NFPA 68 2012 Revised 20130122

Revision History
02/06/2007 Initial Release

05/06/2007 Added disclaimer
13/06/2007 Corrected errors in Partial volume calculation for Enclosures. Added calculation of top-down and bottom up when
02/07/2007 Corrected error in volume calculation for cylindrical hoppers.
03/07/2007 Corrected spherical vessel to show L/D always 1. Changed all L/D calculation formulae to allow calculating L/D<1
02/11/2007 Updated comments to reflect TIA Task Group modification of limits on Threshold Mass Equation
12/02/2008 Updated High Strength Dust solver cell formula per comments received. No change in results.
21/04/2008 Added notes in L/D tab to explain top-mounted vent application.
08/07/2008 Added guidance in Dust Enclosures tab describing duct diameter used for calculation and maximum 1.5 times are
29/07/2008 Changed L/D tab note 3) to correctly state that total enclosure volume is used for vent sizing with a single vent, no
Added new Note 4) to address multiple vents along central axis and renumbered subsequent notes.
Added check of Bottom-Up vs Top-Down total enclosure volume
Added check of calculated vent area versus effective area (cross-section for round or square enclosures)
29/10/2008 Revised L_D tab description of top-Down and Bottom-Up calculations to clarify.
Added a check for zero length above top-mounted vent in L_D tab so it eliminated div/zero error in Aeff calculation
26/11/2008 Corrected Partial Volume formula in Dust-Bldgs tab so Av4 equals Av3 when fill fraction is greater than 1 (was alr
Modified Partial Volume formula in Annex Vent Panel Inertia tab to highlight that Av3 is not used in that method
Added YES/NO selection for evenly distributed vents in High Str Gas and Dust Building tabs. Enclosure tabs use
01/06/2009 Add conditional restraint to VDI High Strength Gas equation. If Pstat is <0.1 bar, the second term in the equation
Throughout this document,

1. Green highlighted cells are for input
2. Yellow highlighted cells are calculated from other inputs
3. Purple highlighted cells are for copying and pasting from the L/D tab into the other tabs using Paste-Sp
4. Red highlighted cells appear in some places when a calculated value is out of allowed bounds. This is
22/01/2013 Add 2012 Equations with Rota calculation of Lambda based on Radius (as in original paper)
on of top-down and bottom up when vent is in side (pick longest L/Dhe). Added spherical vessel L/D. Corrected calculation of vented volu
n formulae to allow calculating L/D<1, but with warning format.

old Mass Equation
change in results.
culation and maximum 1.5 times area for vent ducts

for vent sizing with a single vent, no matter where vent is placed.
red subsequent notes.
ound or square enclosures)
ated div/zero error in Aeff calculation for top-down propagation.

fill fraction is greater than 1 (was already correct in Dust-Enclosures tab)
hat Av3 is not used in that method
st Building tabs. Enclosure tabs use L/D tab for input, but building tabs otherwise assume venting at one end of longest dimension.
bar, the second term in the equation is set equal to zero (not allowed to be negative)
nto the other tabs using Paste-Special-Values

is out of allowed bounds. This is not yet universal.
as in original paper)
calculation of vented volume to be entire section volume, not Veff (Veff is only used to determine the worst case L/D to the vent location)
ongest dimension.
L/D to the vent location)
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods
NFPA 68-2007 Evaluate L/D for Equipment Shapes
Calculate the Vent Area for each section of the Enclosure or for the whole enclosure
Notes:
1) The original printed version of the annex inserts the incorrect diameter of the conical hopper top into the eq
2) Placing a single vent somewhere along the central axis does not change the volume to be vented, but changes the
3) When a single vent is used, the volume to use in the vent area equations is the entire enclosure volume, no
4) When multiple vents are placed along the central axis, the volume to use in the vent area equations is the s
5) When subdividing along original central axis, at the point the section Length equals Dhe, then L/D=1.
6) Closer placement of vents does not reduce L/D or change the orientation of the axis, since the subdivision
7) When vents are placed such that L/D is less than or equal to 2, there is no further reduction in required vent area/se
8) For Dust Collectors, if the Volume between bags is considered, then look at a top-down height and calculate a sma
Rectangular Vessels with 1 Vent at end of section (no hopper extension)
Length 2 meters The longest distance from one end of the vessel to the opposite end of the vent.
Width 1 2 meters (Measured along central axis)
Width 2 2 meters
Volume 8 cubic meters
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H 2 meters
Aeff 4 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the general
shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape
p 8 meters
Dhe 2 meters
L/D 1 L/D can not be less than 1, by definition
Summary Block for Copying values

Length (H) 2 meters
Volume (V) 8 cubic meters
Area (Aeff) 4 square meters
Diameter (Dhe) 2 meters
Rectangular Vessels with Rectangular Hopper Extension

Calculate L/D for Bottom-up Flame Propogation
Volume above Top of Vent (not included in Effective Volume for L/D)
Length 1 meters The distance from the top of the vessel to the top of the vent.
Width a2 1.8 meters Dimension of straight side
Width b2 1.5 meters Dimension of opposite straight side
Volume 2.7 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Section above the vent
If the Vent is mounted horizontally on the top of vessel, then B47 should be set to zero.
Length 3 meters The distance from the top end of the vent to the top end of the Rectangular Hopper.
Volume 8.1 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Section
If no Hopper, then B57 should be set to zero.
Height h 2 meters The distance from the top to the bottom of the the Rectangular Hopper
Width a1 0.5 meters Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B48)
Width b1 0.3 meters Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B49)
Volume 2.33 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Hopper Section
H 5 meters
Veff 10.43 cubic meters
Aeff 2.086 sq meters
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape above the hopper
Aspect 1.2 ratio a/b This uses the aspect ratio of the above rectangular section
Side a 1.5821504 meters
Side b 1.3184587 meters
p 5.8012183 meters
Dhe 1.4383186 meters
L/D 3.4762813 Bottom-up L/D can not be less than 1, by definition
Calculate L/D for Top-down Flame Propogation

Length 2.5 meters The distance from the top of the vessel to the bottom of the vent (estimated 2.5 from picture)
Volume 6.75 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Section above the vent
Volume below Bottom of Vent (not included in Effective Volume for L/D)
Length 1.5 meters The distance from the bottom of the vent to the top of the Rectangular Hopper.
Volume 4.05 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Section
Height h 2 meters The distance from the top to the bottom of the the Rectangular Hopper
Width a1 0.5 meters Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B82)
Width b1 0.3 meters Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B83)
Volume 2.33 cubic meters Volume of Rectangular Hopper Section
H 2.5 meters
Aeff 2.7 sq meters If vent is mounted on top, sets Aeff=a2*b2
Aspect 1.2 ratio a/b This uses the aspect ratio of the above rectangular section
Side a 1.8 meters
Side b 1.5 meters
p 6.6 meters
L/D 1.5277778 Top-Down L/D can not be less than 1, by definition
Determine Worst-Case (either Top-Down or Bottom-up) for L/D (H/Dhe), Total Volume is the same
L/D(max) 3.4762813 Bottom-up

Length (H) 5 meters Check Volume Calculation Top-Down
Volume (V) 13.13 cubic meters 13.13 cubic meters
Area (Aeff) 2.086 square meters
Diameter (Dhe) 1.4383186 meters
Cylindrical Vessels with 1 Vent at end of section (no hopper extension)
Length 4.5 meters

Diameter 2.01 meters
Volume 14.278892 cubic meters
flame length). This assumes all venting at one end.
H 4.5 meters
Dhe 2.01 meters
L/D 2.238806 L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Length (H) 4.5 meters
Volume (V) 14.278892 cubic meters
Cylindrical Vessels with Conical Hopper Extension

Calculate L/D for Bottom-up Flame Propogation
Volume above Top of Vent (not included in Effective Volume for L/D)
Length 2 meters The distance from the top of the vessel to the top of the vent.
Diam 1 1.8 meters Diameter of larger cylindrical cross-section
Volume 5.0893801 cubic meters Volume of Cylindrical Section
Length 2 meters The distance from the top of the vent to the top end of the Conical Hopper.
Height h 2 meters The distance from the top to the bottom of the the Conical Hopper
Diam 2 0.5 meters Diameter at bottom of Conical Hopper
Volume 2.2985986 cubic meters Volume of Cylindrical Hopper Section
H 4 meters
L/D 2.6083875 Bottom-Up L/D can not be less than 1, by definition
Calculate L/D for Top-down Flame Propogation

Length 3.5 meters The distance from the top of the vessel to the bottom of the vent (estimated from picture)
Volume below Bottom of Vent (not included in Effective Volume for L/D)
Length 0.5 meters The distance from the bottom of the vent to the top end of the Conical Hopper.
Height h 2 meters The distance from the top to the bottom of the the Conical Hopper
Diam 2 0.5 meters Diameter at bottom of Conical Hopper
Volume 2.2985986 cubic meters Volume of Cylindrical Hopper Section
H 3.5 meters
Aeff 2.54469 sq meters If vent mounted on top, sets Aeff=PI/4*(Diam 1)^2
Dhe 1.8 meters
L/D 1.9444444 Top-Down L/D can not be less than 1, by definition
Determine Worst-Case (either Top-Down or Bottom-up) for L/D (H/Dhe), Total Volume is the same
L/D(max) 2.6083875 Bottom-Up

Length (H) 4 meters Check Volume Calculation Top-Down
Volume (V) 12.477359 cubic meters 12.477359 cubic meters
Spherical Vessels with 1 Vent
Diameter 2 meters
H 2 meters
Set Dhe = D in order that L/D=1
Dhe 2 meters
L/D 1 L/D = 1 for sphere, by definition

Length (H) 2 meters
Volume (V) 4.1887902 cubic meters
ny implied warranty or guarantee.
verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
cal hopper top into the equations.

e vented, but changes the effective worst/case L/D correction.
re enclosure volume, no matter where the vent is placed.
nt area equations is the section volume (Veff).
s, since the subdivision is only virtual walls, not real ones.

on in required vent area/section volume.
height and calculate a smaller Dhe, larger L/D for the bag section.
nd of the vent.
ctangular Hopper.
estimated 2.5 from picture).
ular Hopper.
lation Top-Down (Volume must be same)
estimated from picture)
lation Top-Down (Volume must be same)
NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - Low Strength Method

Low Strength Method limited to Su of 60 and KG of 130
Room Dimensions
Length 7.5 meters Example Data Su KG
Width 3 meters Acetone 54
Height 4 meters Isopropanol 41 83
Volume 90 cubic meters Methanol 56 75
Ethanol 78
Internal Surface Area for Flat Walls and Ceiling
Floor 22.5 meters
Roof 22.5 meters
Walls 84 meters
As 129 square meters
Material Alcohol/Methanol (Methanol worse than acetone) Su is the Fundamental Burning Velocity, KG is the Deflagr
Su 56 cm/sec from NFPA-68 annex If KG not available, estimate from Su as below and enter a
KG 75 bar-m/sec from NFPA-68 annex
Basis is KG = 100, Su=4
Calculate C factor, in bar^(0.5) KG 121.73913 bar-m/sec estimated from NFPA-68

C = 1.57 x 10 (Su) + 1.57 x 10 (Su) + 0.0109
-5 2 -4
C factor 0.0689272
Calculate Low Inertia Vent Area
Pred is the maximum pressure developed during the explosion and must be less
Pred
Assumed 100 psf = 0.04788 bar US 100 psf
Pred 0.04788 bar Metric = 0.0478803 bar
Av 40.635282 square meters
Pstat (max)
Pstat is the static release pressure of the vent and must be at least 0.024 bar (0.35 psi) bar less than Pred
Pstat 0.02388 bar This is the largest allowable Pstat, it can be less than this.
The specific value of Pstat is not used in this correlation.
Check for L/D less than 3 (Quiescent)

The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central
axis flame length). This assumes all venting at one end.
H 7.5 meters
Aeff 12 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
p 14 meters
L/D 2.1875 If L/D exceeds 3, vents must be placed along longest dimension
Inertia Correction for Materials with KG < 130 bar-m/sec and Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2
Correction for inertia is limited to KG < 130 bar-m/sec and panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then
is larger than the exterior wall of the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floo
them stronger.
n 1 number of panels
Mformula 429.90299 kg/m^2

MT 40 kg/m^2 MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above. If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an exp
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
M 40 kg/m^2 US 8 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, enter here and e
Metric = 39.1 kg/m^2
ΔA 0 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia

Av 40.6 sq meters
Buildings do not generally have vent ducts, so this is not included here.
Velocity, KG is the Deflagration Index.

m Su as below and enter at left:
Basis is KG = 100, Su=46 for propane
estimated from NFPA-68
xplosion and must be less than the room wall strength.

mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed. If Av
e containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make
40 kg/m^2, consult an expert
US units, enter here and enter metric units at left

NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - High Strength Method
Room Dimensions
Length 6.91896 meters Example Data Su KG
Width 6.30936 meters Acetone 54
Height 4.48056 meters Isopropanol 41 83
Volume 195.5953 cubic meters Methanol 56 75
Ethanol 78
Internal Surface Area for Flat Walls and Ceiling Hydrogen 550
Floor 43.654209 meters
Roof 43.654209 meters If KG not available, estimate from Su as below and enter a
Walls 118.54056 meters
As 205.84898 square meters Basis is KG = 100, Su=4
Material Propane
Su 0 cm/sec from NFPA-68 annex
KG 100 bar-m/sec from NFPA-68 annex KG 0 bar-m/sec estimated from NFPA-68
Pred
Pred is the maximum pressure developed during the explosion and must be less than the room wall strength.
The high strength method is intended for use at building design pressures of greater than 0.1 bar.

Pred 0.1 bar Metric = 0.1498652 bar
Pstat
Pstat is the static release pressure of the vent and must be > 0.1 bar and at least 0.05 bar less than Pred

Pstat 0.05 bar Metric = 0.1000697 bar
Cubical Vessel, Low Inertia Vent Area
A0=[(0.127 Log KG - 0.0567)*Pred^(-0.582) + 0.175 Pred^(-0.572)*(Pstat-0.1)]V^(2/3)

A0= 25.3921 Sq.Meters
where Limits
KG= 100 Bar M/sec <550
Pred= 0.1 Bar <2
Pstat= 0.05 Bar <0.5 If Red, Pstat is <0.1 and the formula is being used outside VDI bound
V= ### Cu.Meters <1000 When Pstat is <0.1, that part of formula is set to "zero"
Determine L/D
H 6.91896 meters
p 21.57984 meters
L/D 1 If Red, L/D has been set to "1" by entering a YES above.
L/D Correction
If L/D exceeds 2, a vent area correction is added
ΔA=A0* [KG (L/D-2)^2]/750

ΔA= 0.0000 Sq.Meters
where Limits
A0= 25.3921
KG= 100 Bar M/sec
L/D= 1 No Dimensions
A1=A0 + ΔA
A1= 25.3921 Sq.Meters
Inertia Correction for Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2

Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KG limit of the basic equation (i.e. KG=5
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
exterior wall of the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, th

M 40 kg/m^2 US 8 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, enter here and e
Metric = 39.1 kg/m^2
ΔA 0 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia

Av 25.3921 sq meters
This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below:
YES
m Su as below and enter at left:
om NFPA-68 annex
estimated from NFPA-68
g used outside VDI bounds

ormula is set to "zero"
basic equation (i.e. KG=550 bar-m/sec)
n no correction is needed. If Av is larger than the

s and floor Pred values, that is make them stronger.

at all venting is put on
e longest dimension,
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the m
NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Enclosures - High Strength Method

Example Data
Enclosure Section Dimensions Acetone
(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms) Isopropanol
Methanol
Length (H) 4.5 meters Ethanol
Volume (V) 14.27889 cubic meters V<1000 (This is total volume, not Veff) Hydrogen
Diameter (Dhe) 2.01 meters If KG not available, estimat
KG is the deflagration index

Pred is the maximum pressure developed during the vented explosion
Pstat is the static release pressure of the vent panel
Su
Material Hydrogen KG
KG 550 bar-m/sec KG<550

Pred 0.19252 bar 0.1 bar<Pred<2 bar US 313
Pstat 0.1 bar 0.1 bar<Pstat<(Pred-0.05) and Pred<0.5 Metric = 0.1498652
Cubical Vessel, Low Inertia Vent Area
A0=[(0.127 Log KG - 0.0567)*Pred^(-0.582) + 0.175 Pred^(-0.572)*(Pstat-0.1)]V^(2/3)

A0= 4.4731 Sq.Meters Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)
L/D Correction
L/D 2.238806 L/D<5

If L/D exceeds 2, a vent area correction is added
ΔA=A0* [KG (L/D-2)^2]/750

ΔA= 0.1871 Sq.Meters
A1=A0 + ΔA
A1= 4.6602 Sq.Meters Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)

Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KG limit of the basic equation (i.e. KG=5
the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them
MT 5.99021 kg/m^2 MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above.
M 40 kg/m^2 US 8 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, enter he
Metric = 39.1 kg/m^2 If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an e
ΔA 0.729949 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia
Av 5.3901 sq meters Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)
Vent Duct Effect

As the vent duct increases Pred, a pseudo-value P'red is used in the initial equations.
This section iterates to the value of P'red and vent area that will achieve the overall Pred goal.
Calculate Duct hydraulic diameter

Only enter YES/NO for Round Duct, as Rectangular is the automatic other choice
Round Duct N YES/NO

Round Duct Dhe 2.6197213 meters
Rectangular Duct Y
Aspect 1.5 ratio a/b
p 9.4781683 meters
Rectangular Duct Dhe 2.2747604 meters
Chosen Duct Dhe 2.27476 meters

Chose correct relation between P'red and Pred
Lduct 2.1 meters
Duct L/Dhe) 0.923174 For Lduct<3 meters and L/Dhe<4
P'red= 0.1925197 bar
Enter Design Goal for Pred with Duct
PredGoal= 0.3 bar For Lduct of 3 to 6 meters or L/Dhe > 4
P'red= 0.01672 bar
P'red= 0.19252 bar
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
t any implied warranty or guarantee.
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Example Data Su KG
54
Isopropanol 41 83
56 75
78
550
If KG not available, estimate from Su as below and enter at left:
0 cm/sec from NFPA-68 annex

0 bar-m/sec estimated from NFPA-68
psf
bar
he basic equation (i.e. KG=550 bar-m/sec)
hen no correction is needed. If Av is larger than the exterior wall of

ed values, that is make them stronger.
ensity is in US units, enter here and enter metric units at left
than 40 kg/m^2, consult an expert
area gets much larger as a result)

Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the
NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - Low Strength Method
Room Dimensions
Length 7.3152 meters This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless
Width 7.3152 meters the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting wil
Height 3.6576 meters such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below
Volume 195.72604 cubic meters No

Roof 53.512151 meters
As 214.0486 square meters
Area for Rectangular Building

L1 3.6576 meters Enter smallest dimension here
L2 7.3152 meters Enter next smallest dimension here
Cross Section Aeff 26.756076 square meters
Wetted Perimeter 21.9456 meters
Dhe 4.8768 meters
Enter Appropriate Building Values For Enclosure Dimensions below (Copy and Paste Special - Values)
Longest dimension is length
Two smallest dimensions determine Area (cross-sectional area)
Wetted Perimeter is the sum of linear dimensions around the cross-section
Diameter (Dhe) is 4 x Area/Wetted Perimeter
Example Data
(see Above to calculate these terms) Isopropanol
Methanol
Length (H) 7.3152 meters Methane
Area (Aeff) 26.756076 square meters Propane
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters

Pmax is the maximum pressure developed in a closed explosion test
Basic Enclosure and Vent Information
Pred 0.6 bar-g If Pred > 0.5 bar, use High Strength Method
Pstat 0 bar-g NOT USED in LOW STRENGTH
P0 0 bar-g intial pressure in the enclosure
Cd 0.7 vent flow discharge coefficient, taken as 0.7. Can be increased to 0.8 when the vent is esse
Pa 0.013 ambient pressure outside the vent = 0.013 bar-g
Material Propane
Su 0.46 m/sec
Pmax 7.9 bar-g US
Xst 0.055 stoichimetric volume fraction fuel in air Metric =
µu 1.80E-05 unburned gas-air mixture dynamic viscosity = 1.8E-05 kg/m-sec for gas concentrations less
au 343 unburned gas-air mixture sound speed = 343 m/sec for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
ρu 1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
γb 1.15 ratio of specific heats for burned gas-air mixture = 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the gas mixture
Gu 230.1 unburned gas-air mixture sonic flow mass flux = 230.1 kg/m2-sec for an enclosure at ambien
Determination of Turbulent Flame Enhancement Factor, l
GUESS Av 15.59409 square meters GUESS of Vent Area that must be iterated (Dv is used to determine l
Difference 0.0000 square meters Use Solver to achieve difference of GUESS and Panel Inertia Correct
Note that pressure terms in formula for uv are in absolute units, while the standard approach is to use ga
Default Parameters
q 0.39
β1 1.23
β2 0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of l0
Ref 7.48E+04
j1 3.1331
uv 312.7832 m/sec
Diameter of vent is iterated (av/pi)^0.5

Rev 4.65E+07
j2 1.8467
l0= 5.7858
Surface Area of Obstructions Correction to l
Surface area of obstructions includes:

1. The surface of conduits, pipes and such over 1/2 inch diameter
2. The surface area of structural columns, beams and joists
3. The surface area of stairways and railings
4. The surface area of equipment with characteristic dimension in the range of 2 to 20 inches (5.1 to 51 c
Aobs 0 square meters

Aobs/As 0
If Aobs> 0.4 As, l is increased. Otherwise l1 = l0
l1= 5.7858
L/D Correction to l IF(UPPER(LEFT(i11))="Y",1,…..) - This artificially sets L/D to 1 if venting is p
L/D 1.5000 L/D<5

If L/D exceeds 2.5, a correction is made to l .
l= 5.7858
Low Pressure, Low Inertia Vent Area
Determine C Deminimus value of C
C-demin = 0.0593507
C= 0.0564317
Determine Av0
Use original S-W equation, and also changing t
Av0= 15.5941 Sq.Meters Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)
Partial Volume Correction

Calculate the worst-case building partial volume fraction, Xr, from the following equation:
Vgas 100 volume of gas at ambient pressure which could escape from the credible event, cubic meter
Xr= 9.289422
P= 0.0759494
If Xr is less then P, then no venting is required

If Xr is greater than 1, partial volume does not apply and Av4=Av3
Av1= 15.5941 square meters

Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to Su limit of the basic equation (i.e. Su =
room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them str

MT 40 kg/m^2 MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above.
The amount of vent area increase depends on the mode of opening, either hinged or translating.
M 10 kg/m^2 US 2 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, enter

Hinged Vent N YES/NO Metric = 9.8 kg/m^2 If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult a
FSH 1
Av 15.5941 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia
Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)
Vent Duct Effect


Round Duct N YES/NO

Rectangular Duct Y
p 16.121461 meters

Lduct 2.1 meters
P'red= 0.1202357 bar
P'red= 0.0076265 bar
P'red= 0.1202357 bar
er should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
b for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
enter YES in the cell below:
Example Data Su Pmax

0.54
Isopropanol 0.41
0.56
0.4 7.8
3.12 6.8
0.46 7.9
0.8 when the vent is essentially an entire wall/side of the enclosure
313 psf
0.1498652 bar
r gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
ntrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
nding on the gas mixture
or an enclosure at ambient temperatures
(Dv is used to determine l and is taken as Av0.5)

and Panel Inertia Corrected Vent Area = 0
dard approach is to use gauge values.

2 to 20 inches (5.1 to 51 cm)
ts L/D to 1 if venting is provided well distributed

ation, and also changing to not use Pred^0.5 below
redible event, cubic meters
basic equation (i.e. Su = 3 m/sec)
n no correction is needed. If Av is larger than the exterior wall of the

ues, that is make them stronger.

ea gets much larger as a result)

NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - Low Strength Method

Example Data
Methanol
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters NEED TO DETERMINE THIS IN L/D TAB, NOT DONE YET

Pred 0.6 bar-g If Pred > 0.5 bar, use High Strength Method
Pstat 0 bar-g NOT USED in LOW STRENGTH
Material Propane
Su 0.46 m/sec
Pmax 7.9 bar-g US
ρu 1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
Default Parameters
q 0.39
β1 1.23
β2 0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of l0
Ref 7.48E+04
j1 3.1331
uv 312.7832 m/sec
Rev 4.65E+07
j2 1.8467
l0= 5.7858


Aobs/As 0
l1= 5.7858
L/D Correction to l
L/D 1.5000 L/D<5

l= 5.7858
Low Pressure, Low Inertia Vent Area
Determine C Deminimus value of C
C-demin = 0.0593507
C= 0.0564317
Determine Av0

Xr= 9.289422
P= 0.0759494




FSH 1
Vent Duct Effect


Round Duct N YES/NO

Rectangular Duct Y
p 16.121461 meters
Lduct 2.1 meters
P'red= 0.1925197 bar
P'red= 0.01672 bar
P'red= 0.1925197 bar

0.54
Isopropanol 0.41
0.56
0.4 7.8
3.12 6.8
0.46 7.9
NOT DONE YET
313 psf
0.1498652 bar
(Dv is used to determine l and is taken as Av0.5)




Room Dimensions
Length 7.3152 meters This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless
Width 7.3152 meters the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting wil
Height 3.6576 meters such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below
Volume 195.72604 cubic meters No

Roof 53.512151 meters
As 214.0486 square meters
Area for Rectangular Building

L1 3.6576 meters Enter smallest dimension here
L2 7.3152 meters Enter next smallest dimension here
Cross Section Aeff 26.756076 square meters
Wetted Perimeter 21.9456 meters
Dhe 4.8768 meters
Enter Appropriate Building Values For Enclosure Dimensions below (Copy and Paste Special - Values)
Longest dimension is length
Two smallest dimensions determine Area (cross-sectional area)
Wetted Perimeter is the sum of linear dimensions around the cross-section
Diameter (Dhe) is 4 x Area/Wetted Perimeter
Example Data
(see Above to calculate these terms) Isopropanol
Methanol
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters

Pred 0.6 bar-g If Pred < 0.5 bar, use Low Strength Method
Pstat 0.1 bar-g 0.1 bar<Pstat<(Pred-0.05) and Pred<0.5
Material Propane
Su 0.46 m/sec
Pmax 7.9 bar-g US
ρu 1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at
Default Parameters
q 0.39
β1 1.23
β2 0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of l0
Ref 7.48E+04
j1 3.1331
uv 312.7832 m/sec

Rev 4.70E+07
j2 1.8489
l0= 5.7928


Aobs/As 0.4157934
l1= 5.8843
L/D Correction to l IF(UPPER(LEFT(i11))="Y",1,…...) - This artificially sets L/D to 1 if venting is
L/D 1.5000 L/D<5

l= 5.8843
High Pressure, Low Inertia Vent Area
Determine d
d= 0.0151809
Determine Av0

Xr= 9.289422
P= 0.0759494




FSH 1
Vent Duct Effect


Round Duct N YES/NO

Rectangular Duct Y
p 16.307406 meters

Lduct 2.1 meters
P'red= 0.1925197 bar
P'red= 0.01672 bar
P'red= 0.1925197 bar
b for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
enter YES in the cell below:
Obstacles (all)
Diam 2.38 inch
0.060452 m
Spacing 1.5 ft
0.4572 m
Totl Num 256
Totl Surf 177.8266 m2
1914.1095 ft2

0.54
Isopropanol 0.41
0.56
0.4 7.8
3.12 6.8
0.46 7.9
313 psf
0.1498652 bar
ations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
Dv is used to determine l and is taken as Av0.5)


ets L/D to 1 if venting is provided well distributed




Example Data
Methanol
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters NEED TO DETERMINE THIS IN L/D TAB, NOT DONE YET

Pred 0.6 bar-g If Pred < 0.5 bar, use Low Strength Method
Pstat 0.1 bar-g 0.1 bar<Pstat<(Pred-0.05) and Pred<0.5
Material Propane
Su 0.46 m/sec
Pmax 7.9 bar-g US
ρu 1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at
Default Parameters
q 0.39
β1 1.23
β2 0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of l0
Ref 7.48E+04
j1 3.1331
uv 312.7832 m/sec
Rev 4.70E+07
j2 1.8489
l0= 5.7928


Aobs/As 0.4157934
l1= 5.8843
L/D Correction to l
L/D 1.5000 L/D<5

l= 5.8843
High Pressure, Low Inertia Vent Area
Determine d
d= 0.0151809
Determine Av0
0.2248739

Xr= 9.289422
P= 0.0759494




FSH 1
Vent Duct Effect


Round Duct N YES/NO

Rectangular Duct Y
p 16.307406 meters

Lduct 2.1 meters
P'red= 0.1925197 bar
P'red= 0.01672 bar
P'red= 0.1925197 bar

0.54
Isopropanol 0.41
0.56
0.4 7.8
3.12 6.8
0.46 7.9
NOT DONE YET
313 psf
0.1498652 bar
ations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
Dv is used to determine l and is taken as Av0.5)




NFPA 68-2007 Dusts in Buildings
Room Dimensions This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assu
Length 8.6 meters the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed a
Width 5 meters such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below:
Height 7.3 meters YES
KSt is the deflagration index

Π is the ratio of Pred/Pmax
KSt 132 bar-m/sec

Pred 0.04788 bar Assumed 100 psf wall for this calculation
Pmax 9.1 bar
Pstat 0.0345 bar US 0.5 psig
Π 0.0052615 Pred/Pmax Metric = 0.0344738 barg
Av0 13.769331 sq meters
Check for L/D less than 2
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central
axis flame length). This assumes all venting at one end.
H 8.6 meters
Aeff 36.5 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
p 24.6 meters
L/D 1 If Red, L/D has been set to "1" by entering a YES above.
Building requires a factor of 1.7 on vent area
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (not included here)
Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KSt limit of the basic equation (i.e. KSt=

The total mass of the panel, including insulaton, fasteners and restraint system is divided by the
open ventVent
Intended area.Panel Density
M 40 kg/m^2 US 2.5 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, enter here and e
Metric = 12.2 kg/m^2 If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an expert
Av3 23.407863 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia

Mf 148 gm Estimate Fill Fraction YES YES or NO
Afs 0.37 sq meters If YES Mf/Afs = 640 gm/m2 Assumed Dust on Floor of Operat
Cw 500 gm/m^3 Ms/Ass = 640 gm/m2 Worst Case allowed assumptions pe
H 7.3 meters Cw = 200 gm/m2
Ms 100 gm
Asur 20 sq meters Calculated from Inputs at Left
Ass 0.37 sq meters If NO Mf/Afs = 400 gm/m2
V 313.9 m^3 Ms/Ass = 270.27027 gm/m2
Cw = 500 gm/m2
Always Enter the mass of combustibles that could be released from equipment or storage below:
Me 4.8 kg
4800 gm
Xr 0.7187002 fill fraction
If Xr is less then Π, then no venting is required

ess noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on

will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
basic equation (i.e. KSt=800 bar-m/sec)

m^2, consult an expert
d Dust on Floor of Operational Room
se allowed assumptions per section 8.3.4
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the m
NFPA 68-2007 Dust in Equipment
Enclosure Section Dimensions

(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms)
Length (H) 1 meters

Volume (V) 2 cubic meters (This is total volume, not Veff)

KSt 318 bar-m/sec

Pred 0.88 bar
Pmax 8.4 bar
Av0= 0.1675141 sq meters Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff)

(Use inputs above)
L/D (H/Dhe) 1 L/D<6 (8 for silos)
If L/D >2, increase vent area, else Av1=Av0

Turbulence Correction
Select as many options as applicable for the enclosure and this picks the highest correction.
Building? N YES/NO Correction factor of 1.7 if a building (occupiable)
Av2/Av1= 0
Flow-Created? N YES/NO
Inlet Air 20 m^3/sec
Inlet Pipe Diam 1m
Outlet Pipe Diam 1m
Vaxial 10 meter/sec
Vtangential 12.732395 meter/sec (0.5 Vtan_max)
Rotating Equip? N YES/NO

Rotational Radius 0.5 meter
Rotational Speed 1000 RPM
Pick highest value of selected "YES" options above

Highest Av2/Av1= 0 No adjustment made if calculated Av2/Av1 is <1
If Velocities are less than 20 meters/sec, then Av2=Av1.
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (not included here)
Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KSt limit of the basic equation (i.e. KSt=

MT 0.5901206 kg/m^2 MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above.
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller. The total mass
of the panel, including insulaton, fasteners and restraint system is divided by the open vent area.
Intended Vent Panel Density
M 7.45 kg/m^2 US 0.75 lb/sq ft If panel density is in US units, en
Metric = 3.7 kg/m^2 If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consu
Av3 0.2058578 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia
Mf 148 gm Estimate Fill Fraction YES YES or NO
Afs 0.37 sq meters If YES Mf/Afs = 640 gm/m2
Cw 500 gm/m^3 Ms/Ass = 640 gm/m2
H 1 meters Cw = 200 gm/m2
Ms 100 gm
V 2 m^3 Ms/Ass = 270.27027 gm/m2
Cw = 500 gm/m2
Me 4.8 kg
4800 gm

Vent Duct Effect
Enter a Guess for the final Avf. A suggestion is to start with about 20% greater than Av4.
Avf (guess)= 0.2058578 m^2
Round Duct N YES/NO

Round Duct Dhe 0.5119632 meters Guidance
1. The duct area used in the Vent Duct Effect is that
Rectangular Duct Y 2. When duct area is larger than the vent area, actua
Aspect 1.5 ratio a/b 3. The actual duct area should be no more than 1.5
p 1.8522859 meters
Enter Duct Configuration
Lduct 0 meters
epsilon 0.26 mm This is the roughness, used in friction factor.
K elbows 0
K hat 0
Calculate Friction Factor
f= 0.0172862
Iterate Vent Duct Effect

Use Solver to set "Guess-Calc Avf" to zero by changing Avf (guess) with constraints of Avf*Lduct/V < 1, and Avf < Aeff to get a
Multiple solutions are possible at or above the given constraints.
If Lduct is too large, there may not be a solution and you will have to look at increasing Pred.
(f*Lduct/Dhe)= 0 (straight duct sections)

K= 1.5 Solution Problems
E1= 0 1. If the Pred is too low, the cons
E2= 3.5923896 2. If the Duct length is too great,
Avf/Av4= 1 Suggestions to Solve
Avf = 0.2058578 m^2 Vent Area can not exceed cross-section (Aeff) 1. Increase Pred
2. Shorten duct
Guess-Calc Avf 0 Avf(guess) is cell B149 3. Change to round duct
4. Straighten duct
Constraint <1
Avf*Lduct/V 0 This is the ratio of the duct volume to the enclosure volume
Av/Aeff 0.0514644 This is the ratio of the duct area to the enclosure cross-section
Constraint Leff < RHS Constraint

Ldusty= 73.060145 meters (Pmax-Pred)*V/Av
Leff= 0 meters min(Lduct, Ldusty)
RHS Constraint= 13.979516 meters min(10000*D/Kst, 11000/Kst)
ithout any implied warranty or guarantee.
he user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Correction for Flow-Created Turbulence (uses the maximum Axial or Tangential Turbulence)
This would be typical for a cyclone
Av2/Av1= 0
Correction factor if Rotating Equipment

This would be typical for a grinder or hammermill
Av2/Av1= 0
it of the basic equation (i.e. KSt=800 bar-m/sec)
aller. The total mass

area.
If panel density is in US units, enter here and enter metric units at left
If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an expert
ion for inertia

YES or NO
Assumed Dust on Floor of Operational Room
Worst Case allowed assumptions per section 8.3.4
ed in the Vent Duct Effect is that equal to the vent area.
s larger than the vent area, actual Pred can be higher or lower.
rea should be no more than 1.5 times the vent area.
Lduct/V < 1, and Avf < Aeff to get a single solution.
Solution Problems
1. If the Pred is too low, the constraint of Av/Aeff is not met and Cells B183-187 will not be numbers
2. If the Duct length is too great, the constraint of Avf*Lduct/V is not met and the same thing will happen.
Suggestions to Solve
1. Increase Pred
2. Shorten duct
3. Change to round duct
4. Straighten duct
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the met
Determine Pred for "Inertialess" vents, including L/D, Turbulence, and Partial Volume
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (here)
Use: 1) Enter Input data and value slightly below desired Pred at B26
2) Use solver to set Target Cell M7 equal to desired Pred with Inertia, by changing cell B26
Enclosure Section Dimensions Final Value of Pred with Inertia Correction

(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms) Second Peak
Length (H) 2 meters

Volume (V) 2.4 cubic meters (This is total volume, not Veff)

KSt 260 bar-m/sec

Pred 0.856099 bar Solver solution constrained > 0.01
Pmax 9.1 bar

(Use inputs above)
L/D (H/Dhe) 1
If L/D >2, increase vent area, else Av1=Av0

Turbulence Correction
Select as many options as applicable for the enclosure and this picks the highest correction.
Building? N YES/NO Correction factor of 1.7 if a building (occupiable)

Av2/Av1= 0
Flow-Created? N YES/NO For Flow-Created Turbulence, use the maximum Axial or Tangential Turbulence
Inlet Air 20 m^3/sec This would be typical for a cyclone
Inlet Pipe Diam 1m Av2/Av1= 0
Outlet Pipe Diam 1m
Vaxial 16.66667 meter/sec
Rotating Equip? N YES/NO Correction factor if Rotating Equipment

Rotational Radiu 0.5 meter This would be typical for a grinder or hammermill
Rotational Speed 1000 RPM Av2/Av1= 0
ighest Av2/Av1= 0 (picks highest value of selected "YES" options above)
If Velocities are less than 20 meters/sec, then Av2=Av1.

Minimum value of Av2/Av1 is 1.

Mf 148 gm Estimate Fill Fractio YES YES or NO

Afs 0.37 sq meters If YES Mf/Afs = 640 gm/m2 Assumed Dust on Floor of Operation
Cw 500 gm/m^3 Ms/Ass = 640 gm/m2
H 2 meters Cw = 200 gm/m2
Ms 100 gm
V 2.4 m^3 Ms/Ass = 270.27 gm/m2
Cw = 500 gm/m2
Me 4.8 kg
4800 gm

If Xr is greater than 1, partial volume does not apply and Av4=Av2 (Inertia correction is later)
Annex F Alternate Inertia Correction
Vent Panel Characteristics

sv = 64 kg/m^2 Panel Shape changes Shape Factor, cs
n= 1 equal panels Square 1 Aspect ratio= 0.5
cs = 1 Enter from Right Round 0.886 Rectang 1.06066
m= 0 Enter from Right Vent Gravitational Coefficient, m

Horizontal panel, on top of vessel 1
Po = 1 bara Other Orientations 0
Pmax = 10.1 bara
2.4000 bara
Pred due to panel inertia = 1.4000 barg = 20.30 psig
4.0 - Determine inertia

1.0 -Correct Kst for pressure. param S 8.0 - Determine Pv 13.0 - Determine Pri for Gk< 1
Kst,v = 305.5 S = 0.13679 Pv = 0.010989 Pri =
5.0 - Determine Sk after 14.0 - Determine Pri for 1<

2.0 -Correct Kst for volume. vent deployment 9.0 - Determine f(Pv) Gk< 3
K = 261.1166 Sk = 0.13827 f(Pv) = 3.3149677 Pri =
6.0 - Determine vent param 10.0 - Determine exponent 15.0 - Determine Pri for 3
3.0 -Dpr, for inertialess vents G h < Gk
Dpr = 0.856099 barg G = 0.75672 h = 0.6114 Pri =
16.0 - Determine increase ove

7.0 - Determine vent param 11.0 - Determine Pvi (Pstat with vent pressure after
Gk inertia
) deployment Pri
Gk = 0.75349 Pvi = 1.7166569 bara Pri =

thout any implied warranty or guarantee.
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
anging cell B26
d with Inertia Correction 1.4000 bar

1.4000 bar
um Axial or Tangential Turbulence
med Dust on Floor of Operational Room

vent panel aspect ratio (short side/long side<1)
13.0 - Determine Pri for Gk< 1
2.4000
14.0 - Determine Pri for 1<

Gk< 3
2.3671
15.0 - Determine Pri for 3

< Gk
1.8561
16.0 - Determine increase over

vent pressure after
deployment Pri
2.4000 bara
Insert Prugh Le-Chatalier for Hybrid Mix from Loss Prevention
Question whether the shape of the curve can be estimated using the same Brandes method
Insert Hybrid Mixture estimation from Su.

NFPA 68 2012 Revised 20130122

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Revision History

02/06/2007 Initial Release

Throughout this document,

n formulae to allow calculating L/D<1, but with warning format.

culation and maximum 1.5 times area for vent ducts

ound or square enclosures)

ated div/zero error in Aeff calculation for top-down propagation.

nto the other tabs using Paste-Special-Values

NFPA 68-2007 Evaluate L/D for Equipment Shapes

Rectangular Vessels with 1 Vent at end of section (no hopper extension)

L/D 1 L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Summary Block for Copying values

Rectangular Vessels with Rectangular Hopper Extension

L/D 3.4762813 Bottom-up L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Calculate L/D for Top-down Flame Propogation

L/D 1.5277778 Top-Down L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Summary Block for Copying values

Cylindrical Vessels with 1 Vent at end of section (no hopper extension)

Length 4.5 meters

Dhe 2.01 meters

L/D 2.238806 L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Cylindrical Vessels with Conical Hopper Extension

Dhe 1.5335145 meters

L/D 2.6083875 Bottom-Up L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Calculate L/D for Top-down Flame Propogation

Dhe 1.8 meters

L/D 1.9444444 Top-Down L/D can not be less than 1, by definition

Summary Block for Copying values

Spherical Vessels with 1 Vent

Set Dhe = D in order that L/D=1

L/D 1 L/D = 1 for sphere, by definition

cal hopper top into the equations.

s, since the subdivision is only virtual walls, not real ones.

estimated 2.5 from picture).

NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - Low Strength Method

Calculate C factor, in bar^(0.5) KG 121.73913 bar-m/sec estimated from NFPA-68

Calculate Low Inertia Vent Area

Av 40.635282 square meters

Check for L/D less than 3 (Quiescent)

Mformula 429.90299 kg/m^2

ΔA 0 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia

Velocity, KG is the Deflagration Index.

Basis is KG = 100, Su=46 for propane

estimated from NFPA-68

xplosion and must be less than the room wall strength.

40 kg/m^2, consult an expert

US units, enter here and enter metric units at left

NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - High Strength Method

Assumed 313 psf = 0.15 bar US 313 psf

Assumed 209 psf = 0.10 bar US 209 psf

Cubical Vessel, Low Inertia Vent Area

A0=[(0.127 Log KG - 0.0567)*Pred^(-0.582) + 0.175 Pred^(-0.572)*(Pstat-0.1)]V^(2/3)

ΔA=A0* [KG (L/D-2)^2]/750

Inertia Correction for Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2

Mformula 1580.7337 kg/m^2

ΔA 0 sq meters If M < MT, then there is no area correction for inertia

m Su as below and enter at left:

Basis is KG = 100, Su=46 for propane

g used outside VDI bounds

n no correction is needed. If Av is larger than the

40 kg/m^2, consult an expert

US units, enter here and enter metric units at left

NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Enclosures - High Strength Method

A0=[(0.127 Log KG - 0.0567)Pred^(-0.582) + 0.175 Pred^(-0.572)(Pstat-0.1)]V^(2/3)

A0=[(0.127 Log KG - 0.0567)Pred^(-0.582) + 0.175 Pred^(-0.572)(Pstat-0.1)]V^(2/3)