Management Information system refers in general to a computer-based data system that

supply managers with the appliances for arranging estimating and proficiently conducting
their departments.
MIS works with:
•exact information,
•to the correct person,
•at the perfect place,
•at the main time,
•in the proper form,
•at the fair cost.
But there are some major challenges in management to work with an information system
1)workforce downsizing: So many laborers are losing their job because every company is
looking for a computerized environment on their mill and farm and that’s why they reduce
their labor forces.
2)information overload: Information overload means when the data to a system exceeds its
processing capacity and it often happens in an information system.
3)employee mistrust: Information system and information technology is developing and this
is highly appreciated by every company but for the heavy using of IT and IS employees are
being mistrusted
4)difficult to build: Sometimes information system difficult to build because of companies
criteria and labor forces

5)rapidly changing technology: Its an era of digitalization, so that every time markets come
with a new idea and new technology so its too tough to maintain companies information
system with a rapidly changing technology’s world
6)Reliability(security) for data: Data security discuss produced by move along in technology
and the way in which users, businesses and more operation use that technology will be a
noteworthy study in the year ahead. Data-related cases pervade more or less all progressing
technologies. With large numbers of business and personal data communicated and kept
electronically, the chances for data violation are dramatically increased and businesses must
anticipate quick responses to make certain a patchwork of state and federal data breaking
law. While those laws carry on with to lift the qualities for data security practices, reducing
parties also anticipate significant accountability for these standards. Add to cipher and
biometrics may also supply suspensions for some of these difficulty.
7. Unlocked Origin Software: Non-proprietary unrolled origin software applications provide
many well being and costs reductions, but acquiescence with unbolted source license terms
can  be difficult. If not handled rightly, use of unlocked origin software can understanding
possession of company software and threaten accession and other notable business
agreement.
8.Social Media linked responsibility: Extensive business utilize of social media device means
that companies must keep going and interface clear plans of bearable practices and make sure
compliance with relevant expression. Many legal hazard exist, including running contravene
of state-level sweepstakes rules  with online advertising; failure to comply with applicable
FTC guidelines when using social media for online promoting programs; inadvertent
violation of third-party cognitive belongings rights when posting content; and contract
breaking because of disobedience with social media platform acts.

references:
•https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rapid-growth-firms-the-challenge-of-managing-
information-technology/
•https://www.shopify.com/encyclopedia/management-information-systems-mis
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6139009/
•https://www.sgrlaw.com/ttl-articles/10-technology-challenges/

Answer to the question number 02:

IT foundation can be seen as innovation or as benefit clustersThe service-
based definition centers on the administrations given by
the equipment and program, such as computing stages, broadcast communications,
physical offices administration, application program, information administration,
IT administration, IT guidelines, IT instructions, and
IT investigate and advancement The benefit stage viewpoint highlights
the commerce esteem given by IT foundation.

Five stages within the advancement of IT foundation can be recognized: 1.

Electronic bookkeeping machine period (1930-1950):
The utilize of huge, lumbering machines with hardwired program for
sorting, including, and announcing information

2. General-Purpose Mainframe and minicomputer era (1959-

present): The presentation and proceeded to utilize centralized
computers. Centralized servers were the primary effective computers
that may give time sharing, multi entrusting, and virtual memory, and got to
be capable sufficient to back thousands of inaccessible terminals. The centralized
server time was a period of profoundly centralized computing controlled
by software engineers and framework administrators.
Minicomputers, effective however less costly computers, started to alter this design
, permitting decentralized computing customizable
to person divisions or commerce units.
3. Personal computer era (1981-present):The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981
is more often than not considered the starting of the PC time since this machine
was the primary to be broadly received by American businesses. 95 percent of
today's 1 billion computers are Wintel PCs, utilizing Windows computer
programs and Intel chips. PCs were standalone frameworks until the PC
operating framework program within the 1990s made
it conceivable to connect them into systems.

4. Client server era (1983-present): In client/server computing, desktop

or tablet computers called clients are organized to server computers that give the
clients with administrations and capabilities. Computer handling work is part of
these two sorts of machines. The client is the client point of passage, while the
server regularly forms and stores shared information, serves up Web pages,
or oversees organize exercises. The term server alludes to both
the program application and the physical computer on which
the arrange program runs. The server may well be a centralized server,
but nowadays server computers ordinarily are
more effective forms of individual computers.
In a two-tiered client/server design, a client computer is organized to a server
with handling parts between the two. In multi-tiered (N-tier)
client/server engineering, the work of the whole arrangement is adjusted over a
few distinctive levels of servers. Disseminating work over a number
of littler cheap machines taken a toll much less than minicomputers or centralized
computers.
3. Metcalf's Law and Network Economics: In 1970, Metcalfe's
Law portrayed the esteem of a arrange develops exponentially with
each increment in enrollment to the arrange. Request for data innovation has been
driven by the social and commerce esteem of advanced systems,
which quickly increase the number of real and
potential joins among organize individuals.

4. Declining Communications Costs and the Internet: The quick decay of

communication costs and the exponential development in the estimate of
the Web are changing IT foundation.

That’s key points are indicated the relation between information technology
Infrastructure and business capabilities
references:
https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~als/mis10e/ch5/chpt5-1bullettext.htm
https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~acbrito/laudon/ch6/chpt6-1main.htm
https://www.coursehero.com/file/18712554/Unit-III-Assessment-responses/

Answer to the question number 03:

When an organization or company moves IT to the cloud,
it incredibly decreases the have to keep up in-house skill, taking
off it, instep, within the hands of its cloud computing
and overseen administrations supplier. Since the supplier as of now encompasses
a strong framework in put, the organization is at that point effortlessly able to scale
IT up as required, without the have to
be arrange for expansive equipment, computer program, and faculty overhauls.
Whether a startup or a fortune 100 (or both), decreasing the fetched of IT
is basic to keeping the foot line in check. By moving to the cloud, companies as it
were pay for what they require when they require it. Most critically, the fetched of
IT is right away diminished to a best-practice uncovered least. The elective of
keeping IT on-premise would as it were be able to coordinate (and never beat) the
costs related with a cloud computing arrangement, since preferences like
economies of scale and top-level mastery would not be included.

Instead of have to be stress about constant equipment and program updates vital to

keep their framework up-to-date, by working within the cloud, organizations are
able to depend on master suppliers to keep their frameworks running on
all barrels at all times no matter how enormous (or little) their needs.

Whereas the reasons that cloud computing has seen

exponential development within the trade community
are very direct and simple to get it, the comes about of this move are as it
were presently starting to be completely caught on.

Whereas cloud computing most certainly permits IT organizations to gotten to

be more proficient, solid, and spry, the conclusion objective is much more
profound: advancement. Businesses that have overseen to require advantage of
cloud computing’s capacity to make development have changed their IT from
a fetched center to
a key division that misuses modern trade openings and opens unused income strea
ms.On the other hand, organizations that have been moderate to embrace the cloud
have battled to attain the same levels of victory, as they have
been progressively saddled
with unsteady frameworks and date frameworks administration methodologies.
IT offices that have not embraced the cloud frequently discover themselves caught
in a receptive mode of attempting
to bolster current obsolete frameworks whereas attempting to keep up with the
ever-increasing excess of demands for modern administrations, instead
of contributing in unused frameworks that
would provide development and, eventually, trade development. The
complete handle regularly closes up driving a wedge between the trade partners,
who are continually baffled with IT’s failure to keep up with demands, and
IT offices, which are continually playing “whack-a-mole”
between unused demands and issues that pop up. Increasingly, cloud computing
is enabling IT to break free of this negative grouping by permitting it
to reevaluate how administrations are conveyed to the organization.
The conclusion result for the commerce at expansive is the capacity to
function in in a general sense distinctive ways that can as it were be depicted as
more adaptable and responsive to commerce needs.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cloud-computing.asp
https://www.syntax.com/cloud-computing-fuels-innovation/