ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

Chapter (3)

Forced Contraction Heat Transfer in External Laminar Flow

3.1 Equations of the Boundary – Layer

The heat transfer between a body and a flowing fluid with steady laminar motion
over that body will be considered here. It will be assumed that the thermal and velocity
boundary – layers which develop along the surface of the body are not influenced by the
development of the boundary – layers on adjacent surfaces; this is the distinguishing
feature of the problems of external flow compared to the internal flows. This type of
problems covers a wide range of applications, such as flow aver airfoils, turbine blades,
flow inside nozzles and flow at the stagnation point of cylinder and sphere.
It will be assumed that all body forces are negligible so that the fluid is forced
over body by some external means unrelated to the temperature field in the fluid. The
fluid properties are assumed constant. Two – dimensional boundary layers only will be
considered.

C. E: + = 0 ……………………………………... (3.1)

M. E: +v =- + …………………… (3.2)

E. E: +v = + ………………… (3.3)

3.2 The Thermal Boundary – Layer

The thermal boundary – layer may be defined as that region where temperature
gradients are present in the flow. The temperature gradients would result from a heat –
exchange process between the fluid and the wall.

3.2.1 Integral Analysis

To derive the integral energy equation of the boundary – layer for constant free –
stream temperature (T∞), consider the control volume shown in Fig. (3.1).

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

A A
U∞ Tb TBL y
H u x

1 Tw 2

Fig. (3.1): Control Volume for Integral Energy Analysis of Laminar Boundary – Layer

Energy Balance
Energy Convected in + Viscous Work within the Element + Heat Transfer at the Wall =
Energy Convected Out …………………… (3.4)

Energy Convected in through Plane1 =

Energy Convected out through Plane 2 = +

A-A =

Energy A-A = cp

Viscous work =

Heat transfer at the wall =

Combining these energy quantities according to equ. (3.4) and collecting terms give:

+ = .......................... (3.5)

This is the integral energy equation of the boundary – layer for constant properties and
constant free stream temperature to (
Ex. Derive equ. (3.5) by integrating equ. (3.3) using equ. (3.1).
If F(x) =

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

For small flow velocities, the viscous dissipation terms are usually neglected.
To solve the energy equation (3.5), we need to know the temperature and velocity
profiles. Assume;
T = a + by + cy2 + dy3
u= + y + y2 + y3
B.Cs.

at y=0 T= Tw u= 0
at y= = T= T u=
at y= = =0 ( =0)
at y=0 =0 =0

Thus; we obtain;

……………………… (3.6)

……………………… (3.7)

The plate under consideration need not be heated over its entire length, as shown
in Fig. (3.2).

y
x
U∞
T∞

Fig. (3.2): Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layers

Inserting equs. (3.6) and (3.7) into equ. (3.5), neglecting viscous dissipation term:

= =

u =

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

Let as assume that , thus the integration will be from y = 0 to y =

Performing the necessary algebraic manipulation, carrying out the integration and

making the substitution yields;

≈0
u = …………………………..… (3.8)

From Blasius solution: ………..….. (3.9)

So, we have;

…………………………………….. (3.10)

Equ. (3.10) is an ordinary linear D. E. of the first order in ( ) and the solution is;

B. C.; at x = =0→c=-

= = …………………..….. (3.11)

If the two boundary – layers starts simultaneously (xo = 0):

= = ………………. (3.12)

Now;

Using equs. (3.9) and (3.11) we get;

………………..……. (3.13)

And;

= ………………. (3.14)

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

If = 0;
= 0.332 ……………………………………….…. (3.15)
Note:
hx whereas i.e, it dose not mean that when increase h will
increase, whereas for tube (h, )

Nux Nu,h

hx
x
x

External Flow Internal Flow

Now:

h=

Using equ. (3.13), we can show that;

h = 2h ......................................... (3.16)

And thus;

......................................... (3.17)
Notes:
1. The properties are evaluated at the film temperature ( ); where

2. The above analysis was made on the assumption that < ,( = sine we

neglect ( ) term. This assumption is satisfactory for fluids having < .

3. Equ. (3.9) is applied for high Re (Re> 104) (i.e l).

4. When < , then;

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

3.2.2 Similarity Methods

We wish to obtain a solution to the laminar boundary layer momentum and energy
equations, assuming constant fluid properties and zero pressure gradient. The governing
equations are equs. (3.1) to (3.3). Let;

=y .....(3.18)

ψ ..............................................(3.19)
ψ ψ
u= and v= - ....................................... (3.20)

Substitute (3.18) - (3.20) into (3.2), we obtain;

f +2 =0 ...................................... (3.21)
B.Cs. f (0) = f'(0) = 0
f'( )=1
The solution of equ. (3.21) is the Blasins solution, who employed series
expansions. To solve the energy equation (3.3), using equs. (3.18) - (3.20) we obtain;

.................................... (3.22)

The general solution of equ. (3.22) can be presented in the form;

T( )- =c ( )+ ( ) ......................... (3.23) where

Where (C) is an arbitrary constant and ( ) are the homogeneous and particular
solution respectively. It is convenient to choose boundary condition such that ( is the
solution of cooling problem where frictional heating is ignored, and ( ) is the solution

for the case of an adiabatic plate ( where the frictional heating is

considered . Hence;
=0 ................................................... (3.24)

B.Cs. (0) =1 & ( ) =0 ( )

And;
= ............................ (3.25)

B.CS. (0) = ( ) =0 (

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

From equ. (3.23), at y=0 ( =0), (0) =1, thus;

C= ( )- ( ) ....................... (3.26)

The function (f) is known from the Blasius solution.

The solution of equ. (3.24) is given by Pohlhausen as;

( ) = 1- .....(3.27)

The numerical solutions of equ. (3.27) are shown plotted in fig (3.3) for a range of (

For the case of =1, equ. (3.27) can be integrated to give;

( )=1-

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
=y
0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.6 3.2 4

Fig. (3.3): Temperature Distribution for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
Neglecting Frictional Heating

Or;

..... (3.28)

This shows that if we neglect the frictional heating, the velocity and temperature
distribution are similar if . For (0.6 < Pr ) it was found that the
dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface could be represented by;

= 0.332 .......................... (3.29)

And;

................................ (3.30)

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

The solution of equ. (3.25) is obtained by the method of (variation of parameters) to

obtain:

=2 ...................... (3.31)

For ( equ. (3.31) may be integrated as:

Thus;

.................................. (3.32)

Referring to equ. (3.23), we may write the adiabatic plate solution as;

..... (3.33)

And the adiabatic wall temp. Taw at ( =0) as;

............................ (3.34)

Where is evaluated numerically T∞

U∞ heat
y
from equ. (3.31). Thus equ. (3.34) T
U
becomes: work
x
..........(3.35) Taw

Where (r) is the recovery factor and is for laminar flow depends on ( , when
( Approximately;

Air, water (moderate ) r

Oil Large ( r

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

The recovery factor (r) is the ratio of the frictional or viscid temperature rise to the
frictionless or in inviscid temperature rise:

r= ............................... (3.36)

Where = stagration (total) temperature

If > , the fluid will cool the plate

If < , the fluid will heat the plate

Now the general solution of equ. (3.3) from equ. (3.23) can be expressed as:

.............
(3.37)

Or:

................................ (3.38)

Where; = is the number.

Now;

qw= -k = (

Noting that = 0, using equ. (3.37) we get;

qw= -k

(0)

= (0) .................. (3.39)

The values of (0) are tabulated below;

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 7 10 15

- (0) 0.276 0.293 0.307 0.332 0.344 0.645 0.73 0.835
(0) 0.77 0.835 0.895 1 1.05 2.515 2.965 3.535

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

If we ignore the frictional heating;

qw = -k

= -k

qw=-k ( )

Thus;

= (0) ................. (3.40)

Note:

Equ. (3.39) was based on

Equ. (3.40) was based on

The temperature Distribution for laminar flow over a flat plate include frictional
heating is shown in fig. (3.4).

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 2 4
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

Fig. (3.4) Temperature Distribution for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
Including Frictional Heating

For low < , and we can assume u= and that , Divide equ.
(3.24) by and differentiate;

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

Which gives (as )

= .................... (3.41)

Which is accurate for ( )

For large ( ), we assume linear velocity distribution (f" (0) =

const. within the TBL). From momentum analysis (f= (0.3321/2) 2 ), thus from
equ. (3.24);
2
=0

Which gives as ( );

= ........................ (3.42)

Which is accurate for Pr < 10.

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

Problems

1. Consider laminar flow over a heated flat plate with constant wall temperature.
Obtain expressions for ( ) using the integral method assuming the velocity and
temperature profile to follow;
(i) A liner equation (ii) Second degree equation
(iii) Third degree equation (iv) Fourth degree equation
Plot (u/u ) and ( )/( ) as a function of (y/ ). Compare the results
with the exact solution.
2. Air at (5 °C) and (70 kPa) flows over a flat plate at (6 m/s). A heater strip (2.5 cm)
long is placed over the plate at a distance of (15 cm) from the leading edge.
Calculate the heat lost from the strip per unit depth of the plate for a heater surface
temperature of (65 °C). Plot the velocity and temperature profiles at the end of the
heater.
3. Water at (90 °C) flows at a velocity of (1.5 m/s) past a flat plate maintained at a
temperature of (25 °C). Plot temperature and velocity profiles at stations (25 mm),
(50 mm) and (75 mm) from the leading edge of the plate. Also plot the variation of
local film coefficient on the first (75 mm) of the plate and determine the average
film coefficient for that distance.
4. Consider laminar flow past an adiabatic plate. The plate will reach an equilibrium
temperature (Tr) called the "recovery temperature". Obtain the necessary differential

equation (ordinary) for this problem and show that is a function

of (Pr) only. Plot the variation of ( ) as a function of velocity ( ) for air.

5. Air flows over a flat plate at a velocity of (3 m/s) and ambient conditions are (700
mmHg) and (15°C). The plate is maintained at (85°C). If the length of the plate is
(100 cm) along the flow of the air, find the heat lost by (50 cm) of the plate which is
measured from the trailing edge. The plate width is (50 cm). Properties of air at
mean temperature of (50 °C) are ;
=1.093 kg/m3, cp=0.24 kcal/ kg °C, k=2.43 *10-2 kcal / mhr °C, =17.95
*10-6 m2/s, Pr=0.698.

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

6. Determine the heat loss per hour from a wall of a building when the wind is blowing
parallel to its surface with a speed of (2 km/hr). The wall is (5m) long and (3m)
height. Temperature of the wall is (25 °C) and air temperature is (5 °C). Properties
of air at mean temperature of (15 °C) are; ( =1.226 kg/m3 , cp=0.24 kcal/ KgºC ,
k=2.2*10-2 kcal / mhr °C, =14.62*10-6 m2/s , Pr=0.704).
7. A plate of (100 cm 50 cm) and (2 cm) thick is placed in a horizontal plane. The top
surface is maintained at (100 °C). If the air is flowing over the plate at (3 m/s), find
the heat lost by the plate per hour. What should be the bottom temperature of the
plate for the steady state condition? The air temperature is (20 °C) and the thermal
conductivity of the plate material is (20 kcal/mhr °C). The (100 cm) side of the plate
is parallel to the air flow. The properties of air at the mean temperature of (60°C)
are; ( =1.06 kg/m3, cp=0.24 kcal/kg °C, k=2.49*10-2 kcal / mhr °C, =18.97*10-
6
m2/s, Pr=0.696). State clearly any assumption you may need and use in the problem
formulation and solution.
8. Air at standard conditions of (760 mmHg) and (20ºC) flows over flat plate at (3
m/s). The plate is (50 cm* 25 cm). Find the heat lost per hour if air flow is parallel to
the 50cm-side of the plate. If the 25cm-side is kept parallel to airflow, what will be
the effect on heat transfer? The temperature of the plate is (100ºC), and the air
properties at (60ºC) are; ( =1.06 kg/m3, cp=0.24 kcal/KgºC, K=2.49*10-2
kcal/mhrºC, 18.97*10-6 m2/s, Pr=0.696.
9. Consider the steady laminar uniform flow of constant property fluid over isothermal
plate. The plate is porous and subjected to a uniform suction (V(x, 0) =-V0), see figure.
Neglect the end and edge effects; derive an expression for the temperature
distribution of the fluid across the boundary layer.

x
V0 Tw

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 ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

10. Air at (20ºC) flows with (3m/s) velocity over a flat plate (0.5m) long and (1m)
wide. If the plate surface is maintained at (100ºC), find the total heat transfer rate,
and the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers thicknesses at the trailing edge
of the plate (X=0.5m).

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