CHP 1 Material PDF

ECS256-CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
Engineering
erials and
Their Effective
Use
W1
Chapter 1 :
Introduction to Engineering
Materials & Their Effective Use
ECS256 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1

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COUSE OUTCOME & PROGRAM OUTCOME
LEARNING OUTCOME
CONTENTS
CEMENT & CONCRETE
REINFORCING & STRUCTURAL STEEL
WOOD
STRUCTURAL CLAY & CONCRETE UNITS

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Course Outcomes
This chapter address CO1PO1
CO1 : Apply the basic science and engineering

fundamentals to properties of construction
materials and analyze their properties.
PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge

and science, mathematics and engineering
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ECS256 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
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Learning Outcomes
List out types of civil engineering materials and describe

their effective use.
Relate the applications of the materials in practice
Discuss the factors influencing or criteria for material

selection for civil engineering applications
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Assessment Breakdowns :
• Final Examinations 60%
• Practical Test 1 15%
• Practical Test 2 15%
• Laboratory Report 10%
Total 100%
Recommended text & references:

• Mamlouk, M. S. and Zaniewski, J. P. (2011). Materials for Civil and Construction
Engineers (3rd ed.). Pearson. (Recommended Text)
• Amsterdam, V.E. (2013). Construction materials for civil engineering (2nd ed.) Juta
and Co. Ltd.
• Hassan, S.D. (2006). Civil engineering materials and their testing. Alpha Science
International Limited.
• Chandigarh, Ttti. (2006). Civil engineering materials (13th ed.) McGraw-Hill Education.
• Varghese, P.C. (2005). Building materials. Prentice Hall.
• Taylor, C.D. (2002). Materials in construction principles, practice and performance.
Pearson Education Limited.
• Somayaji S. (2001). Civil Engineering Materials (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall
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TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING MATERIAL AND
THEIR EFFECTIVE USE
BITUMEN &
WOOD
BITUMINIOUS
MATERIALS
Cement &
TYPE OF Concrete
ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
REINFORCING STRUCTURAL
& STRUCTURAL CLAY &
STEELS CONCRETE
UNITS
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INTRODUCTION
 Basically, materials are the substance or substances out of
which a thing is or can be made.
 In civil engineering, materials are employed to design and
build structures such as:
a) Road
b) Bridge
c) Housing
d) Dam
e) High –rise building
f) Retaining walls
g) foundations
h) waterfront construction
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Example of Civil Engineering Structures
Retaining structures
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Great Pyramid of Giza, the tallest building in the

world for over 3800 years
Burj Khalifa- the highest building in the world

(150 stories, 830 m).
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CEMENT & CONCRETE
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CEMENT &
CEMENT &CONCRETE
CONCRETE(CONT)
Most common construction material used in

construction project.
Sometimes admixture are required for specific

purposes.(Enhance concrete properties)
Have several types of cement depend to their

functions.
Concrete is a mixing of
cement, aggregates, sand and
water.
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 Aggregates contribute 70% of total strength of concrete.

 The mixing of water in concrete mix is important to generate heat when
react with cement to perform hydration process (Cement + Water =
Hydration process)
 All aggregates component will be bind together by hydration process
 Admixture is an additional substance to concrete mix. The uses of
admixture in concrete are to change the properties of concrete
according to construction needs.
+ + +
Concrete
cement Course aggregate Fine aggregate (sand) water
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TYPES OF CEMENT
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CONCRETE MIX
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CONCRETE
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INSPIRINGECS256
CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS MINDS
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Concrete as a Construction Material
a) Sport complex/Stadium b) Box girder of the LRT
c) Bridge d) High-rise building

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INSPIRING CREATIVE
ECS256 AND INNOVATIVE
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS MINDS
CONCRETE CRACK W14
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ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST (UPV)
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

REBOUND HAMMER TEST
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STEEL
 Rebar (short for reinforcing bar)
is a common steel bar or mesh
of steel wires commonly used
as a tension device in
reinforced concrete (RC) and
reinforced masonry structures,
to strengthen and hold the
concrete in compression.
 The surface of the rebar may be

patterned to form a better
bond with the concrete. It is
also known as reinforcing steel
and reinforcement steel
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STEEL (CONT)
Categorized into:
a) High yield steel
b) Mild yield steel
 Structural steel is a steel construction material, formed
with specific shape/profile, and certain standards of
chemical composition and mechanical properties.
 Structural steel shape, size, strength, storage etc is

regulated in most industrialized countries.
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 The unique of steel

a) High stiffness
b) High tensile strength
c) Ability to be formed into plate, sections and wire
d) Weldability
e) Electrical conductivity and thermal
 Main disadvantage of steel is corrosion and need to be protected against

corrosion agents.
 Product of steel are beam, column, and so on.
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Application of Steel in Construction
Forth Railway Bridge (Scotland) is the world’s first

major steel bridge (completed on 4 March 1890)
Transmission steel tower

a) PetronasTwin Tower -Built from Jan
1992 b) Combination of steel and glass
and completed in 1998.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Steel
Advantages:
1. Very strong in tension
2. Ductility. steel can undergo large plastic deformation before failure, thus
providing a large reserve strength.
3. Steel is highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.
4. Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.
Disadvantage
1) Corrosion - susceptibility to corrosion
2) Steel structures may be more costly than other types of structures.
3) Low fire resistant - loss of strength in fire although it can be protected by
paint.
4) Buckling and high deformation due to small sizes of members
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TIMBER & WOOD
 Traditional material used in Malaysia.

 The appearance normally extremely beautiful after properly been treated and
some process.
 Can be divided into 2 categories :
a) Hardwood (e.g. Chengal, Kapur, Jelutong)
b) Softwood (e.g Damar minyak, Podo, Sempilor)
 Determine by physical appearance and geological factor.
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Anatomy Of Wood
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TIMBER AND WOOD (CONT)
 Structure of wood can be divided into 5 layers:

a) Bark
b) Cambium
c) Sap wood
d) Heart wood
e) Pith
 Wood must be preserve and treated before been used

to overcome all the problem occurs by its enemies
(insects).
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Wooden house
Wooden roller coaster
Roofing for warehouse

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Timber & Wood
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Timber provides for flexibility of 1. Shrinkage and swelling - it will

design, and allows modifications absorb surrounding
and tweaks to layout during the condensable vapours and
construction process. loses moisture to air below the
2. Wood is a lower cost raw fibre saturation point.
material than steel. 2. Fungi - It is necessary to give
3. Wood is 400 times better as a some short information about
thermal insulator than steel and fungi agents to take measures
14 times better than concrete. against the wood
4. Wood also acts as humidity deterioration.
regulator, absorbing moisture 3. Fire - it easily catches fire.
when humid and desorbing 4. Insects - they cause to lumber
moisture when the air is dry. and wood in service.
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STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS
 Brick a moulded rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in

a kiln until hard and used as a building and paving material.
 Also refer as a small unit of building materials and normally
bonded each other with mortar.
 Mortar is a bonding agents comprising of cement, aggregate and
water which is filled between bricks.
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STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS (CONT)
 Basically masonry units can be divided into 2 categories :

a) Solid
b) Hollow
 The examples of solid section is brick and for hollow section is concrete
block. Normally block is bigger than brick.
 Several types of bricks – clay bricks, sand bricks and calcium silicate bricks.
 The size of unit bricks is small, normally 4 inches wide and twice as long.
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STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS (CONT)
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Applications of clay bricks
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Applications of clay bricks (Cont)
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FACTORS CHOOSING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
# A highly durable materials may provide the most sustainable solutions if it reduces
DURABILITY maintenance or replacement requirements but materials should also be appropriate to
the expected life of the building
# Cost considerations must include the initial cost of purchase and the life cycle
Cost costs of materials.
# Life cycle costs include maintenance, replacement, demolition and disposal
# Select materials and systems for ease of construction and installations.

Time
# Complicated installations with close tolerances can result in greater wastage
or even rework & more time being required.
Material # Important in order to ensure each material chosen has fulfilled the entire
Properties requirement in terms of physical, chemical & mechanical properties.
Availability # Long delivery lead-in-times must be allowed for as delays may cause project
hold-ups and cost and energy losses.
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Properties of engineering materials
• Material for engineering applications are selected so as to perform satisfactorily during service,
e.g.:
The material for highway bridge should possess

adequate strength, rough surface, and
sufficient rigidity.
A water retaining structure would be build with

a material that is impermeable, crack free,
strong, and does not react with water.
A road surface needs such materials that show little

movement under the impact loads, water resistant,
and easy to repair.

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 Performance requirements, or property specification, are not

the same for all structures or structural materials.
 What is expected of a material used for the construction of

liquid retaining structure are not the same as that chosen for a
pavement
 To evaluate the performance characteristics of engineering

materials and to assist and engineer in the selection of the
most appropriate and economical material for a particular
application, we need to study the properties of the materials
of construction.
 The common properties of engineering materials are grouped

under three major headings:
 Physical properties
 Mechanical properties
 Chemical properties
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Physical properties
• Physical properties are those derived from the properties matter or

attribute to the physical structure
• Physical properties are helpful in evaluating a material in terms of
appearance, weight, permeability and water retention of a structure.
specific Density
moisture gravity
content
Physical
void Properties permeability
content
/ratio
Structure
(micro or
porosity macro)
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Density
 Degree of compactness of a substance. It is the ratio

of object mass to its volume (kg/m³). Since most
design is limited to size and/or weight, density plays
important role.
ρ = m/v
Where : ρ = density
m = mass
v = volume
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Porosity
 It is property of being porous, void fraction, empty spaces in materials.

Able to absorb fluids.
 Porosity in soil, porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size
increases.
 Porosity in aggregate, if aggregate with high porosity will tend to produce a
less durability of concrete.
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Hot to determine the Porosity?
The process by which water is absorbed. The

amount of water absorbed under specific
conditions, usually expressed as percentage of the
dry weight of the material.
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Void Ratio
It is the ratio of void volume to solid volume. It is

expressed in a decimal value.
 Relationship between porosity, n and void ratio, e is
given below:
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Moisture content
 It is the quantity of water contained in a material,

such as soil (called soil moisture), rock, ceramics,
or wood on a volumetric or gravimetric basis.
 The property is used in a wide range of scientific

and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio,
which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the
value of the materials' porosity at saturation.
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Specific Gravity
 It is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a

substance to the density of a given reference material.
Specific gravity usually means relative density with respect to
water.
Specific gravity (S.G) = ρmaterial / ρwater@4°C
 At aprox. 4oC (39.2oF) pure water has it's highest density

1000 kg/m3
 The term "relative density" is often preferred in modern
scientific usage.
 E.g. mercury has a specific gravity of 13.56, so it is 13.56
times as dense as water.
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Permeability
 It is a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to
transmit fluids. It is also refer to quality of material that allow
liquid or gases to pass through it.
 Factor effecting the permeability of material:

a) Particle size and shape
b) Arrangement of particle
c) Density
d) Composition
e) Consolidation pressure
f) Presence of air or gas
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Hardness
Property of being rigid, resistant to pressure and not easily
scratched. Defined by Mohs scale (ability to resist scratch).
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Soundness
 Soundness of aggregates is the ability of aggregates to resist

change of volume due to change of physical condition.
 These physical conditions include freezing and thawing,
temperature change, alternative change of drying and wetting
in normal condition and alternative change of drying and
wetting in salt water.
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Mechanical properties
 Mechanical properties measure the resistance of a material to applied
loads or forces.
 Some reflect the strength of material, whereas others measure the
deformation capacity or stiffness.
 Strength is a measure of the maximum load per unit area, and can be in
relation to:
 Tension
 Compression
 Shear
 Flexure
 Torsion
 Impact
 If we compare the physical strength of one individual with the emotional
strength of another, we know that the two “strengths” are not the same
and that the comparison is inappropriate.
 The same reasoning can be applied when describing the strength of
material; it is important to specify the type of strength.
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Tension
 It is a force related to the stretching of an object (the

opposite of compression).
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Compression
 It is the capacity of a material to withstand loads tending to

reduce size. It can be measured by plotting applied force
against deformation in a testing machine.
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Shear
 The deformation of a material substance in which parallel

internal surfaces slide past one another.
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Flexure
 It is also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or

fracture strength a mechanical parameter for brittle material,
 It is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under
load.
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Torsion
 It is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. It is

expressed in newton-metres (Nm).
 The stress or deformation caused when one end of an object is
twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless
or twisted in the opposite direction.
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Ductility & Brittleness
 Stress-strain relations of a material shall reveal how the material deforms

when subjected to applied force.
 Materials that do not undergo plastic deformation prior to failure, such as
concrete, are said to be brittle.
 Materials that display appreciable plastic deformation, such as mild steel,
are ductile.
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Toughness
 The area under a force-deformation curve is the work done on the specimen.
This concept is useful, for it tells us the energy that is required to deform or
fracture the material.
 Resilience: the capacity of a material to absorb energy within the elastic range.
 Toughness: the ability of a material to absorb energy until fracture.
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Chemicals properties
 Chemical properties are those pertaining to the composition

and potential reaction of material.
 The compound of composition, such as oxides and carbonates,

describe the chemical nature of the material, and the way it
would behave in a certain environment.
 For example, by reviewing the proportions of principle

compounds in various cements, we will be able to choose the
right type of cement for a particular application.
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DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
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Causes of deterioration of concrete structure
Deterioration defects and/or failure of concrete structures could occur due to

many causes such as due to physical, mechanical and chemical actions.
Physical actions:
• Exposure to extreme temperature

– Fire damage
– Frost action (freeze-thaw action)
• Volume changes due to temperature & humidity gradient
• Differences in thermal coefficients between aggregate and cement
paste matrix.
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Causes of deterioration of concrete structure (cont)
Mechanical actions: Chemical actions :
• Abrasion • Sulphate attack

• Impact (handling, construction, • Alkali aggregate reaction
vehicular, etc.) (Alkali-silica reaction &
• Erosion alkali-carbonate reaction)
• Cavitation • Carbonation
• Overloading and fatigue (cyclic • Chloride attack
loading) • Corrosion of
• Blast reinforcement
• Acid attack (surface
erosion by acid rain,
aggressive chemicals in
industrial environment),
etc.
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Materials Performances and Its Measurement
Structural safety
• The ability to withstand stresses resulting from gravity, wind, thermal or
moisture movement or other sources.
Strength Ability to resist failure or excessive deformation under stress.
Stiffness Deformation which is recovered when the load is removed
Toughness
Creep Effect of long-term stress
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There should be no risk to health due to chemical or physical

Health/Safety effects of the material both during and after construction.
The material must behave acceptability in resisting fire

spread, release of dangerous substances in fire & retaining
Fire satisfactory structural stability.
The material should fulfill the above performance criteria as

Durability required for the planned lifetime of the building
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Specification & Standards
• Almost invariably centered around accepted standards which

provide a simple, convenient means of specifying
performance levels.
• Measure performance in a carefully defined reproducible

manner.
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British Standard
• began to produced from the early 20th century
• a committee representing manufacturers, researchers,
users and government organization.
• now operate only on a care & maintenance basis
• eventually be replaced by their European Codes
European Codes & Standards
• Provide a mechanism by which construction products

& material can be traded & used freely throughout the
European Common Market
• Produced by Technical Committee of the European
Committee for Standardisation
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ACTIVITY 1
• Set a group with FIVE (5) students for each
group.
• Discuss in group any ONE (1)related issue that
contribute to materials in construction.
• Present your result to the class for 10 minutes
presentation.
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ECS256-CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

ECS256 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1

COUSE OUTCOME & PROGRAM OUTCOME

CEMENT & CONCRETE

REINFORCING & STRUCTURAL STEEL

STRUCTURAL CLAY & CONCRETE UNITS

ECS256 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2

This chapter address CO1PO1

CO1 : Apply the basic science and engineering

PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge

List out types of civil engineering materials and describe

Relate the applications of the materials in practice

Discuss the factors influencing or criteria for material

Recommended text & references:

Great Pyramid of Giza, the tallest building in the

Burj Khalifa- the highest building in the world

CEMENT & CONCRETE

Most common construction material used in

Sometimes admixture are required for specific

Have several types of cement depend to their

 Aggregates contribute 70% of total strength of concrete.

a) Sport complex/Stadium b) Box girder of the LRT

c) Bridge d) High-rise building

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST (UPV)

REBOUND HAMMER TEST

 The surface of the rebar may be

 Structural steel shape, size, strength, storage etc is

 The unique of steel

 Main disadvantage of steel is corrosion and need to be protected against

Forth Railway Bridge (Scotland) is the world’s first

Transmission steel tower

 Traditional material used in Malaysia.

 Structure of wood can be divided into 5 layers:

 Wood must be preserve and treated before been used

Wooden roller coaster

Roofing for warehouse

1. Timber provides for flexibility of 1. Shrinkage and swelling - it will

 Brick a moulded rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in

 Basically masonry units can be divided into 2 categories :

# Select materials and systems for ease of construction and installations.

The material for highway bridge should possess

A water retaining structure would be build with

A road surface needs such materials that show little

ECS256 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 36

 Performance requirements, or property specification, are not

 What is expected of a material used for the construction of

 To evaluate the performance characteristics of engineering

 The common properties of engineering materials are grouped

• Physical properties are those derived from the properties matter or

 Degree of compactness of a substance. It is the ratio

 It is property of being porous, void fraction, empty spaces in materials.

Hot to determine the Porosity?

The process by which water is absorbed. The

It is the ratio of void volume to solid volume. It is

 It is the quantity of water contained in a material,

 The property is used in a wide range of scientific

 It is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a

Specific gravity (S.G) = ρmaterial / ρwater@4°C

 At aprox. 4oC (39.2oF) pure water has it's highest density

 Factor effecting the permeability of material:

 Soundness of aggregates is the ability of aggregates to resist

 It is a force related to the stretching of an object (the