Assignament no.

Of

Analysis & design of information systems

Submitted by : Prateek.bahuguna Submitted to : Miss.purnima

Section : D2802
Rollno : B45
Q1: “System prototype is a flexible development strategy”. Justify the statement.

Ans :
A system is a set of inter-related entities ,, that take input and gives the output.
System are of 2 types : (1).physical system (2).open or closed systems.
Information system is an example of open system which can interact with its environment.
Information system : It is a set of data , which is organized in a well manner and is used to
perform some specific task.

Now , system analysis is a person who guides you regarding the development of information
system. It has 3 main responsibilities :-

1>System analysis.
2>system design.
3>system programming.

It is important to know about the system development strategy and how it is done.
System development strategies are of 3 types :-

1>SDLC (System development life cycle)

2>SAD (Structure analysis development methods)
3>S.P (System prototype)

Prototype is the working system that is develop to test the ideas and assumptions about the
new system. System prototype is a flexible development strategy. In this we make dummy
modelsby gathering information.

It is very flexiable because user is directly involve. As it is required that first of all desiner
has to make a dummy model , so after the completion of the model if the user ask’s for
some changes or new attachments then it can be applied to the dummy model.
Hence ,,it is clear that why we called it as very flexiable as it totally fulfills the users
demand of flexible model as changes can be done any time in dummy model only.

It should be also note that what all are the steps required for system prototype.
These are as bellow:-

1>Identify the user’s known information requirement.

2>Develop a working prototype.
3>Use the prototype for further changes and expand the list of system requirement.
4>revise the prototype based information.
5>repeat these steps to achive a satisfactory system.

IT is to be notice clearly that system prototype is not an TRIAL-AND-ERROR method.

Q2: “A number of activities are carried out under implementation and evaluation”. Elaborate.

Ans:-System development strategy are basically of 3 types :-

1>SDLC (System development life cycle)

2>SAD (Structure analysis development methods)

3>S.P (System prototype)

SDLC:- It is the set of activities perform by the analyst and designers to carry out and
implement the information system. It has total of 7 step’s :-

1>preliminary investigation.
2>determine the system requirements.
3>system design.
4>development of system.
5>system testing.
6>implementation and
7>evalution

Let us discuss the implementation and evalution steps brifly :-

Implementation:-
The implementation step is less creative than system design. It is basically concerned with user
training, site preparation , and file conversion.

When the candidate system is linked to terminals or remote sites , the telecommunication
network and test of the network along with the system are also included under implementation.

During the final testing user acceptance is tested , followed by user training. Depending on the
nature of the system , extensive user training may be required . conversion usually takes place at
about the time the user is being trained or later.

The initial parameters of the candidate system should be modified as a result of programming
efforts..
Programming provides a “reality test” for the assumptions made by the analyst.

System testing checks the readiness and accuracy of the system to access , update , and retrieve
data from new files
Evalution:-

After the installation is completed and user staff is adjusted to the changes created by the
candidate system, , evalution begines.
Evalution can be considered as side by side checking of old and new.
Evalution can be classified as :-

1>Operational evalution :- It related with checking of system at operational level.

Here we check that weather the system is easy to use or not.

2>Organizational level :- IT means that the how much is the software is useful for the
organization.
Organization basically checks what are its gain from the software.

3>User evalutional :- It is basically related with the user’s feedback. ,,that is how is the users
reaction toward the software i.e they liked it or not.

Q3: Draw a DFD that describes the working of a study centre management system.

Ans:-We know that structured analysis development method has 3 elements :-

1>Graphical notation.
2>DFD (Data flow diagram)
3>D.D (Data dictionary)

DFD is totally related with how the data is flowing. It has some basic symbols and which are as
follows :-

Source or destination of data=

Data flow =

process =
Data store =

THE DFD OF STUDY CENTER IS AS FOLLOWS :-

BOOK INFORMATION FILE

BOOK
READER
ISSUED

READER INFORMATION TIME PERIOD FOR WHICH

FILE BOOK IS ISSUED
Q4:”ATM system i

Ans :-We know th

1>Transaction pro

2>Management in
Different parts of ATM and their functioning :-

* Card Reader – This is a part of the identification of your particular account number. For this
the magnetic stripe on the back of the ATM card is either swiped or pressed on the card reader so
that it captures your account information. To understand the account information of the user, the
data from the card is passed on to the host processor. The host processor thus uses this data to get
the information from the card holder’s bank.

* Keypad – After the card is recognized, the machine asks further details like the type of
withdrawal you prefer, your balance enquiry, and your personal identification number (PIN) and
so on. Since each card has a unique PIN number, there is very little chance for someone else to
withdraw money from your account. There are also separate laws to protect the PIN code while
sending it to the host processor. So, the PIN number is mostly sent in encrypted form.

If your pin number is correct the ATM makes the necessary transactions for the required amount.

For this transaction, there are mainly four outputs. They are

* Speaker – When a particular key is pressed, the speaker provides the feedback as
audio.

* Display Screen – The questions asked by the ATM machine regarding the transaction
and the input from the user is all displayed on the display screen. Each step of withdrawal
is shown by the display screen. A CRT screen or even an LCD screen is commonly used
as an LCD screen.

* Receipt printer – All the details regarding your withdrawal like the date and time and
the amount withdrawn and also the balance amount in the bank is also shown in the
receipt. Thus a paper receipt of the current transaction is obtained by the user.

* Cash dispenser – This is the central system of the ATM machine. This is from where
the required money is obtained. From this portion the person can collect the money.
Q5: Discuss the distinction among projects submitted by managers, senior executives and system
personnel. Why these differences do occur?

Ans:-

Senior executives plans are basically involved with the trends in financial investments ,
population growth , human resources, long range goals , long time plans, etc….
This type of informations or plans are achived with the aid of decision support system (DSS).
It is actually a continually evolving model that relies heavily on operations research.
Senior executives are the top level authority persons who has the duty of making long – range
plans. They are always remain under the guidance of Board of directors or shareholders of the
company.

With long time goals they have also the duty of scanning the day-by-day growth of the company.
As the top manager, they are typically responsible for the entire operations of the corporation
and reports directly to the chairman and board of directors. It their responsibility to implement
board decisions and initiatives and to maintain the smooth operation of the firm, with the
assistance of senior management.

Manager’s are fall at the second level of information i.e managerial information. It is of
direct use to middle management and department heads for implementation and control.
Their plans are basically related with sales analysis, cash flow projection , and annual financial
statements.
There plans are use in short-and intermediate range planning – i.e , months rather than years.

Here are some examples of managers at different fields:-

# General manager, for managing both the revenue and cost elements of an organization
# Project manager, for individual projects
# Manager (baseball), coach of a baseball team
# Manager (association football), for association football
# Coach (sport), in other sports
# Manager (professional wrestling), a fictional character
# Talent manager, for musicians, actors and other artists
# Bank manager

SYSTEM PERSONNAL:-
The environmental factors are the actions of competitors; geographic, sociocultural, political and
economical.

The organizational factors include company polices ,and physical and financial resources.
Once these factors are defined , the next step for analysis is to determine the outputs, inputs ,
processes and feedback mechanism.
In designing a computer –based personnal system for a firm, the analysis may use the model to
give a global piture of the role of personnal in the organization,
Its duty is to give the priority for different tasks , generating laws and other external
factorspersonnal faces in making decision.
Hence it is clear what all are the duties of senior executive , managers , and system personnal.
All are having their different jobs at different levels hence it could be understood why these are
all having different task to do.

Q6: With the help of an example explain the development life cycle for hospital management
system.

Ans:- Before discussing the development life cycle for hospital management it is necessary to
knew that what is actually the SLDC IS ?

SLDC is set of activities perform by the analyst and designers to carry out and implement the
information system..

Steps involved in SLDC are :-

1. Preliminary investigation

2. Determine the system requirements

3. System design

4. Development of system

5. Implementation and evalution

Now let discuss it.

HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT is an integrated Hospital Information System, which

addresses all the major functional areas of multi-specialty hospitals. The HOSPITAL
MANAGEMENT enables better patient care, patient safety, patient confidentiality,
efficiency, reduced costs and better management information system. It provides easy
access to critical information thus enabling the management to take better decisions on
time.

PROJECT OBJECTIVE
 To computerize all details regarding patient details & hospital

details.

To automate the process of ward entries.

To maintain records effectively.
To manage current status of staff and doctor availablity.

The project has information regarding the inpatient details,

outpatient details, Billing details and Ambulance details.

As we know preliminary investigation is the first stage of SLDC which include gathering
necessary informations related to the project . these are as follows :-

Carrying out preliminary investigation identifies these requirements

Analysis consists of two sub phases

Planning
Requirement definition

During planning phase, cost estimates and work schedules will be planned. Requirement
definition is a specification that describes the processing environment, the required software
functions, performance constraints (size, speed, machine configuration) and exception handling.

addmission :

T his module records basic patient related information, which is collected

when the patient visits the hospital for the first time. Each patient is allocated
a unique patient identification numbers also known as Hospital No.

Patient Details:
It keeps track of all details about both in-patient and out-patient. Patient id, patient name,
address, admitted date, doctor name, room no are entered in a form and stored for future
reference. Also particular patient details can be viewed in the table using a separate form with a
attribute patient id.

Outpatient:
This module manages activities related to patient who visits the Hospital Resident Doctor or
Consultant Doctor for Medical Consultations, diagnosis and treatment.
Inpatient : Admission request will be made here. Request for admission is made
before patient admitting the hospital.

Staff Details:
It keeps track of all details about doctors and staffs of the hospital. staffs, Doctors, Nurses name,
staff id, address, qualification, cell no, e-mail are entered and stored in a separate form.
Individual staff details can be viewed in the table using a separate form with a attribute Staff id.

Salary Details:
This module contains the details salary for the doctors and nurse. This salary calculated basic
salary, PF, HRA, and year increment for the staffs from date of joining automatically calculated.

Consultation Details :
This module contains the details for the inpatient which includes disease
name, type of treatment and medicine given to them.

Billing Details:
This module bills the both inpatient and outpatient who comes to
hospital

Ward Details:
This module enters and stores the details about each ward of the hospital for future reference.
Individual ward detail can be viewed in the table using ward id .The attributes used in storing a
ward detail is ward id, ward name, floor no, no of rooms.

Ambulance Services:
Another service for Ambulance availability, out time, in time, search for
the ambulance went to place for petrol and fuel expenses

The second stage is system requirement ,,hence it becomes necessary to determine the proper
system requirements :-

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

PROCESSOR :INTEL PENTIUM 4 (OR)HIGHER RAM :512 MB & ABOVE

HARD DISK DRIVE : 500 MB FREE SPACE OR ABOVE

PRINTER : INK-JET PRINTER

PEN DRIVE : 512MB.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE : VISUAL PROGRAMMING

BACKEND :MS SQL SERVER-2005

FRONT END :VISUAL BASIC.NET

OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS XP & HIGHER VERSION

Third stage is system design:-

THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS:

System design develops the architectural detail required to build a

system or product.

The system design process encompasses the following activities:

 • Partition the analysis model into subsystems.
• Identify concurrency that is dictated by the problem.
• Allocate subsystems to processors and tasks.
• Develop a design for the user interface.
• Choose a basic strategy for implementing data management.
• Identify global resources and the control mechanisms required to access them.
• Design an appropriate control mechanism for the system, including task

management.
• Consider how boundary conditions should be handled.
• Review and consider trade-offs.

System Testing
System Testing is an important stage in any system development life cycle. Testing is a process
of executing a program with the intention of finding errors. The importance of software testing
and its implications with respect to software quality cannot be overemphasized. Software testing
is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review of
specification, design and coding. A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding a
yet undiscovered error.

Testing is the set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically.
Different test conditions should be thoroughly checked and the bugs detected should be fixed.
The testing strategies formed by the user are performed to prove that the software is free and
clear from errors. To do this, there are many ways of testing the system’s reliability,
completeness and maintainability.

Unit Testing:
In the unit testing the analyst tests the program making up a system. The software units in a
system are the modules and routines that are assembled and integrated to perform a specific
function. In a large system, many modules on different levels are needed.

Unit testing can be performed from the bottom up starting with the smallest and lowest level
modules and proceeding one at a time. For each module in a bottom-up testing, a short program
executes the module and provides the needed data.

Integration Testing:

Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while
conducting test to uncover errors associate with interfacing. Objectives are used to take unit test
modules and built program structure that has been directed by design.

The integration testing is performed for this Hospital Management System when all the
modules where to make it a complete system. After integration the project works successfully.

Validation Testing:

Validation testing can be defined in many ways, but a simple definition is that can be reasonably
expected by the customer. After validation test has been conducted, one of two possible
conditions exists.

• The functions or performance characteristics confirm

to specification and are accepted.

• A deviation from specification is uncovered and a

deficiency list is created.
Proposed system under consideration has been tested by using validation
testing and found to be working satisfactorily.
 For example, in this project validation testing is performed against inpatient search
module. This module is tested with the following valid and invalid inputs for the field
patientname.

White Box Testing

White box testing, sometimes called glass-box testing is a test case design method that uses the
control structure of the procedural design to derive test cases. Using white box testing methods,
the software engineer can derive test cases that• Guarantee that all independent paths with in a
module have been exercised at least once.

• Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.

• Execute all loops at their boundaries and with in their operational
bounds and
• Exercise internal data structure to assure their validity.

For example in this project white box testing is performed against inpatient module.
Without entering text if we apply it displays the message “First add record then save it” else it
should be saved.

Black Box Testing

This method treats the coded module as a black box. The module runs with inputs that are likely
to cause errors. Then the output is checked to see if any error occurred. This method cannot be
used to test all errors, because some errors may depend on the code or algorithm used to
implement the module.

System Implementation
Implementation is the process of having system personal check out and
provides new equipments into use, train the users to install a new application
and construct any files of data needed to use it. There are three types of
implementation.
•Implementation of computer system to replace a manual system.

The problems encountered are covering files, training users,

creating accurate files and verifying print outs for integrity.

•Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existing

one. This is usually difficult conversion. If not properly planned, there can be many
problems. So large computer systems may take as long as a year to convert.

•Implementation of a modified application to replace the existing

one using the same computer. This type of conversion is relatively

easy to handle, usually there are no major changes in the file.

System evalution is the last step which include :-

1.operational evalution

2.organizational evalution

3.user evalution

These 3 steps are related with thing that wheater the software is useful to users or not,,
and what all are the benefits of it to the organization and whats its use for the user.

Therefore our project for the hospital management is finished in 7 steps of SDLC.