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Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery,

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The Dual-purpose of Solvent

Deasphalting Integrated with FCC for
Production of Qualified Pavement
Asphalt and FCC Feedstock to Realize Its
Maximum Potential
a a b
Y. Wang , Z. Chen & B. Shen
a
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of
South China , Hengyang , Hunan , China
b
East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
Published online: 08 May 2012.

To cite this article: Y. Wang , Z. Chen & B. Shen (2012) The Dual-purpose of Solvent Deasphalting
Integrated with FCC for Production of Qualified Pavement Asphalt and FCC Feedstock to Realize Its
Maximum Potential, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 34:13,
1187-1195, DOI: 10.1080/15567031003681929

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567031003681929

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Energy Sources, Part A, 34:1187–1195, 2012

Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1556-7036 print/1556-7230 online
DOI: 10.1080/15567031003681929

The Dual-purpose of Solvent Deasphalting

Integrated with FCC for Production of Qualified
Pavement Asphalt and FCC Feedstock to Realize
Its Maximum Potential

Y. WANG,1 Z. CHEN,1 and B. SHEN2

1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China,
Hengyang, Hunan, China
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2
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

Abstract Solvent deasphalting process is an important technology for upgrading

heavy oil available in the petroleum processing industry today. The state-of-the-
art deasphalting process extracts quality deasphalted oil and deoils asphalt from
atmospheric or vacuum residuum and other heavy feedstock to offer qualified feedstock
for downstream. To integrate the solvent deasphalting process with the fluid catalytic
cracking process may bring solvent deasphalting into full play. This work presents
deasphalting characteristics of modified vacuum residuum by fluid catalytic cracking
slurry oil using propane as the solvent. One of the objectives is to improve the
quality of deoiled asphalt by the use of polynuclear aromatics rich in fluid catalytic
cracking slurry oil to avoid its pavement troubles; and the other objective is to
provide experimental data for the solvent deasphalting process integrating with fluid
catalytic cracking unit. Deasphalting experiments are carried out in a pilot scale unit
and catalytic cracking experiment of deasphalted oil is completed in MRCS—8006
heavy oil micro-reaction equipment. The experimental results show that when vacuum
residuum modified by fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil is used as the feedstock of
solvent deasphalting, not only the deasphalted oil yield can be increased, but also the
asphaltic by-product may be directly used as a suitable grade pavement pitch.

Keywords fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil, solvent deasphalting, vacuum residuum

Introduction
Despite the present economic crises and the worldwide increased trend of heavy crude
supply, the demand for high value petroleum products, such as diesel, gasoline, and lube
oil is increasing. It is estimated that world demand for diesel fuel will reach about 28.2
MMbpd by 2020 as compared to the present demand of 24.3 MMbpd (Morel et al.,
2009). Therefore, refiners are challenged to maximize liquid products yield from heavy
ends (Spieler et al., 2006).
A number of new technology and new processing options for residual oil upgrad-
ing are now available to meet the challenge, such as integrated residua hydrotreating
process, integrating high conversion vacuum gasoline oil hydrocracking process with

Address correspondence to Dr. Yanfei Wang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
University of South China, West Road 28 of Changsheng, Hengyan, Hunan 421001, China. E-mail:
wyf_hn@hotmail.com

1187
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1188 Y. Wang et al.

vacuum residuum (VR) hydrocracking technology, and residue fluid catalytic cracking,
etc. (Mukherjee et al., 2005; Dahlberga et al., 2007; Morel et al., 2009). In general, these
new processes and technology will cause a relatively high operation cost because they
are attached to development of new catalysts and H2 (Magyar et al., 2005; Ahmed and
El-Kady, 2008; Zhang et al., 2009; Funai et al., 2010).
As a unique separation process for upgrading heavy oil (Brons and Yu, 1995; Van
Tine and Feintuch, 1997; Ebaa and Hoda, 2000; Jaoquim et al., 2002; Mohan et al., 2007),
solvent deasphlting (SDA) has the advantage of being a relatively low cost process and
offers a wide range of deasphalted oil (DAO) quality for the downstream processing
by removing the high-molecular weight and high-polarity constituents. With the focus
mainly on the property and yield of DAO as a feedstock for further processing, little
attention was paid to deoils asphalt (DOA) as an asphaltic by-product (Siauw, 1997;
Subramanianl and Hanson, 1998; Mendes et al., 2005). However, if the asphaltic by-
product can’t meet the grade specification of paving asphalt and can’t be safely disposed
of, it is difficult to realize its maximum potential of SDA, which most Chinese refineries
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are facing nowadays.

This work presents an integrated SDA process with fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
characteristics of VR modified by FCC slurry oil using propane as the solvent. One
objective is to improve the quality of DOA (the asphaltic by-product) by the use of
polynuclear aromatics rich in FCC slurry oil so that DOA can be used as the paving
asphalt; the other objective is to provide experimental data for the integration of the SDA
process with the FCC unit.

Experimental

Material and Modified VR

VR and FCC slurry oil used in the present study are supplied by NanYan refinery (Nanyan,
China), and they are belonging to the same crude oil. Modified VR is prepared in an 8-L
stainless steel container by slowly pouring FCC slurry oil into VR at 150ı C, stirred at
1000 rpm with a ?-shaped stirrer for complete mixing. Temperature is controlled by a
temperature controller connected to a thermocouple immersed in the VR. The properties
of VR, FCC slurry oil, and modified VR are all summarized in Table 1. It is seen that
saturates and aromatics are rich in FCC slurry oil and poor in VR. Resins are rich in VR
and poor in FCC slurry oil, and FCC slurry oil contains little asphaltenes. The properties
of modified VR are between VR and the FCC slurry oil.

Table 1
Properties of VR and FCC slurry oil

H/C, CCR, Viscosity, Density, S, Ar, R, At,

mol/mol wt% cSt, 90ıC g/cm3 , 20ı C wt% wt% wt% wt%

VR 1.67 12.43 386.2 0.9620 28.27 31.47 39.97 0.29

FCC slurry oil 1.38 3.3 16.78 0.9928 44.34 40.29 15.37 —
Modified VR 1.48 7.53 43.56 0.9802 36.12 35.23 28.39 0.26

CCR: Conradson carbon residue; S: saturates; Ar: aromatics; R: resins; At: asphaltenes.
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Deasphalting and FCC 1189

Elemental Analysis
Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents are determined by a Carlo Erba automatic
analyzer. Metal content is detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu
AA-6800).

SARA Separation
The SARA (S—saturates; Ar—aromatics; R—resins; At—asphaltenes) separation of VR,
FCC slurry oil, and modified VR was conducted according to the method of Altgelt et al.
(1979).

Average Molecular Weight

The average number of molecular weights (Mn) are determined by a Kaauer Vapor
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Phase Osmo-meter (American Polymer Standards Corporation, Mentor, OH) in benzene

at 45ıC.

Propane Deasphalting
VR, FCC slurry oil, and modified VR are deasphalted in a continuous solvent deasphalting
pilot unit. Propane is used as the solvent. The temperature in the bottom and the top of
the tower is controlled independently with controllers connected to thermocouples in the
bottom and top of the tower, respectively. The operating pressure is 3.5 Mpa. Once the
system reached steady state, usually within 30 min, the DAO sample is collected from
the sampling line and weighted to determine the yield after the solvent is removed.

The Property of DOA

The pavement performance of DOA is determined according to the ASTM D36 standard
test method for softening point of pitches (Mettler Softening Point Method), ASTM D5
method for penetration, and ASTMD113 method for ductility.

Catalytic Cracking Experiment

The experiments of DAO are completed in MRCS—8006 heavy oil micro-reaction
equipment, which is produced by the standard of ASTMD-3907-80. The condition of
the experiment is reaction temperature: 510ıC; ratio of catalyst to oil: 5.5 (weight of
catalyst is 5 g); and space velocity: 15 h 1 with RHZ-300 as catalyst. H2 , C1 C C2 , and
C3 C C4 of cracking product is analyzed by GC-SQ2206; liquid product is simulated
distillation and analyses by Shimadzu GC-9A, C12, and C22 are used as the cut-off of
gasoline and diesel, the fraction of C22C is regarded as the heavy oil; coke is analyzed
by the method of high-sensitive thermal conductivity.

Results and Discussion

Temperature Effect on Propane Deasphalting of VR

The two variables, temperature and pressure, are tied together. To maintain the mixture
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1190 Y. Wang et al.

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Figure 1. Influence of temperature on yield of DAO from VR.

in a liquid state, the pressure is kept at 3.5 MPa above the propane vapor pressure at
the selected temperature. The effect of temperature on the DAO yield is depicted in
Figure 1. It can be seen that when the temperature changes from 55 to 70ı C, the DAO
yield decreases gradually.
The effect of temperature on the properties of DAO and DOA is given in Table 2.
It illustrates that the Conradson carbon, metal (Ni C V) content, and average molecular
weight of DAO decrease, and the H/C of DAO increases as the DAO yield is reduced.
That means that the quality of DAO becomes poor when the temperature decreases.
Softening point and ductility of DOA tend to decrease while the penetration increases
with the decrease of temperature. The quality of DOA from VR is too poor to meet
performance requirements of road-paving pitch no matter what temperature is tested.
These experimental results indicate that the yield of DOA is still above 60% even if
the temperature is as low as 55ıC. It means that propane deasphalting of VR cannot be
practiced to provide a qualified feedstock for the FCC process if DOA byproduct cannot
find wide use as paving pitch.

Table 2
Propane deasphalting of VR

DAO DOA

Yield, Conradson H/C, Ni C V, Yield, Softening Penetration at Ductility at

wt% carbon, wt% mol/mol Mn mg/kg wt% point, ı C 25ı C, 0.1 mm 25ı C, cm

36.0 1.11 1.89 570 1.03 64.0 53.5 22.9 9.0

29.6 0.80 1.90 520 0.76 70.5 52.8 30.5 8.5
24.2 0.62 1.91 480 0.63 75.7 51.5 35.0 7.5
18.8 0.56 1.93 450 0.51 81.0 50.8 43.8 6.6
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Deasphalting and FCC 1191

Table 3
Propane deasphalting of FCC slurry oil

DAO DOA

Yield, Conradson H/C, Ni C V, Yield, Softening Penetration at Ductility at

wt% carbon, wt% mol/mol Mn wppm wt% point, ı C 25ı C, 0.1 mm 25ı C, cm

74.7 0.84 1.56 0.9507 0.54 25.3 35.8 >300 150

70.6 0.45 1.60 0.9456 0.22 29.4 36.6 >300 150
66.7 0.31 1.63 0.9399 0.20 33.3 38.0 >300 150
60.1 0.25 1.64 0.9321 0.15 39.9 38.5 >300 150
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Temperature Effect on Propane Deasphalting Using FCC Slurry Oil

As shown in Table 3 and Figure 2, the property of DAO from propane deasphalting with
FCC slurry oil becomes worse, H/C ratio is lower and the density is higher with the
decrease of the processing temperature. Temperature effect on the DAO from FCC slurry
oil follows a similar trend as the case of VR.
Comparison of the property of DOA in Tables 2 and 3 indicates that DOA from FCC
slurry oil has higher ductility and penetration but a lower softening point than that from
VR. One can speculate that if the two types of DOA are mixed at an optimum ratio, the
performance of the mixed DOA may reach the performance requirement of pavement
asphalt, but the potential problem is that the process becomes complicated. One can also
speculate that quality pavement asphalt may be directly produced from the mixture of VR
and FCC slurry oil under some optimum processing condition. To prove this speculation,
propane deasphalting of modified VR by FCC slurry oil is investigated next.

Figure 2. Influence of temperature on yield of DAO from FCC slurry oil.

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1192 Y. Wang et al.

Propane Deasphalting of Modified VR

The Yield of the DAO. Modified VR by FCC slurry oil is fed into the reactor for propane
deasphalting under a reactor bottom temperature of 60ı C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa. The
influence of the FCC slurry oil/modified VR ratio on the DAO yield is studied. As shown
in Figure 3, the yield of DAO increases with the increase of the FCC slurry oil/modified
VR ratio at low values of the ratio. When the FCC slurry oil/modified VR ratio is more
than 0.7, the yield of DAO decreases. At the same time, it is interesting to note in Figure
3 that the measured yield of DAO from modified VR is more than the calculated yield
of DAO when the FCC slurry oil/modified VR ratio ranges from about 0.42 to 0.8, and
the measured yield of DAO from modified VR is less than the calculated yield of DAO
when the ratio is less than 0.42. This indicates that the yield of DAO can be improved
only if the ratio of FCC slurry oil/modified VR is within an appropriate range.

The Property of DOA. Table 4 displays that DOA prepared at different temperatures with
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different ratios of FCC slurry oil/modified VR have different properties. The property
of DOA from modified VR is similar to that of DOA from VR when the slurry oil to
modified VR ratio is less than 0.3. However, when the ratio is more than 0.8, DOA
processes a similar property as DOA from FCC slurry oil. In other words, when the
slurry oil to the modified VR ratio is lower than 0.3 or higher than 0.8, the DOA product
cannot meet the quality specifications of road pitch under all processing temperatures.
When the slurry oil to the modified VR ratio is in the range of 0:5  R  0:7, DOA
from modified VR under suitable temperatures meets the requirement for the pavement
asphalt without the need of additional disposal. Comparison of Figure 3 and Table 4
shows that both a high quality DOA for pavement asphalt and a good DAO yield are
obtained when the slurry oil to modified VR ratio falls within the range of 0:5  R 
0:7, confirming the previous speculation on the performance of the FCC slurry oil and
modified VR mixture.

Figure 3. Influence of FCC slurry oil to modified VR ratio on the yield of DAO. (color figure
available online)
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Deasphalting and FCC 1193

Table 4
Properties of DOA from modified VR

Temperature of Penetration Ductility

R , extraction tower Softening at 25ıC, at 25ı C, GB/T15180-2000*,
wt/wt bottom, ı C point, ı C 0.1 mm cm standard

0.3 55 49.0 33.1 35.4

60 47.6 52.4 23.8
65 47.2 61.4 14.3
70 46.5 91.6 10.4
0.5 55 45.7 49.6 121.5 AH-50
60 45.1 65.8 106.0 AH-70
65 44.6 81.2 52.2
70 44.3 100.3 35.5
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0.6 55 44.8 72.9 150 AH-70

60 43.8 90.1 105 AH-90
65 43.0 115.8 55.2
70 42.5 145.2 31.8
0.65 55 44.3 57.3 150 AH-70
60 43.4 67.1 150
65 42.8 75.1 150
70 42.6 84.3 120 AH-90
0.7 55 44.1 43.8 150 AH-50
60 43.2 59.8 150
65 42.5 73.4 150
70 41.5 79.2 150
0.8 55 41.9 154.8 150
60 41.6 194.5 150
65 41.3 271.0 150
70 40.6 >300 150
*R: the ratio of FCC slurry oil/modifed VR; GB/T15180-2000: China standard of pavement
asphalt; AH-50, AH-70, and AH-90: Originated from GB/T15180-2000.

Catalytic Cracking Performance of DAO. The catalytic cracking results of several DAO
samples from FCC slurry oil and vacuum residuum are obtained in Tables 5 and 6.
The experiment results showed that NO3 DAO from FCC slurry oil is not suitable
to the feed of the FCC unit, because its coke yield and conversion is low. The cracking
result of DAO from FCC slurry oil indicates that FCC slurry should not be recycled to
crack in the FCC unit, which exists in most Chinese refineries.
The cracking result of NO1 DAO from VR shows that DAO from VR may be used
as the feed of the FCC unit. It is found that the cracking property of NO2 from modified
VR by FCC slurry oil is not better than that of NO1 on the whole from Tables 5 and
6, but the liquid yield of NO2 is more than that of NO1, it helps to raise the ratio
of diesel to gasoline. Therefore, NO2 may be regarded as the feed of the FCC unit.
The cracking result of NO2 proves that the solvent deaphalting unit does not produce
the qualified pavement asphalt but produces the feed of the FCC unit on the suitable
processing condition.
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1194 Y. Wang et al.

Table 5
Distribution of catalytic cracking product

Heavy Conversion,
H2 C1 C C2 C3 C C4 Gasoline Diesel oil Coke % R

1 0.78 3.79 19.19 46.57 17.21 3.60 9.64 96.4 0.37

2 0.77 2.76 10.46 38.64 18.08 7.91 12.15 82.10 0.47
3 0.67 2.58 10.32 33.95 18.43 21.34 13.38 78.66 0.54
R: Ratio of diesel to gasoline; No. 1: DAO from VR, its yield is 29.6%; No. 2: DAO from
modified VR by 60% FCC slurry oil, its yield is 60.4%; No. 3: DAO from FCC slurry oil, its yield
is 70.6%.

Table 6
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Yield and selectivity of catalytic cracking product

Yield, % Selectivity

Light oil Heavy oil H2 C1 C C2 C3 C C4 Gasoline Diesel Coke

1 63.78 3.60 0.0081 0.039 0.20 0.48 0.18 0.10

2 56.73 17.91 0.0094 0.034 0.13 0.47 0.22 0.15
3 52.38 21.34 0.0085 0.032 0.13 0.43 0.23 0.17
No. 1: DAO from VR; No. 2: DAO from modified VR by FCC slurry oil; No. 3: DAO from
FCC slurry oil.

Conclusions
This work presents deasphalting characteristics of VR, FCC slurry oil, and modified
VR using propane as the solvent. The DOA from modified VR cannot meet the quality
specification of pavement asphalt under any processing temperature when the FCC slurry
oil to modified VR ratio is less than 0.5 or more than 0.7. While the property of DOA
from modified VR may meet the qualification of pavement asphalt without the need for
the next disposal under suitable processing temperatures, and DAO from modified VR
has good performance of catalytic cracking and may be used as the feed of the FCC unit,
the yield of DAO can be increased when the ratio of FCC slurry oil/modified VR is in
the range of 0:5  R  0:7: As a result, solvent deasphalting processing can realize its
maximum potential with the use of a mixture of FCC slurry oil and VR.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,
China University of Petroleum for the use of its facility for the deasphalting experiments.
The authors also acknowledge the financial support of Nanyan Refinery Cooperation.

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Deasphalting and FCC 1195

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