101.

“Trabaho lang, walang personalan” is an advice to counteract the Filipino trait of

A. “kanya-kanya” mentality
B. ambivalence
C. extreme personalism
D. sakop-orientedless
Answer: C.
Rationalization: NEGATIVE FILIPINO TRAITS:
Crab mentality- if we cannot win, then no one will. 
Procrastination or “Mañana Habit”- Delaying of tasks.
”Bahala na” or “come what may” habit- Too fatalistic
Hypocrisy- being a double-faced person
Ningas Cogon- becoming too lazy to finish what we have started.
Filipino time- tardiness
Gossiping
Blaming others- being irresponsible and too self-righteous
Inconsideration- being thoughtless of others
Ignoring or not following simple rules and instructions
Attention grabbing- being an ‘epal’
Onion-skinned- Becoming too sensitive
Living beyond means- social climbing
Passivity- lack of leadership
Extreme Personalism
Ambivalence- Having conflicting feeligs

102. To which Filipino trait does the German gemeincshaft correspond?

A. Bayanihan spirit
B. Utang-na-loob
C. Pakikisama
D. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
• GEMEINSCHAFT
Rural relationship
Relationship is personal where friendship and kinship is integrated in the relationship
• GESELLSCHAFT
Urban relationship
Relationship is impersonal, specialized and business-like.
POSITIVE FILIPINO TRAITS:
Hospitality
Respectful
Strong Family Ties
Religiousity
Generosity And Helpful
Hardworking
Loving And Caring
Family Oriented
Flexibility, Adaptability, & Creativity
Resilience)
Camaraderie (Pakikisama Or Kapwa –Tao)

103. Hazing rites in schools persist despite their being outlawed. The purpose of such rites is to
A. increase awareness or religious traditions
B. celebrates national holidays and foster patriotism
C. minimize culture shock
D. mark changes in an individual’s status
Answer: D.
Rationalization:

104. Pro-poor programs of the Philippine government are meant to

A. make everyone live in affluence
B. reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor
C. make everyone equal
D. eliminate poverty
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The pro-poor programs of the previous and the present president of the
Philippines is anchored on the goal of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality, and lessen
the gap between the rich and the poor.

105. Philippine society is characterized as “islands of affluence amidst a sea of poverty”. What
social concern is implied?
A. Coercing the rich to share.
B. Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.
C. Penalizing the poor.
D. Working for the economic equality of all Filipino citizens.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The Philippines has a lot of resources. The constitution mandates that these
resources are to be enjoyed by all citizens. Thus, we must work together for an inclusive
economic growth.

106. Which is a hot, most biome near the earth’s equator?

A. Taiga
B. Tropical rain forest
C. Savannah
D. Deciduous forest
Answer: C.
Rationalization: BIOMES/VEGETATION COVERS:
  Dessert- No precipitate
 Oasis- Small vegetation in deserts
 Savannah- Warm grasslands between deserts and tropical rainforests
 Steppe- Warm grassland which is quite cooler than Savannah. Have shallow rooted grass
 Prairie- Warm grassland with deep rooted grass which receives greater rain than steppe
 Rainforest- Areas where there are very high levels of rainfall.
 Deciduous forest- Forests with tress that shed leaves annually
 Boreal Forest/Taiga- Rocky mountain with coniferous trees
 Tundra- Rocky, icy mountains with few to no trees

107. Which is a hot, moist biome near the earth’s equator?

A. Taiga
B. Tropical rain forecast
C. Savannah
D. Deciduous forest
Answer: C.
Rationalization: BIOMES/VEGETATION COVERS:

 Dessert- No precipitate
 Oasis- Small vegetation in deserts
 Savannah- Warm grasslands between deserts and tropical rainforests
 Steppe- Warm grassland which is quite cooler than Savannah. Have shallow rooted grass
 Prairie- Warm grassland with deep rooted grass which receives greater rain than steppe
 Rainforest- Areas where there are very high levels of rainfall.
 Deciduous forest- Forests with tress that shed leaves annually
 Boreal Forest/Taiga- Rocky mountain with coniferous trees
 Tundra- Rocky, icy mountains with few to no trees

108. What percent of the earth’s surface do the four oceans and the numerous seas cover?
A. 71%
B. 80%
C. 655
D. 75%
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of
the Earth's water. Less than 1 percent of the Earth's water is fresh water, and 2-3 percent is
contained in glaciers and ice caps. The oceans contain 99 percent of the living space on the
planet.

109. You are in a small country which is landlocked. In the 19 th century, its major city was the
capital of an empire with a vast polyglot population. In which of the following countries are
you?
A. France
B. Switzerland
 C. Bolivia
D. Austria
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Landlocked countries in Europe:
Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech
Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San
Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland and Vatican City.
The Empire of Austria founded in 19th century is known as one of the European superpowers
that time.

110. The interior of Australia is largely composed of

A. Humid tropics and lowlands
B. savannah and highlands
C. isolated mountain ranges and grasslands.
D. steppes and dessert
Answer: D.
Rationalization: There are three major Biomes in Australia. Tropical found in the eastern and
southwestern parts, savannah, found in the northern and southern parts while central Australia
is mainly desert.

111. In the dessert, the temperature is high during the day but low during the night because
.
A. there are just a few people in the dessert to absorb and disperse the heat
B. there is no vegetation in the dessert that helps regulate temperature
C. the dessert is at equator
D. there is very little moisture in the air to block the sun’s rays from reaching the earth
and once the sun goes down the heat absorbed during the day quickly escapes back into space.
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Deserts daytime temperatures are high due to no cloud or humility to help
block the sun rays. The coldness of the desert at night is due to the cloudless skies which allows
the daytime heat to escape rapidly at nightfall.

112. According to Montesquieu, which continent is said to be the “intellectual center of the
world”?
A. North America
B. Europe
C. Australia
D. Asia
Answer: B.
113. A UN report states ”We could prevent desertification which costs 5.6 billion dollars, an
amount that the world spends on armaments in 2 days.” What does this imply?
A. If the world disarmed, we could prevent desertification.
B. Armaments help a nation develop into a world power.
C. The secret military alliances among the nations of Europe.
D. Desertification is more expensive that armaments used in 2days.
Answer: A.

114. Which was NOT a cause World War I?

A. The desire of nations to gain independence
B. Competition fro colonial and economic power among European nations
C. The secret military alliances among the nations of Europe
D. Japan’s imperialistic ambition
Answer: D.
Rationalization: The alliances and competition among nations in Europe and the assassination
of Archduke Francis Ferdinand were the main reasons for World War I. Japans Imperialistic
ambitions is the cause of the spread of World War II in the Pacific.

115. The industrial revolution had its very first start in .

A. France
B. England
C. Spain
D. the United States
Answer: B
Rationalization: The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in
the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This started in Britain with
the invention of the steam engine.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION:
• INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION- Birth of Scientific thinkers- Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes,
Galileo, Isaac Newton
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Birth of Inventions. Replacement of human labor with
machineries
• REFORMATION- Call to reform church beliefs
• AMERICAN REVOLUTION-
• Struggle of the thirteen colonies to be freed from the British rule.
• FRENCH REVOLUTION-
• Deposed the King and started the reign of terror
• Used the Guillotine to execute “aristocrats”

116. In 1991, the Soviet Union split into separate states. Eleven of those states joined in a loose
political and economic organization known as the .
A. Union Republics
B. Commonwealth of Independent States
C. Russian Federation of States
 D. Federal Socialist States
Answer: B.
Rationalization: The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially
granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union. It was a result of
the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration
acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created
the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) or the Russian commonwealth.

117. In the history of the United States of America, which event took place on Sept. 11, 2001?
A. President Clinton accused in White House Scandal.
B. Anthrax scare and death of victims.
C. Terrorist attacks on the United States hitting New York City’s World Trade Center and
the Pentagon in Washington D.C.
D. US Supreme Court sealed Bush’s election victory.
Answer: C
Rationalization: The The September 11 attacks(also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four
coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States
on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

118. The Philippines is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Which are the
other members?
A. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand
B. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, China
C. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan
D. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Answer: C
Rationalization: Countries of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam and Myanmar

119. Which is dubbed as China’s “Window to the West”, where many Filipinos work as domestic
helpers?
A. Taiwan
B. Hongkong
C. Tibet
D. Beijing
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Hongkong, known as Gateway to China is also China’s window to the west.

120. Which is true of the Philippines?

A. Member of NATO
B. Member of the UN since 1954
C. Founding member of the ASEAN
D. Founding member of APEC
Answer: C.
Rationalization:
The ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was signed in Bangkok on 8 August 1967 by the five ASEAN
founding members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand as a display of
solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and communist insurgency within their own
borders.
The five foreign ministers who signed the delaration were: Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R.
Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat
Khoman of Thailand – would subsequently be hailed as the Founding Fathers of ASEAN.

121. In which set up do governments control the major industries such as aircraft, radio and
televison?
A. Laissez faire economics
B. Capitalism
C. Traditional economics
D. Socialism
Answer: D.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS:
1. CAPITALISM- Economic system characterized by private individuals owning and
operating the majority of the businesses that produce goods and services. Also known
as laissez faire (let alone) and free enterprise where the state does not interfere.
2. COMMUNISM- A society in which the government owns all the nation’s resources. This
is the direct opposite of Capitalism.
3. SOCIALISM- The government owns and operates the basic industries like
telecommunications, water services, postal services, banking and selected
manufacturing. Private individuals are allowed to own and operate small enterprise.
4. MIXED ECONOMY- Has an element of more than one economic systems. It contains
both private and state owned enterprises.

122. With economic resources in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Capital
B. Food and Clothing
C. Natural Resources
D. Labor
Answer: B.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC/PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES: Land (Natural Resources), Labor, Capital,
Entrepreneurial Ability

123. The following economic principles--- laissez faire, free competition, private ownership, and
profit motive---- were promoted by .
A. Robert Engel
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Karl Marx
 D. Adam Smith
Answer: D.
Rationalization: PROMINENT PEOPLE IN ECONOMICS:
Adam Smith- Father of Economics
Karl Marx- Father of Communism
John Maynard Keynes- Father of Macroeconomics

124. Which one best describes the period of recession?

A. The extended aftermath of a long depression.
B. A sudden and acute rise in unemployment, business, activity, and industrial output.
C. A limited period when unemployment rises and business activity slows down.
D. A limited period when unemployment rises and business activity slows down.
Answer: C or D.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:
 ECONOMIC BOOM
 Abrupt economic growth
 Total rise in spending
 INFLATION
 Sudden rise of price of Goods and Services
 The fall of money’s buying power
 RECESSION
 Temporary Economic Decline
 Fall in GDP in two consecutive quarters
 DEPRESSION
 A long and severe recession

125. Which economic system operates in the Philippines?

A. Fascism
B. Regulated Capitalism
C. Socialism
D. Communism
Answer: B.
Rationalization: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS:
1. CAPITALISM- Economic system characterized by private individuals owning and
operating the majority of the businesses that produce goods and services. Also known
as laissez faire (let alone) and free enterprise where the state does not interfere.
2. COMMUNISM- A society in which the government owns all the nation’s resources. This
is the direct opposite of Capitalism.
3. SOCIALISM- The government owns and operates the basic industries like
telecommunications, water services, postal services, banking and selected
manufacturing. Private individuals are allowed to own and operate small enterprise.
4. MIXED ECONOMY- Has an element of more than one economic systems. It contains
both private and state owned enterprises.
126.Which condition is attained when the maximum possible output of any one good is
produced.
A. Improved technology
B. Economic Growth
C. Economic boom
D. Productive efficiency
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Maximum possible output- production

127. Scarcity of resources in relation to desires on needs occurs

A. only under socialism
B. only under capitalism
C. only under wartime
D. in all societies
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Scarcity- a naturally occurring limitation on the resource that cannot be replenished.
Shortage- occurs whenever quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied at the market.
Since scarcity is naturally occurring, it is present in all economies, thus in all societies and
communities.

128. Anthropologists characterize their discipline as holistic because

A. they study all kinds of people
B. they conduct ethnographic studies
C. they study the connections among sciences
D. they deal with all forms among sciences
Answer: D.
Rationalization:
Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.
It is concerned with all human beings across times and places, and with all dimensions of
humanity (evolutionary, biophysical, sociopolitical, economic, cultural, psychological, etc.); also
many academic programs following this approach take a "four-field" approach to anthropology
that encompasses physical anthropology, archeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology or
social anthropology.
Thus, Anthropology is interdisciplinary because it bridges various disciplines. Likewise,
Anthropology considers culture, history, language, and biology as equally essential to a
complete understanding of human society.

129. How should anthropologists understand other people’s culture?

A. From the point of view of an outsider for objectivity.
B. From the perspective of an insider.
C. From the point of view of authorities in anthropology.
 D. From the perspective of the anthropologist conducting the study to make it more
scientific.
Answer: B.
Rationalization: EMIC AND ETIC approaches in socio-cultural anthropology:
 EMIC APPROACH- The native’s or the community’s point of view is focus. The
researcher tries to understand the world from the perspectives of the natives
 ETIC- The observer-oriented approach which brings the researcher’s views and
interpretation of the subject to bring a more objective and comprehensive
viewpoint of the study.
Since culture is relative and there is no universal standard in judging any culture,
thus anthropologists must study and understand various cultures in the cultures’
own contexts.

130. Which method makes use of chemical and other types of scientific analysis to determine
the age of buried objects up to million years of age?
A. Dendrochronolgy
B. Potassium argon
C. Serration
D. Dating method
Answer: D.
Rationalization: Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a
method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the
properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

131. What may be the reason why the highly pigmented, dark skin evolved in the tropics?
A. As protection against intense sunlight.
B. Consequence of mild sunlight.
C. Crucial for the body’s ability to make Vitamin D.
D. For absorption of more light.
Answer: A.

132. Which are the characteristics of humans which other primates do not have?
I. Adorn themselves with clothing
II. Adorn themselves with body markings.
III. Have spare beliefs about the supernatural.
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I and III
D. I, II and III
Answer: D.
Rationalization: I, II and III are clear proof of culture. Primates do not have culture and that is
the human advantage putting us on top of the food chain.
133. Which tenet of evolution states that the fittest members of species survive to pass on their
genetic information while the weakest are eliminated because they are unable to survive?
A. Mutation
B. Microevolution
C. Natural selection
D. Adapation
Answer: C.
Rationalization: “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” and the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin claims
that all forms of life “evolved” from simple to complex organism. This theory focuses on the
assertion of the “Survival of the Fittest and Elimination of the Unfit” through “natural
selection”- surviving in the changing environment. The following group of animals were the
firsts to live on earth in order; Fishes, Reptiles and Primates.

134. Which technique helps anthropologists understand why people in different cultures live as
they do?
A. Ethnographic study
B. Ethnical relativism
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Cultural relativism
Answer: A.
Rationalization: Ethnography is a holistic approach to research developed by anthropologists in
order to understand people within their social and cultural contexts. Ethnographic methods are
those that have been traditionally used by anthropologists, such as secondary data analysis,
fieldwork, observing activities of interest, recording fieldnotes and observations, participating in
activities during observations (participant observation), and carrying out various activities to
gather data.

135. Which technique should an anthropologist use to get an insider’s view on how and why
other people do what they do?
A. Participant observation
B. Genealogies
C. Unstructed observation
D. Survey Questionnaires
Answer: A.
Rationalization: ANTHROPOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
1. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
 The Anthropologist observes and records relevant events, actions, places,
objects, individual and collective behaviors and actions
 The Anthropologists take part in many activities and processes in the community
they are studying.
2. ETHNOGRAPHIC CONVERSATION, INTERVIEWING AND INTERVIEW GUIDE
 The Anthropologist records information by starting by even the simplest
conversation with informants
 The Anthropologist interview individuals or group on issues relevant to him’
  INTERVIEW SCHEDULE- Interview with pre-planned question items (guidelines
for interview)
 QUESTIONNAIRES- Structured document which needs responses.
3. GENEALOGICAL METHOD
 Method that make use of art, paintings, cemeteries, rituals, etc. to obtain data
from “kin-based societies” to gather information on principles of kinship,
descent and marriage which are the building blocks of small-scale societies
(communities).
4. WELL INFORMED INFORMANTS/ KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW
 Key informants- Natives of the community who can provide the best and rich
information about particular areas of life in the community
 Knowledgeable individuals in the community are identified and the researcher
learns a lot of issues about community life
5. LIFE HISTORIES
 The Anthropologist come across with individual or groups who present him/her
with interesting cases.
 The researcher conducts in-depth investigation on the life histories of individuals
or groups
6. EMIC AND ETIC RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
 EMIC APPROACH- The native’s or the community’s point of view is focus. The
researcher tries to understand the world from the perspectives of the natives
 ETIC- The observer-oriented approach which brings the researcher’s views and
interpretation of the subject to bring a more objective and comprehensive
viewpoint of the study.
7. PROBLEM-BASED ETHNOGRAPHY
 The Anthropologist will try to record and documents problems in the
society/community
 The anthropologists enters the community with specific questions in mind
(focused mainly in social problems), conducts research to derive to
recommendations to solve that problem
 More than interview, the anthropologist consult documents, archives, and
measure and record data on other phenomena or variables such as environment,
weather, diet, land use, etc.
8. LONGITUDAL RESEARCH
 Research that is not limited to specific locality or time period
 Anthropologists conduct longitudal research (with long term study) of a
community, region, society, culture or other variables based on repeated and
long immersions and visits
 This research is so “deep” that it will reveal important insights on the dynamic
and complex factors that affect people over “long” period of time
9. SURVEY RESEARCH
 Research that involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and sophisticated
statistical analysis
 Most visible and pervasive research in the social and behavioral sciences
  RESPONDENTS- People who provide information
 RANDOM SAMPLING- The respondents were chosen strategically where
all are given chances to be included in the study population

136. Which is NOT supportive of the Filipino pursuit of excellence?

A. “Make-do” mentality
B. Intolerance for opposing views
C. Meritocracy
D. Continuing education
Answer: B.

137. “If Mr. Estrada can become President of the Philippines, I see no reason why you cannot”
commits the fallacy of
A. false cause
B. faulty analogy
C. accident
D. hasty generalization
Answer: B.
Rationalization: FALLACIES:
1. FAULTY CAUSE: (post hoc ergo propter hoc) mistakes correlation or association for causation,
by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.
example: A black cat crossed Babbs' path yesterday and, sure enough, she was involved in an
automobile accident later that same afternoon.

2. SWEEPING GENERALIZATION: (dicto simpliciter) assumes that what is true of the whole will
also be true of the part, or that what is true in most instances will be true in all instances.
example: Muffin must be rich or have rich parents, because she belongs to ZXQ, and ZXQ is the
richest sorority on campus.

3. HASTY GENERALIZATION: bases an inference on too small a sample, or on an

unrepresentative sample. Often, a single example or instance is used as the basis for a broader
generalization.
example: All of those movie stars are really rude. I asked Kevin Costner for his autograph in a
restaurant in Westwood the other evening, and he told me to get lost.

4. FAULTY ANALOGY: (can be literal or figurative) assumes that because two things, events, or
situations are alike in some known respects, that they are alike in other unknown respects.
example: What's the big deal about the early pioneers killing a few Indians in order to settle the
West? After all, you can't make an omelette without breaking a few eggs.

5. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE: (argumentum ad ignorantiam) attempts to use an opponent's

inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the validity of the conclusion, i.e. "You can't prove
I'm wrong, so I must be right."
example: We can safely conclude that there is intelligent life elsewhere in the galaxy, because
thus far no one has been able to prove that there is not.

6. BIFURCATION: (either-or, black or white, all or nothing fallacy) assumes that two categories
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive, that is, something is either a member of one or the
other, but not both or some third category.
example: Either you favor a strong national defense, or you favor allowing other nations to
dictate our foreign policy.

7. FALSE DILEMMA: (a form of bifurcation) implies that one of two outcomes is inevitable, and
both have negative consequences.
example: Either you buy a large car and watch it guzzle away your paycheck, or you buy a small
car and take a greater risk of being injured or killed in the event of an accident.

8. FAULTY SIGN: (also includes argument from circumstance) wrongly assumes that one event
or phenomenon is a reliable indicator or predictor of another event or phenomenon.
example: the cars driving in the opposite direction have their lights on; they must be part of a
funeral procession.

9. DAMNING THE SOURCE: (ad hominem, sometimes called the genetic fallacy) attempts to
refute an argument by indicting the source of the argument, rather than the substance of the
argument itself.
example: There is no reason to listen to the arguments of those who oppose school prayer, for
they are the arguments of atheists!

10. TU QUOQUE: (look who's talking or two wrongs make a right) pointing to a similar wrong or
error committed by another.
example: Gee, Mom and Dad, how can you tell me not to do drugs when you both smoke
cigarettes and drink alcohol?

11. EQUIVOCATION: allows a key word or term in an argument to shift its meaning during the
course of the argument. The result is that the conclusion of the argument is not concerned with
the same thing as the premise(s).
example: Only man is rational. No woman is a man. Therefore, no woman is rational.

12. BEGGING THE QUESTION: (petitio principii) entails making an argument, the conclusion of
which is based on an unstated or unproven assumption. In question form, this fallacy is known
as a COMPLEX QUESTION.
example: Abortion is murder, since killing a baby is an act of murder.

13. TAUTOLOGY: (a sub-category of circular argument) defining terms or qualifying an argument

in such a way that it would be impossible to disprove the argument. Often, the rationale for the
argument is merely a restatement of the conclusion in different words.
example: The Bible is the word of God. We know this because the Bible itself tells us so.

14. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY: (ipse dixit also called ad verecundiam sometimes) attempts to

justify an argument by citing a highly admired or well-known (but not necessarily qualified)
figure who supports the conclusion being offered.
example: If it's good enough for (insert celebrity's name here), it's good enough for me.

15. APPEAL TO TRADITION: (don't rock the boat or ad verecundiam) based on the principle of
"letting sleeping dogs lie". We should continue to do things as they have been done in the past.
We shouldn't challenge time-honored customs or traditions.
example: Of course we have to play "pomp and circumstance" at graduation, because
that's always been the song that is played.

15. APPEAL TO TRADITION: (don't rock the boat or ad verecundiam) based on the principle of
"letting sleeping dogs lie". We should continue to do things as they have been done in the past.
We shouldn't challenge time-honored customs or traditions.
example: Of course we have to play "pomp and circumstance" at graduation, because
that's always been the song that is played.

16. APPEAL TO THE CROWD: (ad populum or playing to the gallery) refers to popular opinion or
majority sentiment in order to provide support for a claim. Often the "common man" or
"common sense" provides the basis for the claim.
example: all I can say is that if living together is immoral, then I have plenty of company.

17. STRAW MAN: stating an opponent's argument in an extreme or exaggerated form, or

attacking a weaker, irrelevant portion of an opponent's argument.
example: A mandatory seat belt law could never be enforced. You can't issue citations to dead
people.

18. SLIPPERY SLOPE: (sometimes called a snowball argument or domino theory) suggests that if
one step or action is taken it will invariably lead to similar steps or actions, the end results of
which are negative or undesirable. A slippery slope always assume a chain reaction of cause-
effect events which result in some eventual dire outcome.
example: If the Supreme Court allows abortion, next think you know they'll allow euthanasia,
and it won't be long before society disposes of all those persons whom it deems unwanted or
undesirable.

19. APPEALING TO EXTREMES: A fallacy very similar to slippery slope, which involves taking an
argumentative claim or assertion to its extreme, even though the arguer does not advocate the
extreme interpretation. The difference between the two fallacies is that appealing to extremes
does not necessarily involve a sequence of causal connections.
example: Husband to ex-wife: Well, if you want to be completely fair about dividing everything
up, you should get one of my testicles and I should get one of your breasts!
20. HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO FACT: This fallacy consists of offering a poorly supported claim
about what might have happened in the past or future if circumstances or conditions were
other than they actually were or are. The fallacy also involves treating hypothetical situations as
if they were fact.
example: If you had only tasted the stewed snails, I'm sure you would have liked them.

21. NON SEQUITAR: (literally means "does not follow") in a general sense any argument which
fails to establish a connection between the premises and the conclusion may be called a non-
sequitar. In practice, however, the label non-sequitar tends to be reserved for arguments in
which irrelevant reasons are offered to support a claim.
example: I wore a red shirt when I took the test, so that is probably why I did so well on the
test.

22. RED HERRING: attempting to hide a weakness in an argument by drawing attention away

from the real issue. A red herring fallacy is thus a diversionary tactic or an attempt to confuse or
fog the issue being debated. The name of the fallacy comes from the days of fox hunting, when
a herring was dragged across the trail of a fox in order to throw the dogs off the scent.
example: accused by his wife of cheating at cards, Ned replies "Nothing I do ever pleases you. I
spent all last week repainting the bathroom, and then you said you didn't like the color."

23. INCONSISTENCY: advancing an argument that is self-contradictory, or that is based on

mutually inconsistent premises.
Example: A used car salespersons says, "Hey, you can’t trust those other car salesman. They’ll
say anything to get you to buy a car from them."

138. The Filipino sense of individualism is more a contribution of the culture.

A. pre-Spanish
B. Japanese
C. Western
D. Hindu
Answer: C.
Rationalization: Filipinos are generally collectivists, we only became Individualists because of
the westerners that conquered us.

139. If the statement is true, so is its .

A. inverse
B. contrapositive
C. negation
D. converse
Answer: B.
Rationalization: LOGIC:
If the statement is true, then the contrapositive is also logically true. If the converse is true,
then the inverse is also logically true.
Note that the converse and inverse are contrapositives of each other, so if one is true the other
one is. Note too that the converse is the inverse of the contrapositive and the inverse is the
converse of the contrapositive.

140. The Philippines has lesser number of retirement homes and orphanages compared to the
West. To which Filipino value may this be attributed?
A. Social acceptance
B. Strong family loyalty
C. Smooth interpersonal relations
D. Hospitality
Answer: B.

141. The argument, No one has yet proven that God exists; so there is no God” commits the
fallacy of

A. Accident
B. Hasty Generalization
C. appeal ignorance
D. faulty analogy
Answer: C.
Rationalization: See fallacies

142. Social Justice, the “centerpience” of the 1987 Constitution, demands the reduction of the
widening gap between the rich and the poor. This effort leads to the building of
A. A classless society
B. an egalitarian society
C. a society of equals
D. a modern society
Answer: B.
Rationalization: See fallacies
An egalitarian is a person who believes in the equality of all people, and an egalitarian
society gives everyone equal rights. This is a word that means something close to equality and
has to do with fairness. Social Justice in the 1987 constitution is aiming for social equality.

143. What is the negation of the statement: “Some students have part-time jobs?”
A. No student has a part-time job.
B. All students have part-time job
C. Only one student has a part-time job.
D. Some students do not have part-time jobs.
Answer: D.

144. Which is the most predominantly Catholic country in Asia?

A. Philippines
B. Thailand
 C. Vietnam
D. East Timor
Answer: A
Rationalization: The major Religions in Asia Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Jainism,
Christianity, Judaism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism.
Asian countries with large Christian populations are Philippines (84 million), China (68
million), India (24 million), Indonesia (23 million), Kazakhstan (16.5 million), South Korea (15
million), Vietnam (7 million), Georgia (4.6 million), Armenia (3.2 million), Malaysia (2.6
million), Japan (2.5 million), Pakistan (2.5 million), Uzbekistan (2.5 million), Syria (1.8
million), Sri Lanka (1.5 million), East Timor (1.2 million) and Taiwan (one million)

145 Which is South Asia’s largest country?

A. Thailand
B. China
C. India
D. Burma
Answer: C.
Rationalization: The countries of South Asia:
Afghanistan- A landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia with land area of
652,000 km2, Afghanistan is the 41st largest country in the world.
Bangladesh- Located in South Asia, Bangladesh is bordered by India to its west, north and east,
Burma to its southeast and to its south, it faces the Bay of Bengal. Along with the neighboring
Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, it forms part of the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal.
Bhutan- Similar to Afghanistan, Bhutan is also a landlocked country in South Asia, situated at
the eastern end of the Himalayas. It is bordered to the north by China and to the south, east
and west by India.
India- The largest country of South Asia and the seventh-largest country in the world by area.
Because of the vastness of the country and variety of culture within different states, there is no
national language in India. 
Maldives- Maldives is an island nation in the Indian Ocean-Arabian sea area. It is the smallest
Asian country in both population and area. The official and common language of the country is
Dhivehi, which is an Indo-Aryan language. The script used to write Dhivehi has changed over
time.
Nepal- Nepal is one of the three landlocked countries in South Asia. It is located in the
Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People’s Republic of China, and to the south, east
and the west by the Republic of India. The mountainous north of Nepal ha eight of the world’s
ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest.
Pakistan- Pakistan is the 36thlargest country in the world in terms of area. It is bordered by
India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast.
More than six languages are spoken in the country, where Urdu is considered as the lingua
franca with the understandability by over 75% of the total population.
Sri Lanka- Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia with borders to India and Maldives. The
country is home to many religions, ethnic groups and languages. The official languages are
Sinhalese and Tamil and English is the link language. 
146. The next century is said to be the Age of the Pacific. One factor that makes it so is
A. Japan, one of the world’s most industrialized nations, will dominate the economic
development of the origin.
B. The nations in the Pacific rim are English-speaking nation.
C. Hongkong, a British colony, was reverted to Chinese rule.
D. In the pacific are many ethnic groups.
Answer: A.
Rationalization: The Pacific Century (and the associated term Asia-Pacific Century) is a term
that has been used to describe the 21st century through analogy with the term American
Century. The implicit assumption underlying the usage of the term is that the 21st century will
be dominated, especially economically, by the states in the Asia-Pacific region, in particular
China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan, the ASEAN members (particularly Indonesia, Vietnam,
Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore).

147. In which ON specialized agencies is the Philippines a Member?

I. Food and Agriculture Organization
II. World Health Organization
III. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IV. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
A. III and IV
B. I, II and IV
C. I and II only
D. I, II, III and IV
Answer: D.

148. Which one became a crown colony of Great Britain in 1826?

A. Indonesia
B. Malaysia
C. Singapore
D. Taiwan
Answer: B.
Rationalization:
A Crown Colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony, was a type
of colonial administration of the English and later British Empire. Crown, or royal colonies were
ruled by a governor which is decided by the Monarch.
The Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore were included in the crown colonies
in 1826 which was collectively called as the Straits settlements with capital in Georgetown, now
capital of Malaysian State of Penang.

149. The reversion of Hongkong to China resulted in the loss of colony by .

A. France
B. Britain
 C. Germany
D. Holland
Answer: B.
Rationalization: Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25 January 1841 and used it as a
military staging point. China was defeated and was forced to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the
Treaty of Nanking signed on 29 August 1842. British Hong Kong was the period during
which Hong Kong was under British colonial rule, from 1841 to 1997.

150. Which continent is said to be the “birthplace of human species’?

A. Asia
B. Africa
C. South America
D. Europe
Answer: B.
Rationalization: While many scientists would argue that Europe is the place where the fossils of
the missing link could be found, however, the vast evidences of earliest human existence can be
found in the 180 square miles World Heritage site of South Africa. This site is a known labyrinth
of caves and sinkholes that riddle the limestone bedrock where fossils of pre-historic hominids
were discovered.