SUSTAINABILITY

DEVELOPMENT
MEC600 ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER 4
Sustainable Development (6 hours)
Key concepts of sustainability and issues
SD Pillars- Social, Environments And Economic
United Nation Sustainable Goal
Sustainable Issues and Solutions
Case study

Compile and Edited by Bulan Abdullah April 2020

What is Sustainability Mocomi Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTamnlXbgqc
What Is Sustainable Development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WODX8fyRHA
 What Is Sustainable Development?
•The principles History of SD
What is sustainable development
"Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present, without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.“

● Sustainable development calls for concerted

efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable
and resilient future for people and planet.

● For sustainable development to be achieved, it is

crucial to harmonize three core elements:
economic growth, social inclusion and
environmental protection. These elements are
interconnected and all are crucial for the well-
being of individuals and societies.

5 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/what-is-sustainable-development.html
SD Pillars
- Social, Environments
And Economic
 List three categories of sustainability development.
The Three Pillars of Sustainability.

http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ThreePillarsOfSustainability.htm

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 The Three Pillars
of Sustainability
vs United Nation
Sustainable Goal

8
 MUNICIPAL SUSTAINABILITY
MUNICIPAL -a city or town with its own local
government, or the local government itself:
Sustainable
Social Well-being Municipality
Life satisfaction Crime rate (28 Indicators)
Health and access to care Economic Security
Cultural Events Homelessness Employment participation
Governance & Empowerment Unemployment rate
Education,, Voter turnout Household shelter spending
City council diversity % Low income people
Household garbage limit Household debt
GHG reduction target Infrastructure &
Built Environment
Ecological Integrity Density Green buildings
Water quality & consumption Green transportation use
Green space Local food production
Air quality Renewable energy
Waste diversion, Clean tech business opportunity
GHG emission reduction
Urban biodiversity
Corporate Knights 5th Annual Sustainable Cities Rankings, Winter 2011
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United Nation
Sustainable Goal
 Why sustainable development is important?
United Nations- 17 Sustainable Development Goal

http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/overview/index.html
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A Look at the Sustainable Development Goals
https://youtu.be/ZayhZdSquJk
UN Sustainable Development Goals – Overview
https://youtu.be/M-iJM02m_Hg
 United Nation Sustainable Goal

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 United Nation Sustainable Goal

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How does the United Nations work? | RMIT University
https://youtu.be/QoIafzc0k74
 United Nations
• The United Nations is an
international organization founded in
1945. It is currently made up of 193
Member States.
• The mission and work of the United
Nations are guided by the purposes
and principles contained in
its founding Charter.
• Due to the powers vested in
its Charter and its unique
international character, the United
Nations can take action on the
issues confronting humanity in the areas of agreement and solve
21st century, such as peace and
security, climate change, sustainable
development, human rights,
disarmament, terrorism,
humanitarian and health
http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/overview/index.html
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emergencies, gender equality,
governance, food production, and
more.
• The UN also provides a forum for its
members to express their views in
the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social
Council, and other bodies and
committees. By enabling dialogue
between its members, and by
hosting negotiations, the
Organization has become a
mechanism for governments to find
problems together.
• The UN's Chief Administrative
Officer is the Secretary-General.
17 Sustainable Goal to
Transform Our World
 1.0 NO POVERTY
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• What is poverty? Poverty is about not having enough money to
meet basic needs including food, clothing and shelter.

End poverty in all it’s forms everywhere To achieve Goal 1,

States have agreed to:
• Ensure that everyone in society is protected against things like
unemployment and has access to support services like medical care.
This is called social protection and is especially meant to protect and
support the poorest and most vulnerable people.

• Ensure resources are allocated to implement social policies that

help people who have less money to still have equal access to basic
services, labour, land, technology and be able to create companies to
grow economically.

• Build the resilience of people with less money so that they are better
protected from climate-related extreme events, like floods and
droughts, and other economic, social and environmental shocks.

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1.0 NO POVERTY
 2 ZERO HUNGER
• End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

What can we do to help?

• You can make changes in your own life—at home, at
work and in the community—by supporting local
farmers or markets and making sustainable food
choices, supporting good nutrition for all, and fighting
food waste.
• You can also use your power as a consumer and voter,
demanding businesses and governments make the
choices and changes that will make Zero Hunger a
reality.
• Join the conversation, whether on social media
platforms or in your local communities. You can join
the Global Movement for Zero Hunger by joining the
Zero Hunger Challenge (www.
zerohungerchallenge.org) to learn more, including
more ways to take action!
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2 ZERO HUNGER
 3 GOOD HEALTH & WELL-BEING
To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.

• What can I do to help?

• You can start by promoting and protecting your own health
and the health of those around you, by making well-il-
informed choices, practicing safe sex and vaccinating your
children.
• You can raise awareness in your community about the
importance of good health, healthy lifestyles as well as
people’s right to quality health care services.
• Take action through schools, clubs, teams and organizations
to promote better health for all, especially for the most
vulnerable such as women and children.
• You can also hold your government, local leaders and other
decision makers accountable to their commitments to
improve people’s access to health and health care.

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3 GOOD HEALTH & WELL-BEING
 4 QUALITY EDUCATION people and contributes to more
• Ensure inclusive and equitable peaceful societies.
quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities
for all What can we do?
• Ask our governments to place
Why does education matter? education as a priority in both policy
• Education is the key that will and practice.
allow many other Sustainable • Lobby our governments to make
Development Goals (SDGs) to be firm commitments to provide free
achieved. primary school education to all,
• When people are able to get including vulnerable or marginalized
quality education they can break groups.
from the cycle of poverty. • Encourage the private sector to
Education therefore helps to invest resources in the development
reduce inequalities and to reach of educational tools and facilities
gender equality. • Urge NGOs to partner with youth
• It also empowers people and other groups to foster the
everywhere to live more healthy importance of education within local
and sustainable lives. communities
• Education is also crucial to
fostering tolerance between

http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment
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4 QUALITY EDUCATION
 5 GENDER EQUALITY
To achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

How does gender inequality affect women?

• Disadvantages in education translate into lack of access to skills and
limited opportunities in the labour market.
• Women’s and girls’ empowerment is essential to expand economic
growth and promote social development. The full participation of
women in labor forces would add percentage points to most national
growth rates—double digits in many cases.

What can we do to fix these issues?

• If you are a girl, you can stay in school, help empower your female
classmates to do the same and fight for your right to access sexual and
reproductive health services.
• If you are a woman, you can address unconscious biases and implicit
associations that can form an unintended and often an invisible barrier
to equal opportunity.
• If you are a man or a boy, you can work alongside women and girls to
achieve gender equality and embrace healthy, respectful relationships
• You can fund education campaigns to curb cultural practices like female
genital mutilation and change harmful laws that limit the rights of
women and girls and prevent them from achieving their full potential.
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5 GENDER EQUALITY
 6 CLEAN WATER & SANITATION
Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation
for all
Why?
• Access to water, sanitation and
hygiene is a human right, yet
billions are still faced with daily
challenges accessing even the most
basic of services.
• Around 1.8 billion people globally • Generating awareness of these roles
use a source of drinking water that
is fecally contaminated.
• Some 2.4 billion people lack access
to basic sanitation services, such as
toilets or latrines.
• Water scarcity affects more than 40 • You can also get involved in the
per cent of the global population
and is projected to rise.
• More than 80 per cent of
wastewater resulting from human
activities is discharged into rivers or
sea without any treatment, leading
to pollution.
What can we do?
• Civil society organizations should
work to keep governments
accountable, invest in water
research and development, and
promote the inclusion of women,
youth and indigenous communities
in water resources governance.
and turning them into action will
lead to win-win results and
increased sustainability and
integrity for both human and
ecological systems.
World Water Day and World Toilet
Day campaigns that aim to provide
information and inspiration to take
action on hygiene issues.

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6 CLEAN WATER & SANITATION
 7 AFFORDABLE & CLEAN
ENERGY
• Ensure access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
Why?
• Our everyday lives depend on reliable
and affordable energy services to
function smoothly and to develop
equitably.
• A well-established energy system
supports all sectors: from businesses,
medicine and education to
agriculture, infrastructure,
communications and high-technology.
• Conversely, lack of access to energy
supplies and transformation systems
is a constraint to human and economic •
development.
What can we do to fix these issues?
• Countries can accelerate the
transition to an affordable, reliable,
and sustainable energy system by
investing in renewable energy
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resources, prioritizing energy efficient
practices, and adopting clean energy
technologies and infrastructure.
• Businesses can maintain and protect
ecosystems to be able to use and
further develop hydropower sources
of electricity and bioenergy, and
commit to sourcing 100% of
operational electricity needs from
renewable sources.
• Employers can reduce the internal
demand for transport by prioritizing
telecommunications and incentivize
less energy intensive modes such as
train travel over auto and air travel.
• Investors can invest more in
sustainable energy services, bringing
new technologies to the market
quickly from a diverse supplier base.
You can save electricity by plugging
appliances into a power strip and
turning them off completely when not
in use, including your computer. You
can also bike, walk or take public
transport to reduce carbon emissions.
7 AFFORDABLE & CLEAN ENERGY
 8 DECENT WORK & ECONOMIC
GROWTH
Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full
and productive employment and
decent work for all
I have a job. Why does this matter to me?
• Society as a whole benefits when more people
are being productive and contributing to their
country’s growth. Productive employment and
“decent work” are key elements to achieving fair
globalization and poverty reduction.
• In addition, unemployment can lead to unrest
and disrupt peace if it is left unaddressed.
What does “decent work” mean?
• Decent work means opportunities for everyone
to get work that is productive and delivers a fair
income, security in the workplace and social
protection for families, better prospects for
personal development and social integration.
• It is also important that all women and men are
given equal opportunities in the workplace.
• A continued lack of decent work opportunities,
insufficient investments and under-consumption
lead to an erosion of the basic social contract
underlying democratic societies: that all must
share in progress.
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What can we do to fix these issues?
• Providing youth the best opportunity to
transition to a decent job calls for investing in
education and training of the highest possible
quality, providing youth with skills that match
labour market demands, giving them access to
social protection and basic services regardless
of their contract type, as well as levelling the
playing field so that all aspiring youth can
attain productive employment regardless of
their gender, income level or socio-economic
background.
• Governments can work to build dynamic,
sustainable, innovative and people-centred
economies, promoting youth employment and
women’s economic empowerment, in
particular, and decent work for all.
• Local authorities and communities can renew
and plan their cities and human settlements so
as to foster community cohesion and personal
security and to stimulate innovation and
employment.
http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment
8 DECENT WORK & ECONOMIC GROWTH
 9 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION &
INFRASTRUCTURE
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster
innovation
Why?
• Economic growth, social
development and climate action
are heavily dependent on
investments in infrastructure,
sustainable industrial development
and technological progress.
• In the face of a rapidly changing
global economic landscape and
increasing inequalities, sustained
growth must include
industrialization that first of all,
makes opportunities accessible to • Think about how industry impacts
all people, and two, is supported by
innovation and resilient
infrastructure.
Why should I care?
35 http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment
• It’s about our livelihoods.
• The growth of new industries
means improvement in the
standard of living for many of us.
• Also, if industries pursue
sustainability, this approach will
have a positive effect on the
environment.
• Climate change affects all us.
How can we help?
• Establish standards and promote
regulations that ensure company
projects and initiatives are
sustainably managed.
• Collaborate with NGOs and the
public sector to help promote
sustainable growth within
developing countries.
on your life and well-being and use
social media to push for
policymakers to prioritize the
SDGs.
9 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION & INFRASTRUCTURE
 10 REDUCED INEQUALITIES
Reduce inequality within and among countries

What can we do?

• Reducing inequality requires transformative change. Greater efforts
are needed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and invest
more in health, education, social protection and decent jobs
especially for young people, migrants and other vulnerable
communities.
• Within countries, it is important to empower and promote inclusive
social and economic growth. We can ensure equal opportunity and
reduce inequalities of income if we eliminate discriminatory laws,
policies and practices.
• Among countries, we need to ensure that developing countries are
better represented in decision-making on global issues so that
solutions can be more effective, credible and accountable.
• Governments and other stakeholders can also promote safe, regular
and responsible migration, including through planned and well-
managed policies, for the millions of people who have left their
homes seeking better lives due to war, discrimination, poverty, lack
of opportunity and other drivers of migration.

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10 REDUCED INEQUALITIES
 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable.
Resilient- (of a person or animal) able to withstand or recover quickly from
difficult conditions.

` I live in a city but I’m not affected by any of these issues. Why should I
care?
• All these issues will eventually affect every citizen.
• Inequality can lead to unrest and insecurity, pollution deteriorates
everyone’s health and affects workers’ productivity and therefore the
economy, and natural disasters have the potential to disrupt everyone’s
lifestyles.

What can I do to help achieve this goal?

• • Take an active interest in the governance and management of your city
• • Take notice of what works, and what doesn’t in your community
• • Advocate for the kind of city you believe you need
• • Develop a vision for your building, street, and neighborhood, and act on
that vision. Are there enough jobs? Are you close to healthcare? Can your
children walk to school safely? Can you walk with your family at night?
How far is the nearest public transport? What’s the air quality like? What
are your shared public spaces like? The better the conditions you create in
your community, the greater the effect on quality of life.
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11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION & • How can I help as a consumer? There
PRODUCTION are two main ways to help: 1. Reducing
Ensure sustainable consumption and your waste and 2. Being thoughtful
production patterns about what you buy and choosing a
sustainable option whenever possible.
How can I help as a business? • Reducing our waste can be done in
• It’s in businesses’ interest to find new many ways, from ensuring you don’t
solutions that enable sustainable throw away food to reducing your
consumption and production patterns. consumption of plastic— one of the
• A better understanding of main pollutants of the ocean.
environmental and social impacts of • Carrying a reusable bag, refusing to
products and services is needed, both use plastic straws, and recycling plastic
of product life cycles and how these bottles are good ways to do your part
are affected by use within lifestyles. every day.
Identifying “hot spots” within the • Making informed purchases about
value chain where interventions have what we’re buying also helps. For
the greatest potential to improve the example, the textile industry today is
environmental and social impact of the second largest polluter of clean
the system as a whole is a crucial first water after agriculture, and many
step. fashion companies exploit textile
• Businesses can also use their workers in the developing world.
innovative power to design solutions • If you can buy from sustainable and
that can both enable and inspire local sources you can make a
individuals to lead more sustainable difference as well as exercising
lifestyles, reducing impacts and pressure on businesses to adopt
improving well-being. sustainable practices

http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment
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12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION
 13 CLIMATE ACTION
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

What happens if we don’t take action?

• If left unchecked, climate change will undo a lot of the progress made
over the past years in development.
• It can also exacerbate, as we are already seeing, current threats such
as food and water scarcity, which can lead to conflict.
• Doing nothing will end up costing us a lot more than if we take actions
now that will lead to more jobs, greater prosperity, and better lives for
all while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building climate
resilience.

Can we solve this problem or is it too late to act?

• We can definitely address climate change, but we have to vastly
increase our efforts.
• The world must transform its energy, industry, transport, food,
agriculture and forestry systems to ensure that we can limit global
temperature rise to well below 2 degrees, maybe even 1.5.
• We also need to anticipate, adapt and become resilient to the current
and future impacts of climate change.

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13 CLIMATE ACTION
 14 LIFE BELOW WATER
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development

Why?
• Oceans provide key natural resources including food, medicines,
biofuels and other products. They help with the breakdown and
removal of waste and pollution, and their coastal ecosystems act
as buffers to reduce damage from storms.
• Maintaining healthy oceans supports climate change mitigation
and adaptation efforts.
• And have you been to the seaside? It’s also a great place for
tourism and recreation.
• Even more, Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty
reduction by increasing fish catches and income, and improving
health.
• They also help improve gender equality, as women do much of
the work at small-scale fisheries.
• The marine environment is also home to a stunning variety of
beautiful creatures, ranging from single-celled organisms to the
biggest animal ever to have lived on the Earth–the blue whale.
They are also home to coral reefs, one of the most diverse eco
systems on the planet.

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14 LIFE BELOW WATER
 15 LIFE ON LAND
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
(Biodiversity meaning the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in
a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be
important and desirable.)

Why?
• Forests cover nearly 31 per cent of our planet’s land area. From the air
we breathe, to the water we drink, to the food we eat–forests sustain
us. Think about it.
• Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood. Almost
75 per cent of the world’s poor are affected directly by land
degradation.
• Did you know that forests are home to more than 80 per cent of all
terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects? And of the 8,300
animal breeds known, 8 per cent are extinct and 22 per cent are at risk
of extinction.
• Biodiversity and the ecosystem services it underpins can also be the
basis for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
strategies as they can deliver benefits that will increase the resilience of
people to the impacts of climate change.
• Forests and nature are also important for recreation and mental well-
being. In many cultures, natural landscapes are closely linked to
spiritual values, religious beliefs and traditional teachings.
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15 LIFE ON LAND
 16 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG development, affecting economic
INSTITUTIONS growth and often resulting in long-
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies standing grievances among
for sustainable development, provide communities.
access to justice for all and build • Violence, in all its forms, has a pervasive
effective, accountable and inclusive impact on societies. Violence affects
institutions at all levels children’s health, development and
well-being, and their ability to thrive. It
Why? causes trauma and weakens social
• Peaceful, just and inclusive societies inclusion.
are necessary to achieve the • Lack of access to justice means that
Sustainable Development Goals conflicts remain unresolved and people
(SDGs). cannot obtain protection and redress.
• People everywhere need to be free of • Institutions that do not function
fear from all forms of violence and feel according to legitimate laws are prone
safe as they go about their lives to arbitrariness and abuse of power, and
whatever their ethnicity, faith or less capable of delivering public services
sexual orientation. to everyone.
• In order to advance the SDGs we need • To exclude and to discriminate not only
effective and inclusive public violates human rights, but also causes
institutions that can deliver quality resentment and animosity, and could
education and healthcare, fair give rise to violence.
economic policies and inclusive
environmental protection.

What would be the cost of not taking

action now?
• Armed violence and insecurity have a
destructive impact on a country’s
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16 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
 17 PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development

Why?
• In 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development that aims to end poverty, tackle inequalities and
combat climate change.
• We need everyone to come together—governments, civil society,
scientists, academia and the private sector— to achieve the
sustainable development goals.
•
Why does this matter to me?
• We are all in this together.
• The Agenda, with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, is
universal and calls for action by all countries, both developed
countries and developing countries, to ensure no one is left
behind.

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17 PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
53
54
Pollution
the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful
or poisonous effects.
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
• Pollution, also called environmental pollution, the
addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any
form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity)
to the environment at a rate faster than it can be
dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored
in some harmless form.
• The major kinds of pollution are (classified by
environment) air pollution, water pollution, and land
pollution.
• Modern society is also concerned about specific
types of pollutants, such as noise pollution, light
pollution, and even plastic pollution.
Learn about Pollution | Environment Defilement | Cartoon
https://youtu.be/OqHp03RRTDs
Global Warming for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqxMzKLYrZ4
Air Pollution for Kids
https://youtu.be/sAKyhfxxr7s
Water Pollution for Kids
https://youtu.be/93BqLewm3bA
Noise Pollution || Video for kids || solution of noise pollution
https://youtu.be/p7XkZleu9aY
Light Pollution | Reasons and Effects | Video for Kids
https://youtu.be/5gYIeT6GrkA
What Is PLASTIC POLLUTION? | What Causes Plastic Pollution? | The Dr Binocs Show |
Peekaboo Kidz
https://youtu.be/ODni_Bey154
• What is the pollution
• How to reduce the pollution.
 Sustainability: PROBLEMS
• Depletion of finite • Inequity
• economic, political, social, gender
resources
• fuels, soil, minerals, species • Species loss
• Over-use of renewable • endangered species and spaces

resources
• forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds

• Pollution
• air, water, soil

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- WCED, 1987
Sustainable Issues
and Solutions
Greenhouse Effect for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_sJzVe9P_8
The 3 R's for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjnNOCbuoCA
 Sustainability: SOLUTIONS
u Cyclical material use
– emulate natural cycles; 3 R’s
u Safe reliable energy
– conservation, renewable energy, substitution, interim
measures
u Life-based interests
– health, creativity, communication, coordination, appreciation,
learning, intellectual and spiritual development

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 3R Concept (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle)
5R (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle-Recovery-Disposal)
• 3R Concept (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle) • Recycle – recycling waste by melting, chopping
to be re-formed into new products that most
• Reducing is cutting back on the amount of trash
likely to experience a decline in quality
we make, reusing is finding a new way to use
trash so that we don't have to throw it out, • Recovery – when it cannot be recycled, then
and recycling is using trash to remake new find a way to produce energy or new material by
goods that can be sold again processing the non-recyclable waste (residue)
• 5R (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle-Recovery-Disposal) • Disposal – waste byproducts from the recovery
process which are generally in the form of ash or
• Reduce – reduce waste generation from the
other waste material are taken to the landfill to
start by bringing your own shopping bags, using
be processed so as not to damage the
products that can be used repeatedly, and so on
environment
• Reuse – reuse materials that can and are safe to
be reused, one of them is by making handicrafts
or through the upcycling process

https://waste4change.com/waste4change-supports-3r-reduce-reuse-recycle-green-concept/
https://waste4change.com/waste4change-supports-3r-reduce-reuse-recycle-green-concept/
Activities are sustainable
Change starts with you.-
 Change starts with you.- Things you can do from your
couch
1. Save electricity by plugging your country to ratify it or sign 9. Stay informed. Follow your local
appliances into a power strip it if it hasn’t yet. news and stay in touch with the
and turning them off completely 5. Don’t print. See something Global Goals online or on social
when not in use, including your online you need to remember? media at @GlobalGoalsUN.
computer. Jot it down in a notebook or 10.Tell us about your actions to
2. Stop paper bank statements better yet a digital post-it note achieve the global goals by
and pay your bills online or via and spare the paper. using the hashtag #globalgoals
mobile. No paper, no need for 6. Turn off the lights. Your TV or on social networks.
forest destruction. computer screen provides a 11.In addition to the above, offset
3. Share, don’t just like. If you see cosy glow, so turn off other your remaining carbon
an interesting social media post lights if you don’t need them. emissions! You can calculate
about women’s rights or climate 7. Do a bit of online research and your carbon footprint and
change, share it so folks in your buy only from companies that purchase climate credits
network see it too. you know have sustainable from Climate Neutral Now. In
4. Speak up! Ask your local and practices and don’t harm the this way, you help reduce global
national authorities to engage environment. emissions faster!”
in initiatives that don’t harm 8. Report online bullies. If you
people or the planet. You can notice harassment on a
also voice your support for message board or in a chat
the Paris Agreement and ask room, flag that person.

75 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/takeaction/
 Change starts with you.- Things you can do at home
1. Air dry. Let your hair and clothes dry 6. Recycling paper, plastic, glass & house warm and your thermostat low.
naturally instead of running a machine. aluminium keeps landfills from
If you do wash your clothes, make sure growing. 14.Don’t rinse. If you use a dishwasher,
the load is full. stop rinsing your plates before you run
7. Buy minimally packaged goods. the machine.
2. Take short showers. Bathtubs require
gallons more water than a 5-10 minute 8. Avoid pre-heating the oven. Unless you 15.Choose a better diaper option.
shower. need a precise baking temperature, Swaddle your baby in cloth diapers or a
start heating your food right when you new, environmentally responsible
3. Eat less meat, poultry, and fish. More turn on the oven. disposable brand.
resources are used to provide meat
than plants 9. Plug air leaks in windows and doors to 16.Shovel snow manually. Avoid the noisy,
increase energy efficiency exhaust-churning snow blower and get
4. Freeze fresh produce and leftovers if some exercise.
you don’t have the chance to eat them 10.Adjust your thermostat, lower in winter,
before they go bad. You can also do higher in summer 17.Use cardboard matches. They don’t
this with take-away or delivered food, if 11.Replace old appliances with energy require any petroleum, unlike plastic
you know you will not feel like eating it efficient models and light bulbs gas-filled lighters.
the next day. You will save food and
money. 12.If you have the option, install solar
panels in your house. This will also
5. Compost—composting food scraps reduce your electricity bill!
can reduce climate impact while also
recycling nutrients. 13.Get a rug. Carpets and rugs keep your

76 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/takeaction/
 Change starts with you.- Things you can do
outside your house
1. Shop local. Supporting 4. When you go to a restaurant and 9. Take fewer napkins. You don’t
neighborhood businesses keeps are ordering seafood always ask: need a handful of napkins to eat
people employed and helps “Do you serve sustainable your takeout. Take just what you
prevent trucks from driving far seafood?” Let your favourite need.
distances. businesses know that ocean-
friendly seafood is on your 10. Shop vintage. Brand-new isn’t
2. Shop Smart—plan meals, use shopping list. necessarily best. See what you
shopping lists and avoid impulse can repurpose from second-hand
buys. Don’t succumb to 5. Shop only for sustainable shops.
marketing tricks that lead you to seafood. There are now
buy more food than you need, many apps like this one that will 11. Maintain your car. A well-tuned
particularly for perishable items. tell you what is safe to consume. car will emit fewer toxic fumes.
Though these may be less 12. Donate what you don’t use.
expensive per ounce, they can be 6. Bike, walk or take public Local charities will give your
more expensive overall if much transport. Save the car trips for
when you’ve got a big group. gently used clothes, books and
of that food is discarded. furniture a new life.
3. Buy Funny Fruit—many fruits and 7. Use a refillable water bottle and 13. Vaccinate yourself and your kids.
vegetables are thrown out coffee cup. Cut down on waste
and maybe even save money at Protecting your family from
because their size, shape, or disease also aids public health.
color are not “right”. Buying the coffee shop.
these perfectly good funny fruit, 8. Bring your own bag when you 14. Take advantage of your right to
at the farmer’s market or shop. Pass on the plastic bag and elect the leaders in your country
elsewhere, utilizes food that start carrying your own reusable and local community.
might otherwise go to waste. totes.

77 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/takeaction/
 Change starts with you Things you can do at work
1. If you have a fruit or snack that you
don’t want, don’t throw it out. Give it
away to someone who needs and is
asking for help.
2. Does everyone at work have access
to healthcare? Find out what your
rights are to work. Fight against
inequality.
3. Mentor young people. It’s a
thoughtful, inspiring and a powerful
way to guide someone towards a
better future.
4. Women earn 10 to 30 per cent less
than men for the same work. Pay
inequality persists everywhere. Voice
your support for equal pay for equal
work.
5. 4 billion people lack access to basic
sanitation services. Lend your voice
to talk about the lack of toilets in
many communities around the world!
6. Make sure your company uses
energy efficient heating and cooling
technology, and adjust the
78 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/takeaction/
thermostat, lower in winter, higher in 12. Speak up! Ask your company and
summer. Government to engage in initiatives
that will not harm people or the
7.Stay informed. Read about workers planet. Voice your support for Paris
in other countries and business Agreement!
practices. Talk to your colleagues
about these issues. 13. Much of the waste that we produce
on land ends up in the oceans.
8. Does your company invest in clean
and resilient infrastructure? It’s the 14. Examine and change everyday
only way to keep workers safe and decisions. Can you recycle at your
protect the environment. workplace? Is your company buying
from merchants engaging in harmful
9. Raise your voice against any type of ecological practices?
discrimination in your office.
Everyone is equal regardless of their 15. Know your rights at work. In order
gender, race, sexual orientation, to access justice knowing what you
social background and physical are entitled to will go a long way.
abilities.
16. Corporate social responsibility
10. Bike, walk or take public transport counts! Encourage your company to
to work. Save the car trips for when work with civil society and find ways
you’ve got a big group. to help local communities achieve
the goals.
11. Organize a No Impact Week at work.
Learn to live more sustainably for at
least a
week: un.org/sustainabledevelopme
nt/be-the-change.
 Example : Activities are sustainable OR not
Activities are sustainable Activities are not sustainable
Activities are sustainable when they: Activities are not sustainable when they:
1. Use materials in continuous cycles. 1. Require continual inputs of non-
renewable resources.
2. Use continuously reliable sources of energy. 2. Use renewable resources faster than their
rate of renewal.
3. Encourage desirable human traits(equity;
creativity; communication; coordination; 3. Cause cumulative degradation of the
appreciation; intellectual and spiritual environment.
development). 4. Require resources in quantities that could
never be available for people everywhere.
5. Lead to the extinction of other life forms.

79
Neighborhood
Sustainability
 Neighborhood Sustainability
1. Water
2.Waste Management
3.Green Space
4.Community Space
5. Food
6.Walkable Urbanism

81
 Neighborhood Sustainability: Water
• Drilled wells
• Dug wells
• Rainwater harvesting through a system of cisterns and catchments

82
 Neighborhood Sustainability
Waste Management

• Recycling
• Use of landfill to power sewage
treatment plant
• Composting

http://luckygroup.wordpress.com/
2009/12/24/understanding-
83 recycling-symbols-2/ http://www.nstengineers.com/Landfill_Gas.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/composting2.htm
 Neighborhood Sustainability
Outdoor Space

• Community Green
Space Supports
Walkable Urbanism
•Pedestrian and bike
friendly
•Safer for children

84 http://www.donhavey.com/blog/tutorials/ik-springy-grass/
 Neighborhood Sustainability
Food
1. Farmers’ markets
2. Backyard gardens
3. Buying locally or
sustainably grown
produce
4. Buying produce in
season
• FAO Policy Series:
Sustainable
Intensification of
Agriculture
• https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=tk95ZFISjU
4

http://www.coopext.colostate.ed
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/04/berkeley-farmers- u/4dmg/VegFruit/drought7.htm
market-.php
85
 Neighborhood Sustainability
Home Sustainability

1. Home Design
2. Building materials
3. Interior Products

http://www.showroom411.com/dir/Living-Green/Building-and-
Remodeling.html
86
 Neighborhood Sustainability
Home Design
1. Green Roofs
2. Solar panels in yard or on
roof
3. Facing north and south to
catch southeast breezes
4. Trees placed on the east and
west sides of the house
• Mixture of native
deciduous and evergreen
trees

http://www.roofportland.com/news-and-articles/guide-
87 to-live-roofs-embracing-green-roof-systems-in-portland/ http://www.alternativepowersources.me/
 Building Materials
• Salvaged wood • Stores like Green Builders • Recycled fiberglass insulation
Source • Insulation made from soy
• Local materials
• Sustainable insulation: • Double-paned windows

88
Green Buildings
https://youtu.be/5RF7e4YF7tc
 Interior Products

• Energy Star appliances

• Repurposed hardwood floors and
cabinetry
• Low-flow faucets and toilets
• Compact fluorescent light bulbs
• Low/No VOC paint
• Countertops made of recycled
materials: glass, aluminum, paper,
etc.
• Recycled carpet or carpet made of
natural fibers
Samsung Air Conditioner Smart Inverter Technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y33AZGQg22Y
 Energy Star appliances

• Inverter Air Conditioner Demo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkJFL12qnqU
• Samsung Air Conditioner Smart Inverter Technology
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y33AZGQg22Y
• Home Energy Efficiency Tips: Energy Star Appliances
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFOuJ0eINzg
• Compact fluorescent light bulbs
• Light Bulb Replacement Guide
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFfJQgT0aXA

93
Sustainable Forms
of Energy
 Sustainable Forms of Energy

1. Wind energy
2. Solar energy (Passive and Active)
3. Hydroelectric power
4. Biomass energy
5. Geothermal energy

96
Top 10 Energy Sources of the Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uStFvcz9Or4
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE

Solar Energy
• The greatest advantages of solar
energy are that it is completely free
and is available in a limitless supply.
• Both of these factors provide a huge
benefit to consumers and help reduce
pollution.
• Replacing non-renewable energy with
this type of energy is both
environmentally and financially
effective

99
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE -

Wind Energy
• Wind energy is another readily available
energy source.
• Harnessing the power of wind energy
necessitates the use of windmills; however,
due to construction cost and finding a
suitable location, this kind of energy is meant
to service more than just the individual.
• Wind energy can supplement or even replace
the cost of grid power, and therefore may be
a good investment and remains a great
example of sustainable development.

10
 SDG AND FAMILY
PLANNING

102
104
https://www.boombastis.com/orang-miskin/40757
 Family Planning and the SDGs
https://www.cfr.org/blog/family-planning-and-sdgs
• The sustainable development goals (SDGs) articulate seventeen •
goals for the world to collectively meet by 2030. The SDG
document organizes the goals into five themes—people, planet,
prosperity, peace, and partnership—but it’s still a lot to grasp, so
finding lynchpins that connect the themes and goals will be
important to their success. Voluntary family planning is one of
those lynchpins, with clear connections across all five themes.
• First, family planning affects people in myriad ways. It advances
human rights, and saves lives. The 1968 International
Conference on Human Rights proclaimed that “parents have a
basic human right to decide freely and responsibly the number • Family planning also advances gender equality and strongly
and spacing of their children.” However, in 2014, estimates
indicated that 225 million women in low- and middle-income
countries had unmet needs for modern contraceptive methods,
meaning they want to stop or delay childbearing but are not
using modern contraceptive methods.
• The ability to access and use family planning can influence
outcomes ranging from health and education to women’s
empowerment. Family planning helps women time and space
their pregnancies, so they can bear children at the healthiest
times of their lives. This lowers the number of unintended and
high-risk pregnancies, and reduces women’s exposure to
pregnancy-related health risks.
Helping women time and space their pregnancies also
contributes to reduced child malnutrition, healthy birth
weight for newborns, and increased breastfeeding. Analyses
indicate that by 2020, family planning could help prevent
approximately seven million under-five deaths and 450,000
maternal deaths in USAID’s priority countries. Correct use of
male or female condoms has dual benefits—preventing both
transmission of the HIV virus and unintended pregnancy in HIV-
positive women, thus preventing HIV transmission to the
newborn.
supports the empowerment of women and girls by helping them
stay in school, become literate, learn a trade, or start a business.
Women cannot take advantage of opportunities and resources
equally with men if they cannot plan their families. A wealth
of country-level studies document the impact of family planning
programs, and provide guidance on how to reach all women, as
well as marginalized and underserved populations.
 Family Planning and the SDGs
https://www.cfr.org/blog/family-planning-and-sdgs
• Second, family planning use affects the planet. Population
dynamics, including human population size, growth,
density, and migration, are important drivers of
environmental and natural resource degradation, including
land, forests, biodiversity, water, and climate change.
Population growth affects water scarcity, erodes renewable •
energy gains, and influences the development of
sustainable urban infrastructure. In many countries,
populations are growing so quickly that they
are overwhelming governments’ abilities to provide
education, health services, housing, drinking water,
electricity, and waste disposal, contributing to the spread
of urban slums. Slower population growth enables building
a resilient infrastructure for health and economic
development, where fewer government health and
education services, including water, are required, and more
land, electricity, and energy are available per person.
• A 2015 report concluded that improving access to family
planning can “slow global climate change by providing 16
to 29 percent of the needed emissions reductions.” And
a 2015 review of integrated population, health, and
environment (PHE) projects concluded “it is clear that PHE
projects are having an impact…improving the health, well-
being and environment of households and communities
across diverse settings and landscapes.”
Third, family planning can facilitate economic prosperity.
Rapid fertility decline, a result of increased family planning
use, lowers the ratio of young people (dependents) to wage
earners. With supportive socio-economic policies and
attention to equity, countries can experience a
“demographic dividend” of rapid economic growth. Family
planning also contributes to economic growth by
increasing the economic participation of women, and
research has shown that having fewer children per
family leads to increased household savings and increased
investments in each child. Korea and Thailand,
both demographic dividend success stories, represent
strong examples of countries aligning population policy
and family planning services with human capital
development policies to accelerate economic growth.
 Family Planning and the SDGs
https://www.cfr.org/blog/family-planning-and-sdgs
• Fourth, family planning can contribute
to peace—to the development of stable,
democratic societies. Studies have shown that a
large “youth bulge” (defined as a high
proportion of 15 to 29 year-olds relative to the
older adult population) is associated with a high
risk of civil conflict. The political impact of
fertility decline can be significant: studies show
that, as a country and its population age, the
probability of attaining and maintaining a liberal
democracy is increased.
• Fifth, family planning progress requires new and
continued partnerships. Despite recent
increased donor and country-level attention to
family planning and the potential contribution of
family planning to the SDGs, family planning
services continue to fall short of need in all
developing regions. As we map out the global
plan for tackling the SDGs, family planning
partnerships at the global level, such as Family
Planning 2020, the UN Commission on Life
Saving Commodities, the Ouagadougou
Partnership, and at the country level, with the
public and private commercial sectors,
foundations, civil society organizations, and
non-health sector groups, will continue to be
critical. Empowering women to choose the
number, timing, and spacing of their
pregnancies is not only a matter of health and
human rights, but can hasten progress across
the five themes of the new sustainable
development goals.
• Quite simply, family planning is a best buy, and
can help make the world a better place for all of
us.
SDG AND FAMILY PLANNING
• Family Planning Can Mean Big Progress for the Sustainable Development
Goals—And Here’s How
• https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2018/07/family-planning-big-progress-
sustainable-development-goals-and-heres/
• Maternal Child Survival Program
• https://www.mcsprogram.org/family-planning-key-un-sustainable-
development-goals/
• Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals
• https://www.ghspjournal.org/content/4/2/191
• Family Planning and the SDGs
• https://www.cfr.org/blog/family-planning-and-sdgs
 Recap
• What is sustainable development?
• Why sustainable development is important?
• List three categories of sustainability development.
• What is the relationship between sustainable development and public health?
• How to improve sustainable development

110
Sustainable Development
Additional Reading material for students
Refer to next
slide
Why sustainable
development is
important?
 Why sustainable development is important?
Protect Technological Resources
• The people coming into this world are coming
into an increasingly technological age, where
more people than ever are relying on
technology for nearly every aspect of their lives.
• Of course, these technologies are not built out of
thin air and good intentions.
• They require a significant array of minerals and
other other inputs simply to be manufactured.
This doesn't account for the amount of
resources required to develop them in the first
place.
11
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Why_Is_Sustainable_Development_Important
Provide Basic Human Needs
• A rising population will also make use of the
bare essentials of life such as food, water,
and shelter.
• The provision of these essentials is based
almost entirely around having an
infrastructure that can sustain them for the
long-term.
• If energy is continually developed on finite
fossil fuels instead of sustainable options,
the cost and environmental toll of supplying
even basic needs can become staggering.
 Why sustainable development is important?
Agricultural Necessity
• Agriculture will have to catch up with that
growing population as well, figuring out ways to
feed around 3 billion more people than it
currently does.
• If the same unsustainable tilling, seeding,
watering, spraying and harvesting methods are
used into the future, they can become very costly
as fossil fuel resources run out.
• Sustainable agriculture practices like crop
rotation and effective seeding practices can help
to promote high yields while protecting the
integrity of the soil as it produces food for larger
amounts of people
11 http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Why_Is_Sustainable_Development_Important
Accommodate City Development
• As populations rise, cities will need to become larger
to accommodate the influx of new residents. If these
cities are developed non-sustainably, they will
become more and more expensive to build and
maintain over time.
• This is because the resources being used to develop
the cities will be finite fossil fuels that will only get
more expensive as they run out over time.
• The higher volume of these fuels required to
produce energy for this larger population will also
negatively impact the air quality of cities. If cities use
sustainable development practices, they can
conceivably make way for new housing and
business developments indefinitely
 Why sustainable development is important?
Control Climate Change
• Climate change is another issue that can be
at least partially remedied through
sustainable development.
• Sustainable development practices would
mandate a lower use of fossil fuels, which
are not sustainable and which produce
greenhouse gases.
• As the population rises, more people will be
requiring more energy and will be putting
an even greater strain on the world climate.
11
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Why_Is_Sustainable_Development_Important
Provide Financial Stability
• Sustainable development can also produce
more financially sustainable economies throughout
the world. Resource-poor economies will gain access
to free and accessible energy through renewables
while also having the opportunity to train workers for
jobs that won't be displaced by the basic reality of
finite resources. Jobs built around the "old" model of
unsustainable development simply have no place in
economies of the future.
• This has nothing to do with politics or ethics, but
rather the bare mechanics of how economies price out
finite resources over time. Industries built around a
reliance upon a resource that will not be accessible
into the future will ultimately fail, leaving sustainable
development as the only option moving forward.
 Why sustainable development is important?

Sustain Biodiversity

• Biodiversity suffers through overconsumption and

unsustainable development practices. Beyond the basic
ethical quandary presented by this fact, there is the
further concern that these species are a part of a foodweb
that humans rely on.
• For example, if unsustainable agricultural practices are
used in regard to pesticides, bees and other pollinators
could be negatively impacted. Without bees, at least 19
major food crops would suffer and nearly 50%of the food
in most grocery stores would be non-existent. Also,
unsustainable development pollutes the oceans, which
are home to a significant amount of algae species that
humans rely on for a significant amount of the oxygen
they breathe.

11 http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Why_Is_Sustainable_Development_Important
 What is the relationship between sustainable development and
public health?
• Sustainable development and public health quite • Sustainable development therefore cannot
strongly correlate, being connected and occur in societies marked by persistent socio-
conditioned by one another. economic inequalities, large scale environmental
degradation, or widespread disease [3].
• Sustainable development is deals with
1.Increases in life expectancy but not in years lived
improving the physical, social, and personal
without activity limitations
quality of individual lives in ways that do not
2.Improvements in health indicators have slowed since
hinder future generations [4, 5]. the onset of the economic crisis and inequalities persist
• Environments dominated by air pollution or 3.Progress in determinants of health such as toxic
exposure to toxic chemicals, or mitigated by a chemical production or noise annoyance, but poor
improvement in particulate matter and ozone
number of other poor quality of life standards,
exposure
naturally result in ill effects to one’s health.

11
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-77
 How to achieve the
sustainability

119
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE –
Stormwater- to reduce or eliminate the hazards to public health and safety cause by
excessive storm water runoff, reduce economic losses to individuals and the community at
large, and protect conserve and promote the orderly development of land and water
resources.

12
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE
• Used of oil Palm
Biomass (frond,
trunk, fibre, shell,
empty fruit bunch)

12
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE
• Used of rice husk as biomass in cement industry

12
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE
Green Transportation - Electric Railway Transportation

12
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE
Ecovillage
Establish a co-housing community that
embraced sustainable principles and deep
neighborhood engagement :
1. Replace any natural features that would
be destroyed during the construction
process
2. Restore natural features that had been
destroyed as the result of previous uses
3. Create prairies, wetlands, and savannah
in undeveloped open spaces

12
 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE – economy
• Minimize
packaging
• Recycle packaging
material
• Used green
packaging
material ( natural
degradation such
as starch)

12
126
128
129
130
131
132
133
 How to improve sustainable development

13
135
136
13
144
14
Pollutions
Infographic Poster
Refer to next
slide Additional Reading material for students
156
Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-policy/sustainable-development-
goals/sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/targets-of-sustainable-development-goal-3
Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-policy/sustainable-development-
goals/sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/targets-of-sustainable-development-goal-3
• Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3 to ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages
• 3.1. Maternal mortality
By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live
births.
• 3.2. Neonatal and child mortality
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age,
with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per
1000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births.
• 3.3. Infectious diseases
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other communicable
diseases.
• 3.4. Noncommunicable diseases
By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases
through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and well-being. • 3.c. Health financing and workforce
• 3.5. Substance abuse
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic
drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
• 3.6. Road traffic
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
• 3.7. Sexual and reproductive health
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.
• 3.8. Universal health coverage
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to
quality essential health-care services, and access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.
• 3.9. Environmental health
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.
• Goal 3 – Means of implementation for the targets
• 3.a. Tobacco control
Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control in all countries, as appropriate.
• 3.b. Medicines and vaccines
Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the
communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing
countries. Provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines in
accordance with the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, which affirms
the right of developing countries to the fullest use of the provisions in the
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
agreement) regarding flexibilities to protect public health and, in particular, provide
access to medicines for all.
Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training
and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least
developed countries and small island developing States.
• 3.d. Emergency preparedness
Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early
warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.
• Target 3.8. Universal health coverage
This target can be seen as an overarching one that supports the achievement of the
other targets. It is derived from the Millennium Development Goals, the new
targets and the means of implementation.
 Bibliography
Roark, Philip, May Yacoob, Paula Donnelly Roark. Developing
Sustainable Community Water Supply Systems.
Washington Field Report No. 270. ADF Working Paper
Series No. 4. Nov. 1989. Nov. 27, 2010.
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACA731.pdf.
Melwood. Green Roofs—Beauty with Benefits. Nov. 27, 2010.
http://www.melwood.org/industries/gardengreenroofs.a
sp.
Sunset. Eco-friendly kitchen countertops. Nov. 27, 2010.
http://www.sunset.com/home/natural-home/eco-
friendly-kitchen-counters-00400000011823/.
Renewable Resource Insulation. Costs and Benefits of Soy Foam
Insulation. Nov. 27, 2010. http://www.renewable-
resource.net/.
Created by Chandler Abshire, 2012
16