WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.

00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

ACTIVITY 1(Logic)

Introduction
In today’s complex world, it is not easy to summarize in a few paragraphs the subject matter
known as logic. For lawyers and judges, logic is the science of correct reasoning. They often use logic
to communicate more effectively, construct valid arguments, analyze legal contracts, and make
decisions. Law schools consider a knowledge of logic to be one of the most important predictors of
future success for their new students.

Objectives

At the end of this activity, you should be able to:

1.analyze information and the relationship between statements,

2.translate statements into symbolic forms and vice versa,
3.determine valid conclusions based on given assumptions,
4.construct a truth table,
5.use truth table for logical equivalence,
6.write a conditional statement in other forms,
7.negate a quantified statement.
Concept/s Explanation

Logic
Logic is a reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity.

Logic Statements
Every language contains different types of sentences, such as statements, questions and
commands. For instance,
“Is the test today?” a question.
“Go get the newspaper.” a command.
“This is a nice car” is an opinion.
“Denver is the capital of Colorado” is a statement of fact

Statement
A Statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true
and false.

It may not be necessary to determine whether a sentence is true to determine whether

it is a statement.
For instance, consider the following sentence.

American Shaun White won an Olympic gold medal in speed skating.

Page 1 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

You may not know if the sentence is true, but you do know that the sentence is either true or it is false,
and that it is not both true and false. Thus, you know that the sentence is a statement.

Example 1. Determine whether each sentence is a statement.

a.)Zamboanga city is a city in the Philippines.
b.)How are you?
c.)99 +2 is a prime number.
d.)X + 1 = 4.

Solution:

a.)Zamboanga city is one of the city in the Philippines, so this sentence is true and it is a statement.
b.)The sentence “How are you?” is a question: it is not declarative sentence. Thus it is not a statement.
c.)We do not know whether 99 +2 is a prime number; however we do know that it’s a whole number larger than
1, so it is a prime number or it is not a prime number. The sentence is either true or false, and it is not both true
and false, so it is a statement.
d.)x + 1 = 4, is a statement.It is known as open statement.It is true for x=3,and it is false for any other values of
x.For any given value of x, it is true or false but not both.

Simple Statements and Compound Statements

Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A Simple Statement is statement that conveys a single idea. A Compound Statement
is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.

Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and,or, if……then,and, if and only if
creates a compound statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting or I will go to school.” Is a compound
statement. It is composed of the two simple statements, “I will attend the meeting.” and “I will go to
school.”The word or is a connective for the two statements
George Boole( a greek mathematician) used symbols such as p,q,r and s to represent simple statement
and the symbols ᴧ, ˅, ~,→,and ↔ to represent connectives.See table.

Table 1 .Logic Connectives and Symbols

Statement Connective Symbolic Form Type of Statement
Not p Not ~p Negation
p and q And pᴧq Conjunction
p or q Or p˅q Disjunction
If p, then q if……then p→q Conditional
p if and only if q if and only if p↔q Biconditional

Truth Values and Truth Tables

The Truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).
The Truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.
A Truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all
possible values of its simple statements.

The negation of the statement, ”Today is Friday.” Is the statement, “Today is not Friday.” In symbolic
logic, the tilde symbol ~ is used to denote the negation of a statement. If a statement p is true, its negation ~p is
false, if a statement p is false, its negation ~p is true. See table below. The negation of the negation of a
statement is the original statement. Thus ~(~p) can be replaced by p in any statement.
Table 2
Truth table for ~p

Page 2 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

p ~p

T F
F T

Example2.Write the negation of each statement.

a.)Willie Revillame has a yacht.
b.)Avatar was not selected as the best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony.

Solution:
a.)Willie Revillame does not have a yacht.
b.)Avatar was selected as the best picture at the 82 nd Academy Awards ceremony.
Example3.Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.
Consider the following simple statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to a basketball game.
a.)Today is Friday and it is raining.
b.)It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c.)I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d.)If it is raining, then I am not going to a basketball game.

Solution:
a.)p ᴧ q b.) ~ q ᴧ r c.) ~s ˅ r d.) q →s

Example4.Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.

Consider the following simple statements.
p: The game will be played in Zamboanga city.
q: The game will be shown on ABS-CBN.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s: The Family’s Brand Sardines are favoured to win.
a.)q ᴧ p b.) ~ r ᴧ s c.) s↔p

Solution:
a.)The game will be shown on ABS-CBN and the game will be played in Zamboanga city.
b.)The game will be shown on ESPN and the Family’s Brand Sardines are favoured to win.
c.)Family’s Brand Sardines are favoured to win if and only if the game will be played in Zamboanga. city.

Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then parentheses are used to indicate which
simple statements are grouped together. Table illustrates the use of parentheses to indicates
groupings for some statements in symbolic form.
Table 3
Symbolic Form The parentheses indicate that:
p ᴧ(q ˅ ~r) q and ~ r are grouped together
(p ᴧq) ˅ r p and q are grouped together

If a compound statement is written as an English sentence, then a comma is used to

indicate which simple statements are grouped together. Statements on the same side of
a comma are grouped together.See Table
Table 4
English sentence The comma indicates that

p, and q or not r. q and ~r are grouped together because they are on the same side of the comma.

Page 3 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

p and q, or r. p and q are grouped together because they are both

on the same side of the comma.
If p and not q, then r or s. p and ~q are grouped together because they are
both to the left of the comma.
r and s are grouped together because they are both to the right of comma.

If a statement in symbolic form is written as an English sentence, then the simple

statements that appear together in parentheses in the symbolic form will all be on the
same side of the comma that appears in the English sentence.
Example5. Translate compound statements
Let p, q, and r represent the following.
p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.
a. Write (p ᴧ q) → r as an English sentence.
b. Write “ If you do not complete the training, then you will not get the promotion and you will not
receive a bonus.
Solution:
a.)Because the p and the q statements both appear in parentheses in the symbolic form, they are
place to the left of the comma in the English sentence.Thus the translation is
If you get a promotion and you complete the training, then you will receive a bonus.
b.)Because the not p and the not r statements are both to the right of the comma in the English
sentence, they are group together in parentheses in symbolic form.Thus the translation is,

~q →(~p ᴧ~r)

The use of parentheses in a symbolic statement may affect the meaning of the statement.For instance, ~(p ˅ q) indicates
the negation of the compound statement p ˅ q. however, ~p ˅ q indicates that only p statement is negated.
The statement ~(p ˅ q) is read as, “It is not true that, p or q.”The statement ~p ˅ q is read as, “not p or q.”
If you order cake and ice cream in a restaurant, the waiter will bring both cake and
ice cream. In general, the conjunction p ᴧ q is true if both p and q are true, and the conjunction
is false if either p or q is false. The truth table below shows the four possible cases that arise when we form a
conjunction of two statements.
Table 5
Truth Table for p ᴧ q
p q pᴧq

T T T
T F F
F T F
Truth Value of a Conjunction
F F F The conjunction p ᴧ q is true if and only if both p and q
are true.

Sometimes the word but is used in place of the connective and. For instance, “I ride
my bike to school, but I ride the bus to work,” is equivalent to the conjunction, “I ride my
bike to school and I ride the bus to work.”
Any disjunction p ˅ q is true if p is true or q is true or both p and q are true. The
truth table shows that the disjunction p or q is false if both p and q are false;
however, it is true in all other cases.
Table 6
Truth Table for p ˅ q
P Q p˅q

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Page 4 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

Truth Value of a Disjunction

The disconjunction p ˅ q is true if and only if p is true,q is
true, or both p and q are true.

Example6.Determine the truth value of a statement

Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. 7 ≥ 5.
b. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.

Solution:
a. 7 ≥ 5 means 7 > 5 or 7=5. Because 7 > 5 is a true statement,the statement 7 ≥ 5 is true statement.
b. This statement is false statement, because 5 is not an even number.

The Conditional and Related Statements

Suppose p and q are statements.The statement p →q( read as “if p, then q”) is called conditional statement or
implication, p is the premise or antecedent and q is the conclusion or consequent.

Every conditional statement p →q can be written in the following forms:

p imples q
q if p
q is implied by p
p only if q
every p is a q
q provided that p

Example7.Write a statement in equivalent form.

Write each of the following in “If p, then q” form.
a. The number is an even number provided that it is divisible by 2.
b. Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday.
Solution:
a. The statement, “The number is an even number provided that it is divisible by 2,” is
in “q provided that p” form. The antecedent is “it is divisible by 2,” and the consequent
is “the number is an even number.” Thus its “If p, then q” form is
If the number is divisible by 2, then it is an even number.
b. The statement, “Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday,” is in “p only if q”
form. The antecedent is “Today is Friday.” The consequent is “Yesterday was Thusrday.”
Its “If p, then q” form is
If today is Friday, then yesterday was Thursday.

The Converse, the Inverse, and the Contrapositive

Every conditional statement has three related statements. They are called the converse,
the inverse, and the contrapositive.
Statements Related to the Conditional Statement

The converse of p →q is q → p.

The inverse of p →q is ~ p → ~q.

The contrapositive of p → q is~ q → ~p.

The converse of p→ q is formed by interchanging the antecedent p with the

consequent q.

Page 5 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

The inverse of p → q is formed by negating the antecedent p and negating the

consequent q.
The contrapositive of p→ q is formed by negating both the antecedent p and the
consequent q and interchanging these negated statements.
Example8:Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement,
If I get the job, then I will rent the apartment.
Solution:
Converse: If I rent the apartment, then I got the job.
Inverse: If I do not get the job, then I will not rent the apartment.
Contrapositive: If do not rent the apartment, then I did not get the job.

Table 7. Truth Tables for Conditional and Related Statements

p q Conditional Converse Inverse Contrapositive
p→q q→p ~ p → ~q ~ q → ~p
T T T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F F T T T T
Biconditional Statement▼ example
A more complicated form of implication is the bi implication or biconditional denoted by the symbol
↔. The statement p↔q (read as “p if and only if q”) is true if and only if both p and q are either both true or
both false.
Table 8. Truth Tables for Biconditional Statement
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Example9:Determine the truth value of a Biconditional

State whether each biconditional statement is true or false.
a. x + 4= 7 if and only if x = 3.
b. x2= 36 if and only if x = 6.
Solution:
a.Both equations are true when x=3,and both are false when x ≠3.
Both equations have the same truth values for any value of x,so this is a true statement
b.If x= -6 the first equation is true and the second equation is false.Thus this statement is false.

The statement p↔q is equivalent to the statement ( p→q ) ᴧ (q→p), in symbol,

p↔q ≡ ( p→q ) ᴧ (q→p).
Example10:Constructing Truth Table
Construct the truth table for the logical operator ↔and check that indeed it is equivalent to ( p→q ) ᴧ (q→p).
Solution:
P q p↔q p→q q→p ( p→q ) ᴧ (q→p)
T T T T T T
T F F F T F
F T F T F F
F F T T T T

Since the columns p↔q and ( p→q ) ᴧ (q→p) have the same truth values, hence they are equivalent.

Quantifiers and Negation

In a statement, the word some and the phrases there exists and at least one are called
existential quantifiers. Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the existence
of something.

Page 6 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

In a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal quantifiers.
The universal quantifiers none and no deny the existence of something, whereas
the universal quantifiers all and every are used to assert that every element of a given set
satisfies some condition.
Recall that the negation of a false statement is a true statement and the negation of a true statement is a false
statement. It is important to remember this fact when forming the negation of a quantified statement. For
instance, what is the negation of the false statement, “No doctors write in a legible manner”? Whatever the
negation is, we know it must be a true statement. The negation cannot be
“All doctors write in a legible manner,” because this is also a false statement. The negation
is “Some doctors write in a legible manner.” This can also be stated as, “There exists at
least one doctor who writes in a legible manner.”The table below illustrates how to write the negation of some
quantified statements.

Table 9. Quantified Statements and their Negations

Statement Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y Some X are Y
Some X are not Y All X are Y
Some X are Y No X are Y

Example11:Write the Negation of a Quantified Statement

Write the negation of each of the following statements.
a. Some airports are open.
b. All movies are worth the price of admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
Solution:
a.No airports are open.
b.Some movies are not worth the price of admission.
c. Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.

Work/Practice Exercise

1.) Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

Consider the following simple statements.
p: Manny Pacquiao is a boxer.
q: Manny Pacquiao is a singer.
r: Manny Pacquiao is a basketball player.

a.)Manny Pacquiao is a boxer and he is a singer.

b.)Manny Pacquiao is not a singer or he is a basketball player.
c.)If Manny Pacquiao is not a boxer then he is a singer.
d.)Manny Pacquiao is basketball player if and only if he is a boxer.
2.) Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.
Consider the following simple statements.
p: x is an integer.
q: x is a rational number.
r: x is an natural number.
a.)q ᴧ p b.) ~ r ᴧ p c.) ~r↔p d.) ~r→q
3.)Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. -2≥3.
b. WMSU is a private institution if and only if 8 is an odd number.
.
4.)Write each of the following in “If p, then q” form.
a. We can buy a car provided that we have a garage.
b. Today is October 1, only if yesterday was September 30.

Page 7 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY
 WMSU-ISMP-GU-003.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

5.)Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement,

If I get a decent job, then I will marry you.
6.)Construct a truth table and determine if the statements are logically equivalent.
p→~r and r ˅~p
7.Write the negation of each of the following statements.
a. Some dogs bite.
b. All prime numbers are odd numbers.
c. Some snakes are not venomous.

REFERENCES
Aufmann, R., Lockwood J., Nation R.,Daniel K.,and Clegg,D.(2014) Mathematical excursion(3 rd
ed.)Boston, MA: Cengage
Baltazar, E.,Ragasa, C., and Evangelista J., Mathematics in the Modern World, C&E Publishing 2018

Page 8 of 8
CONTROLLED COPY