1. Identify material testing methods and briefly describe each one of them.

Tensile testing applies pulling force to a material and measures the behavior of the
specimen to the stress. By doing this, tensile tests determine how strong a material is and how
much it can elongate. During the test, the stress-strain diagram is calculated and plotted which is
used to determine qualities such as elasticity, tensile strength, ductility and shear strength.
Compression testing are used to determine how a material reacts when subjected to a
crushing load, and are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen
using platens or specialized fixtures on a universal testing machine. During the test, the stress-
strain diagram is calculated and plotted which is used to determine qualities such as elastic limit,
proportional limit, yield point, yield strength, and, for some materials, compressive strength.
Linear Thermal expansion Testing used to determine the material expansion in a rate
of temperature given. Also, the tests measure the coefficient of thermal expansion. Linear
thermal expansion is used if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of
two different materials is subjected to temperature variations.
Bend testing is used to determine the strength of a material by applying force to the
material and how it reacts under pressure. As the specimen bends or flexes, it is subjected to a
complex combination of forces including tension, compression, and shear. Bend testing a
material allows for the determination of that materials ductility, bend strength, fracture strength
and resistance to fracture.
Shear Testing measures the ability of a material to resist forces that cause the material to
slide against itself. Many types of shear tests are performed on a universal test machine and the
difference can be attributed to how two materials are joined together for testing. Shear test is to
determine the shear strength, which is the maximum shear stress that the material can withstand
before failure occurs, of a material. The shear forces cause one surface of a material to move in
one direction and the other surface to move in the opposite direction so that the material is
stressed in a sliding motion.
Torsion Testing is to determine behavior of a material when twisted, or under torsional
forces, as a result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis. Torsion testing
determine the qualities such as the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, torsional
fatigue life, ductility, ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear. Torsion testing
twists a specimen to a specified degree, with a specified force, or until the material fractures.
2. Why do we need to conduct material testing? Cite reasons relative to materials science and
engineering.
3. Describe the processes involved in performing the material testing.
 In tension testing, both ends of a test specimen are fixed into grips connected to a
straining device and to a load measuring device. The test involves straining a test specimen by
pulling force generally to fracture for the purpose of determining one or more of the mechanical
properties. During the test, the stress-strain diagram is calculated and plotted which is used to
determine qualities such as elasticity, tensile strength, ductility and shear strength.
In compression test, the test specimen is subjected to load by the materials of the testing
machine from opposite sides or is otherwise compressed, squashed, crushed, or flattened. The
test sample is generally placed in between two hard metal bearing blocks that distribute the
applied load across the entire surface area of two opposite faces of the test sample and then the
plates are pushed together by a universal testing machine causing the sample to flatten. A sample
will get shortened in the direction of the applied forces and expands in the direction
perpendicular to the force. During the test, the stress-strain diagram is calculated and plotted
which is used to determine qualities such as elastic limit, proportional limit, yield point, yield
strength, and, for some materials, compressive strength.
In Linear Thermal expansion, the test specimen is cleaned and placed in a standard air
and temperature. The test specimen is placed upright and if possible bonded to the platform. The
gauge rod shall be placed in the center of the test specimen, with no pressure applied. In general,
the temperature shall first be lowered then raised in a given range, and the full process of
displacement of the test specimen will be recorded. A graph will be produced and calculated and
the Coefficient of thermal expansion will be given.
In Bending Test, the test piece is placed on two supports consisting of parallel anvils,
with the loading plate at the midpoint between the supports. The piece is bent by loading
gradually and continuously in the middle of the span, with a three-point bending perpendicular to
the test surface. The bending continues until a bend angle of 180° is achieved. The test is carried
out by placing the test piece on parallel support anvils with the loading plate centered between
the support. Also, this can be done in two upper loading plate equidistant from the center, a 4-
point bend test.
In shearing stress, the test specimens are placed in the shear test fixture with adhesive
layer between and a load is applied. The parts are pulled in different directions until the adhesive
fails. or, they can join parts together by transferring stress from one member to another in a
manner that distributes the stress more evenly than can be attained using mechanical fasteners.
The applied load and resultant deformation are recorded and a suitable graph can be plotted.
In torsion testing, the circular bar is placed in the machine such a way that its longitudinal
axis coincides with the axis of the grips and so that it remains straight during the test. It can be
rotate a one grip at a reasonable constant speed until the test piece breaks, failure testing. Or,
applying only torsional loads to the test specimen, torsion only, and Applying both axial forces
or and torsional forces to the test specimen, Axial Torsion. Torsion testing plotted and calculate a
diagram which determine the qualities such as the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear
strength, torsional fatigue life, ductility, ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear.
4. A cylindrical specimen of stainless steel having a diameter of 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) and a gauge
length of 50.800 mm (2.000 in.) is pulled in tension. Use the load–elongation characteristics
shown in the following table:

(a) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering strain.

DIAMETER: 12.8 mm
0.505 in

AREA: 128.6796 mm2

0.200296 In2
LOAD LENGTH STRESS STRAIN
N lbf mm in Mpa Psi Mm/mm In/in
1 0 0 50.8 2 0 0 0 0
2 12700 2850 50.825 2.001 98.69472 14228.9 0.000492 0.0005
3
3 25400 5710 50.851 2.002 197.3894 28507.7 0.001004 0.001
8
4 38100 8560 50.876 2.003 296.0841 42736.7 0.001496 0.0015
1
5 50800 11400 50.902 2.004 394.7789 56915.7 0.002008 0.002
2
6 76200 17100 50.952 2.006 592.1683 85373.5 0.002992 0.003
8
7 89100 20000 51.003 2.008 692.4173 99852.1 0.003996 0.004
4
8 92700 20800 51.054 2.1 720.3937 103846. 0.005 0.05
2
9 102500 23000 51.181 2.015 796.5518 114830 0.0075 0.0075
10 107800 24200 51.308 2.02 837.7394 120821. 0.01 0.01
 1
11 119400 26800 51.562 2.03 927.8858 133801. 0.015 0.015
9
12 128300 28800 51.816 2.04 997.0498 143787. 0.02 0.02
1
13 149700 33650 52.832 2.08 1163.354 168001. 0.04 0.04
2
14 159000 35750 53.848 2.12 1235.627 178485. 0.06 0.06
7
15 160400 36000 54.356 2.14 1246.506 179733. 0.07 0.07
8
16 159500 35850 54.864 2.16 1239.512 178985 0.08 0.08
17 151500 34050 55.88 2.2 1177.342 169998. 0.1 0.1
3
18 124700 28000 56.642 2.23 969.0733 139793 0.115 0.115

STRESS STRAIN
1400

1200

1000

800
STRESS

600

400

200

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
STRAIN

(b) Compute the modulus of elasticity.

 STRESS STRAIN
1400

1200

1000

800
STRESS

600

400

200

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
STRAIN

Let E, modulus of elasticity:

Δσ ( σ 6 −σ 5 )
E= =
Δε (ε 6 −ε 5 )

592.1683−394.7789
E=
0.002992−0.002008
E=200598.9837 Mpa
The slope of the curve is the modulus of elasticity. Therefore,
Modulus of elasticity=gradient=200598.9837 Mpa
(c) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002.
 STRESS STRAIN
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
STRESS

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02
STRAIN

σ y =749 Mpa

(d) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy.

STRESS STRAIN
1400
1246.51
1200

1000

800
STRESS

600

400

200

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
STRAIN

Ts=1246.506 Mpa
(e) What is the approximate ductility, in percent elongation?
%EL=0.115 X 100 %=11.5 %
(f) Compute the modulus of resilience.

σ y2 749 Mpa
Ur= =
2 E 2(200598.9837 Mpa)
U r =1.398314662 Mpa