.,,, ~~G)
(a) (b)
6 """rnpl,Bch,nol,<quo,oomd'mgres,.,.,fl,pflopcl<«J=ionid'u,w,,

7:!':?r:c ~:::r=~~•:l:~~~dt!~!1:'~,t~1P]k~; ti~:c;::':,:;~,•:•

1
~
"'

Fogur,421 Costruzionedeldi,gramm,d1S1alorel>ll\'Oallben1p1041
_...L
 45 Pr.,..,n-,n.d1<1"'iab_.......i, 22!1

......,pomb,htlpordrtlo,ed...,..nellulnmoWAiw=andoluk,.,.colon

hN··"·:,-, (a)

Bz-0
110

112=1 -
0/0111
~~;~~"1:~:5En~~~::·:t=~;
-ol~la..-peronuamb.gl,..,~dar<u""p--la,.
=~ò""""""'odiolo,w,:,,.........,perq....,n...,......, ... Jo

-odadermmnaregl,a«lu8"3'dlu&tru,r,dhip,gwa422(d)Le_,.

~~1?'.!i.;:'oeq~-~.:...~:~:;.~~
Dn-=nn,daq1to.nral"am, nda,o d.llaanalLSJ.do.cu,:u1tt1CquCn:taal~,gli•andel
(b)lnll1,0:,Q111/1 dug,amm,o,srrwro..,nosts1u,cgnor1nruru.mnbolio,,aou<héo,du;,.b,.nontno<a
oanoadeo.osomr..,rl.tcon,codlè!b,.nar,perporercontlnuare,lpioccaochp,ogcrnzi<>-

~®: Bl-0

001/1
•:M ..:'°
t
B1=1

1,0:,
:~•.!.,~=.:;:..~;='1::,:"~:C'7"1&1Jh~'!:°f.!:.,:a:.
Tabel!,45,oa:ononodueb,.rpercodifu:ategl,..,...
&,nmaassognendounCOOJCeallo,,...odi20etin....!cS.f1..gressoinmalcdel.

~';~,~~ !~:~~";".' .!::~.i:::.':"=::c~.:.::r.::.:,.,~:

chepnòfurn1n,qu,.mpropnoù.~"'1tanro!o..-aroA,porc1<1so1lhpflopbannol1n
gesso d,mcrd,ret>o,allo sraroAdo.-,d:,b<....,.asoegnarodcodi""00 Su qno..ab..e.
pero,ddkan,gl,5tati""mJUJ, è nece.-r,o appl,care mctod, rmppo co,npbc.-,percsoc

- -
- M -
,e,ruunmqno..ascdcQu.. nmerodiper!•sd=onodotcod,a,ouraoo.Uo"''""""'
....,oncdello!og,canecosi,an•porU1>plotnonruelcequaiorud'1ngies,oaiflipflop•l•
equazwn1dwan Noll'=npiornnaro,stuiqnano,codictog\1S12nsecondodcod.i
F,gm,,.422CM1ruzoonedeld,ag,amm•d1.iato"'lanvoal<,10J1todellE:iomp1042 ccd, G<a)I pariendodallo muoA !;.,raro sa!ro dcodu:ed,Gnfpcr,end= plu agevo-
icl'1n...,monra dcgl,mt1eddk funziorud'=a...tlomol'P" d,Kamwgh ùTob.U..
47eyo,n,cod,c,,as,cgnan

=-=~1r~"t:à/~===::r=
Oc,om,qmndidorumu,aa,1<gh ....... cbcooguruto<dU.nù<MJlall,.._

:.t:;:r:!:1i~~~.~r.:=-:
I l'oN:Mqn.,.,.,ono""""",and.e"d,.,io,,,ddr=ob.<~ldcnnoo,-"""
oo,MRdUOJ1at1disrmnlltwr0òmo,m,lOndlal',gi1fa422(b)Un..,.lwmm
!ooiFe,ruamperlo""l""'Z'd~lO<ll,a,nlo1,:opodi.....,.,.,.JoU1<1
,.c1e1......,,ddquanobir,momachelivoloredel.oe<ondobirJtOl'.lhaalctm
ofli,r,o,w..JondU1C1011'ena-,nolJo.Flf-lra422(b)lll<nODp-ool,anto
uno,....,iruca,mvopttlo...,,,Bl~l

==~~==~~~
r
46~ne...,G,pflopDU1
:,3D C.pdolo4 Ù'allb.......-i,

Tabellad1statoperilpr,rno"'°""10d,
4.6 Progettazione con flip flop D
-p- _.. . ., -
p"'IJ'll,1ziorede1Paragrafo46

..
Lanmanc,ncparu:ddproadunentochprog,,ttoztoocdeicucwuaqucnml,aràde ~
,cnm,,ned,an"'un'"""'l""Si1mendeprop,t,:aR:Uoeu<:mtooequerwalestncrono,d
CU1funzionamo,n,:,èdcoo:ntc0daldiagnn:tmad!,tam,che1nclud.earuhc1c:od1ab11,an

~~!;;P~t=è:~;;.,::~:u~~v:
sonoo..::asa.ndue.8,pflopd.ittpoDLeuscu,:de,,fup/lopsono1""""""conÀelJ,l'1n
..
A I X A I Y

~~Ei:::::m~,Wcn:~tl;:i
so3ddproccdwc,n,:,d,p,c»""=°""l.c«JU"Z"'llld'lJJ&ll300lfhpflopS1ot=gono,

::,:::"=c"':iod:,:;"~~~=:•;,:~"'!n';.~t~7..":..~Ull11
.,o 0 1bool""""l""lepotteoomb1nao:mepossonocssen,es1'1""'•<»mesolllIDllchm10
tenrun1dcllc.amhwch"2COÀeBeddlawnabiled1og,aooX
A(t+ 1) =D# B,X) ~ I,,.(2, 4, 5,6) Lefum:rorubool=eoono..,,,pllficatcutdmandolem~pped,!la.F,gum424 l'<,rt,,nto,
lefunzioru..,,,pWù:atechvemano
B(t+l)=D#,B.X)=Xm(l,3,S,6)

l"\Jl B.x:l~Xm(l,S) D8 •.AX+BX+ABX

y./iX
NdlaF,gura425èapormoild,agrammalog,oodd=«qu1:1nialc

Progettare con stati non utilizz.ati

Unciraurooonn!l,plloppub"""refino~2•,mt1.b,11tndunDttt..tabelladisraro,dal
laqualc,lcucwtoè.,.tonc..ftto,pubtunaviaffl<Cunllllll>Cl<lchscmm,o:,nm!il"
Gltstanoonuol=at1(2•m)nonsonoripom.tindlatabella.di,mtomasemplifìcmdo

t: • .,,,-"-;. t:. t: - .. ,,-"-;.

,1:8±E ,[: ,1,ffiE
, ...
flgura4Z3Dlagrammad111a1Cper11pr,rno ... mpode1Paragralo46
-,- --,- -,-
D.-d+Bl! O,,•~+!x+ABl1

~424M"R'ed11wna,,ghmlain,ealpr11noeB<,.,"1odelParagrafo~6
232 Co;ut<>k,4 OmnbHlluenzial,

Tabellad.,011>per11,ooondoesemp,odoll'aragralo46

..
n n
.
n 1

' '

flgon.425Diag,:ammalogicodelarC1J1~-nZ1aleo,n~1pflopD,,.lat,vealpnmo
e,emp.,del~b46

le oq=m d ingresso, glt ..... non nnlmau I""""'"" """"'tmnott ,,une «md1ZIDJ11 dt
:"a:~:J;:,."':"~~O:,::::=,:!.,~~!c~J:'!
to,dchcag,ulìc•cbclc111ctedetfltpllopsonoand:>eleusrucdd,::,rruftDUttùzzando
ucfltpllop,~po...btlc'l'«:dìc:areot1Dstat1,anchc .. latabdl•drstotoncusasoltanm
cincincDlcnnseguema~•sonotrertatt(OOO,ll0clll)nonuttl.mauenonmcluatn
tobclla Constdccmdol'u,gt<SI<>, chepul,...umere ~.alrucO o l,sono<ellcpo,s,hdt
c:<>mlnnazo>ll.lnonntthzuccperlostatt1piesentccgl1mgress,OOOO,OOOl,IIOO.llOI,
!llOcllllQucstesqrombmaziontnonoonottportoeencllatabella<hstacocpo.,so

no,q~"::,!,':T::,.,";.,~:;z::a;,ononc,1',..,,da!..!onddio

::.!:"'...ii."°~-:r:::tt7.'!.1ebt':fo,t~1a;,h1~~1;::::!:
non,pealìa,ul.cequazu>Jl.loccnpldìcatc1<1no
D,._•AX+BX+JH':

Dc•X
 IAIIUIA410 Tabelled,...,,.,,,,..,.o.,n,pflop
lcdeudcra1oScuncmutoèco,npostodaunçran1111n,el"odtfl,pllop,pubaa:ad<re
ebcoiafur,:,arolo"ato1Illmlcsohantoper,mapanedtl5SI lal,.pllopM ll,IR,pllopSt
lnak:un1èatl1n,erli,r,,nze ..1<n1<omalfunuonamcnnpossonoponaredem:,nto
,n,.nodegl18lannonprcnsuScq,u:naè"naartullllOnc1n=euab,Je,èn=,ssanoopc
a&:ar.,perto1wopcrak:11111degl,Hat1110nunlizzan,1valonddlo<1atofuiuroo1valo
ndell"""1,alenendoprescntcùfunzionamcn10ol'appl=zioncdda,w1to.,posoono
adouare d""""' oolu.,ont La J>l"ma prevede clic le USCI.te dcgh 51•11 non .,111...,... 8Jano
op=lì=.1ninododteq..alomq...,az>oncderr,antcdall•trano""on1dcnlrootrao,au
nonJ>f""IStlttOnnsulnnodonnoocLaoocondaprcv,,del'uoodJ..,na.ilienotcuoata o
l'uoodJ.uncodtced'"""""'nonutd=alo,pcruub:a.tcche1lrucu1toècnuato1n,.no<1a (IIFl,pllopl
<ononconeuolnllnc,alloscopodJas,,c....,.,,lrttornoalli:noonahopenzion1ddcr Q!t+II 1
c111io,=zanc:ora,n,agh1ni;,eso,d1,_dcll'1ntero.....-.,devonoap«:ifJCa.tcghg,a

~:.u~~=t==,i~i~~~:12
1nco,nbu,az,onc,d,pendedallappl-=wne~q..ale1lcuw1toèdt:,11natoodallcpoh
bclieddgtuppodtprogcttaz,onc

4.7 Progettazione con flip flop JK t~te~.,.::~=-aledtnon•peaf,caz,oncc1ndll:aclie1nqud0illonon

Tabelle di eccitazione dei flip flop
Letabcllc,:arattenS<tclicdalbpllop,nporraR'nellaTabella41,fonu,cono1valondel
lostatofut""'quando,ononon1wlondcgh1ngr,,ss,cddlo•t1.topiesentc<J!,em,ta
bclleoonoùtd,_pcranal=1cw:111nocq_...,,,..al,.eperdd'in1.tcdfunuonamcnro
de, fbp llop Dunntc la proiprmonorono note le <ranllZIOnl dagh,ran p<=nn agi,'"'
cifutu.neoa:orredetc:on111atclceondtzio111d'1ngtcS1omfbpflopdtedannoluO!JOata
ltttan&IZIOnl Dleollt<gll""uè""""'rnaunatabdlachedenelula""'l""nudogl,.to-
. . . . --perottcn=un<>IDlbwneo.todJstato Qwosratabdlaèelna11••t1.t41,,1/,,
d,-LaTabdla410npP<=ntalatabelladJ.e«:u,woncperqumrot,p1,ln,er
stdifbpflopCioscunatabdla1ndxaquab1"&"""ènea,s..,,oappl""""per!Jl'nC<atc
unade<ertnlnalll t.ra=oncecontt= ùrnlCokntna per lo ,tato l"""'""' Qf/J, unaeo
lonnapcrlo•tatofururoQ(r+I)eomacolonnapcraascun1nçtcnodelfbpflopCom
~=.::::::oqrrv~==:~.7>"t:.::"i;~t.:=
swncre,perogwt.ran11Z10nc,ronoeontcnutcndla1'lbdla.<::Uatld,st1eail.,,,,boloXnel-
fbpfl~:!•t=::~~:~r.=:!'%ii:".":ooo;::io"i
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O ScJ-OandKml,Jfl1pflopva1ncondmoncdt~eonstaroO Nedetnradtela
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loredJ.K(condt.,onc,XI Analopmcn1e,lanano""oncdallo,tatopt,,se""'Oallo,tato
lub,roipùò....,.ottcnun1ndnernodtScJ•l•K•Odlhpllopva1ncondtz,onedi
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caso,occonedicJ ..... ma1lvaioie1n1<ntreèu,ddfuenreOOJvalo1u...,ntodaK,co
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ddfb~11;i2i:i.~;r:P1'o~r..~~t~;:
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D•Q(t+I)
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4.8 Descrizione in HDL di circuiti sequenziali:
linguaggio VHDL
Nc1Captrolo3dlmguaggioVHOLèotmowihzzan,perdco::nv=an:umcon,bmaro
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medtatam,mePenaoto .. BèunavanabJc,ndl.'_ _ •
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A•0,11•0,C•OQ.,,_Y
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~stat,,_t.n,o ... (A,B,C,O)f
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appatt"'1tan<onclk,....,DNd.ca,01nca."hannopw>anmil1d,ngro,oo
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I 1
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100;.;f:~V(crd<, RllSBT, I>, Q)/

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