Y.

Rami Reddy Page 1 2/14/2011

Paper presentation
VIBHAAVA-2003

Topic: - Grid computing

Authors: - Y. Rami Reddy & Vineela.
College of study: Bapatla Engineering College,
Bapatla,
Guntur (d.t).

Address:- 1. Y.Rami Reddy

Roll no: 38,
2/3 M.C.A.,
Baptla Engineering College,
Baptla,
Guntur (d.t),
A.P.

2. Vineela.
Roll no: 19,
2/3 M.C.A.,
Baptla Engineering College,
Baptla,
Guntur (d.t),
A.P.

E-mail: ramireddy_yarram@yahoo.co.in
vineela4740@yahoo.com
evergreen_1470@yahoo.co.in
ramu@krify.com

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Grid computing
Abstract: -

Computational Grid is a collection of distributed, possibly heterogeneous

resources, which can be used as an ensemble to execute large-scale applications.
Grid computing is a form of distributed computing that involve
coordinating and sharing computing, application, data, storage, or network resources
across dynamic and geographically dispersed organizations. Grid computing is based on
an open set of standards and protocols — e.g., Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)
— that enable communication across heterogeneous, geographically dispersed
environments. With grid computing, organizations can optimize computing and data
resources, pool them for large capacity workloads, share them across networks and
enable collaboration.
Grid computing is an evolving area of computing, where standards and technology are
still being developed to enable this new paradigm. With crash simulation, it is predicted
to be the ‘next big thing’ pc’s idle resources for some constructive work on a computing
grid. Grid computing dovetails naturally with powerful developments in IBM like
autonomic computing and e-business on demand, grid offers businesses a host of
practical benefits for coping with — and taking advantage of — an on demand world.
Grid applications include Distributed Supercomputing, High-Throughput
applications. Grid have many benefits and provide the solutions for the organizations that
are Research & Development, Engineering & Design, Business Analytics, Automotive,
Aerospace.
Introduction: -
what is Grid Computing?
Computational Grid is a collection of distributed, possibly heterogeneous resources,
which can be used as an ensemble to execute large-scale applications.
• Computational Grid also called “metacomputer”
• Term “computational grid” comes from an analogy with the electric power grid:
o Electric power is ubiquitous
o Don’t need to know the source (transformer, generator) of the power or
the power company that serves it

Technically speaking...

Grid computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and

data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity to create a

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single system image, granting users and applications seamless access to vast IT
capabilities. Just as an Internet user views a unified instance of content via the Web, a
grid user essentially sees a single, large virtual computer.

Evolution, not revolution: -

In fact, grid can be seen as the latest and most complete evolution of more
familiar developments — such as distributed computing, the Web, peer-to-peer
computing and virtualization technologies.

· Like the Web, grid computing keeps complexity hidden: multiple users enjoy a single,
unified experience.
· Unlike the Web, which mainly enables communication, grid computing enables full
collaboration toward common business goals.

· Like peer-to-peer, grid computing allows users to share files.

· Unlike peer-to-peer, grid computing allows many-to-many sharing — not only files but
other resources as well.

· Like clusters and distributed computing, grids bring computing resources together.
· Unlike clusters and distributed computing, which need physical proximity and
operating homogeneity, grids can be geographically distributed and heterogeneous.

· Like virtualization technologies, grid computing enables the virtualization of IT

resources.
· Unlike virtualization technologies, which virtualizes a single system, grid computing
enables the virtualization of vast and disparate IT resources.

Evolution of grid computing: -

It was in the early 1970’s when computers were first linked by networks
that the idea of harnessing unused CPU cycles was born. A few early experiments with
distributed computing-including a pair of programs called Creeper and Reaper-ran on the
Internet’s predecessor, the ARPANET. In 1973, the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
(PARC) installed the first Ethernet network and the first full-fledged distributed
computing effort was underway .
Scientists John F.Shoch and Jon A.Hupp created a worm, as they called it,
and envisioned it moving from machine to machine using idle resources for beneficial
purposes. In another effort, Richard Crandall, now a distinguished scientist at Apple,
started putting idle, networked computes to work, Crandall installed software that
allowed the machines, when not in use, to perform computations and to combine efforts
with other machines on the network.

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Significance of grid computing :-

Organizations that depend on access to computational power to advance

their business objectives often sacrifice or scale down new projects, design ideas or
innovations due to sheer lack of computational bandwidth project demands simply
outstrip computational power, even if an organization has significant investment in
dedicated computing resources. Even if there are potential rewards from additional
computational access, many enterprises struggle to balance the need for additional
computing resources with the need to control costs.
Upgrading any buying new hardware is an expensive proposition, and
with the rate of technology obsolescence, it is eventually a losing one. By better usage
and distributing existing compute resources, grid computing helps to alleviate this
problem. It can be used in executing science, engineering, industrial and commercial
applications, such as drug design, automobile design, crash simulation, aerospace
modeling, high energy physics, astrophysics, earth modeling, electronic CAD, ray
tracing, data mining, financial modeling and so on.

cluster computing is made up of multiple interconnected independent

nodes that work together as a single resource. Unlike grids, cluster resources are owned

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by a centralized resource management and scheduling system. That means all users of
cluster have to go through a centralized system that manages allocation of resources to
application jobs. nodes .

What is the difference between Grid Computing, Cluster Computing and the
Web?
Cluster computing focuses on platforms consisting of often homogeneous
interconnected nodes in a single administrative domain.
Clusters often consist of PCs or workstations and relatively fast networks
• Cluster components can be shared or dedicated
Application focus is on cycle-stealing computations, high-throughput computations,
distributed computations

Web focuses on platforms consisting of any combination of resources and networks

which support naming services, protocols, search engines, etc.
• Web consists of very diverse set of computational, storage, communication, and
other resources shared by an immense number of users
• Application focus is on access to information, electronic commerce, etc.

Grid focus on ensembles of distributed heterogeneous resources used as a platform for

high performance computing
• Some grid resources may be shared, other may be dedicated or reserved
• Application focus is on high-performance, resource-intensive applications

Grid applications :
• Distributed Supercomputing
o Distributed Supercomputing applications couple multiple computational
resources – supercomputers and/or workstations
o Distributed supercomputing applications include SFExpress (large-scale
modeling of battle entities with complex interactive behavior for
distributed interactive simulation), Climate Modeling (modeling of climate
behavior using complex models and long time-scales)

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• High-Throughput Applications
o Grid used to schedule large numbers of independent or loosely coupled
tasks with the goal of putting unused cycles to work
o High-throughput applications include RSA key cracking, seti@home
(detection of extra-terrestrial communication)
• Data-Intensive Applications
o Focus is on synthesizing new information from large amounts of
physically distributed data
o Examples include NILE (distributed system for high energy physics
experiments using data from CLEO), SAR/SRB applications, digital
library applications
How to become a part of grid computing : -

When you are working on your PC, you are probably using a very small
part of its computing power. Even when you are playing a game, creating graphics of
surfing the web, you may be employing only a fraction of your machine’s available
computing power. Some companies have built a small, secure software agent for
individuals to download on their machines, which can put this wasted power to use. You
just need to ensure you have at least the minimum recommended system requirements,
read the software licencing agreement, and download the agent set-up file to your
computer. You can either choose the directory location or run it from the server. The
agent will detect when you are online, will download a task, and will begin working on it
using your PC’s idle resources, even while you continue to use your computer for normal
activities. Unless you choose to view the task graphic via the screen saver during the set-
up prompts, you will not even know the agent is there. If the screensaver is running, you
can see the progress of a task and review the computational activity of your computer.
Also, you have full control over the agent while it is on your computer, including the
agent’s activity and schedule.
If you have a LAN connection and you are behind a firewall, you may
need to enter proxy server information. To do this, click the SET PROXY BUTTON. The
proxy server settings require a valid IP address and must be input prior to attempting
login. To determine proxy settings, review them in your web browser or check with your
system administrator. In internet explorer, proxy settings are under [Tools] [internet
options..] [Connections]. Choose either [LAN settings ] or [setting] for your dial-up
options. If ‘Use Proxy’ is checked, click on [Advanced…] button to see your proxy
settings.
For example, the recommended minimum system specifications to
install/run an agent could be
• Intel Pentium processor or equivalent.

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• At least 48 MB RAM.
• 600 MB hard disk drive with at least 100 MB available for use.
• The ability to display 8-bit graphics at 800x600 resolution.
• An Internet connection.
• Operating system: Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 2000 or
windows Nt 4.0 with Service pack 5.

State-of-the-art Grid Infrastructure: -

Legion and Globus are the two best-known infrastructure efforts
Globus -- integrated toolkit of Grid services
• Developed by Ian Foster (ANL/UC) and Carl Kesselman (USC/ISI)
• “Bag of services” model – applications can use Grid services without having
to adopt a particular programming model
• Globus services include
o Resource allocation and process management (GRAM)
o Communication services (Nexus)
o Distributed access to structure and state information (MDS)
o Authentication and security services (GSI)
o System monitoring (HBM)
o Remote data access (GASS)
o Construction, caching and location of executables (GEM)

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Legion
• Developed by Andrew Grimshaw (UVA)
• Provides single, coherent virtual machine model that addresses grid issues within
a reflective, object-based metasystem
• “Everything is an object” in Legion model – HW resources, SW resources, etc.
• Every Legion object is defined and managed by its class object; class objects act
as managers and make policy, as well as define instances
• Legion defines the interface and basic functionality of a set of core object types
which support basic services
• Users may also define and build their own class objects

Implementaions &benefits of grid computing: -

IBM Grid solutions are tailored for both specific industries and general
business and technology areas. Here you can explore those solutions, organized by the

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key industries that are reaping both business and technology benefits from the power and
optimization of grid computing.

Research & Development : Accelerate and enhance the R&D process with research-
intensive applications; reduce R&D costs and increase efficiency of co-development;
improve hit-rates through better simulation of real-world characteristics.

Engineering & Design :Accelerate and improve product design and development; reduce
product design costs and increase efficiency of co-development; reduce time to market by
executing tasks faster and more accurately.

Business Analytics : Improve understanding of risk exposure; run price optimization

models more frequently and run more complex problems faster; enhance decision making
due to better transparency.

Enterprise Optimization : Improve transparency of IT resource management across an

enterprise; enhance exploitation of existing IT resources; rapidly and efficiently scale to
meet volatile workload environments; reduce downtime.

Government Development : Stimulate economic development; improve collaboration

across government agencies; enable faster and more accurate decision making.

Financial services : Reduce statistical margin of error; make faster trade decisions and
reduce portfolio risk with increased number of scenarios.

Automotive: Accelerate time to market of new auto and truck designs; enable cross-
platform design and engineering collaboration; shorten design cycles.

Aerospace: Enhance
data sharing in aerospace engineering and design; leverage distributed
workflow within and among departments and companies while optimizing server
infrastructure.

Accelerate discovery process in genomics, proteomics and molecular

Life sciences:
biology; execute rapid sequence comparison algorithms; enable innovative information
analysis.

Government: Stimulate economic development; integrate data from disparate military and
civilian agencies; make faster and more accurate decisions.

Higher education: Seamlessly share raw data; gain secure access to shared resources;
simplify data access and integration.

Electronics: Speed collaborative processes and reduce time to market; augment

computing capabilities to decrease cycle time; optimize computing capacity and existing
infrastructure investments.

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Agricultural chemicals: Achieve quick turnaround for large volumes of calculations and
simulations; enable lead identification through innovative information analysis; increase
number of calculations processed.

Petroleum: Reduce imaging time and improve reservoir management results; seamlessly
manage distributed systems and data; consolidate applications, networks and data.

Grid computing and the Net: -

Distributed.net (commonly known as ‘dnet’) truly pioneered distributed

computing efforts by creating the first general-purpose distributed computing network on
the Internet. Founded in 1997, distributed.net succeeded in bringing individuals together
to complete cryptographic challenges via a distributed environment. Distributed.net has
successfully completed several cryptographic challenges sponsored by RSA Labs and CS
Communication & Systems, and has grown continually to encompass thousands of users
around the world. The computing power of distributed.net is equivalent to that of more
than 160,000 PII 266 MHz computers working 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365
days a year!
Grid computing started as a response to scientific users’ need to pull
together large amounts of computing power to tackle complex applications. These ad hoc
assemblages of distributed resources are coordinated by software that mediates different
computer operating systems manages thinks such as scheduling and security to create
sophisticated, virtual computers. Grid computing, still generally confined to the research
community, is one sign of utility-style data processing services made possible by the
Internet. Peer-to-peer computing, which allows disparate users to dedicate portions of
their computers to cooperative processing via the Internet, is a related phenomenon used
mostly by consumers and business, Both models harness a potentially vast amount of
computing power in the form of excess, spare or dedicated system resources from the
entire range of computers spread out across the internet.

Oracle DATABASE 10g for the grid: -

With the complexities in corporations and the hunger for more data
processing capabilities, oracle has been one of the first to make an attempt with this
promising technology.
Oracle corporation reached a milestone in the world of database and
announced in the September as the release of a database that uses grid technology. Oracle
new database named oracle 10g. the ‘g’ stands for ‘grid’, continuing the successful
sequence 9i. This release has signaled it’s time for the industry to move towards grid
technology.
This have advantages such as dynamic resource allocation allowing gradual
scaling/upgrading of hardware, invisible server failure to end users (no down time since a
failed server job will be taken over by another server in the pool) and reallocating with
load balancing (workload monitor looks for load balancing aspects).

Conclusion: -

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Grid computing is fabulous, gorgeous and marvelous technology that will

hook up the computing devices that are dispersed in through the globe. A grid computing
pool of computing devices, which collectively process and make available data to agents
such as desktop or mobile clients. The automatic load balancing systems help in
leveraging the benefits of all the computing resources.
Grid provides the power of processors and storage from the grid via the
Internet using applications to complete mammoth tasks. The remote application cluster
features are not built into new system.

Acknowledgements: -

We are graceful to all those who directly and indirectly helped as during
the preparation of this paper presentation.
We express our sincere thanks to our beloved head of the dept. of CSE &
IT Sri Mr. N. Naga malleswara rao garu M.Tech. And also thankful to Sri Rajesh babu
garu MCA, Miss. Siva kumari MCA lecturers in department of CSE & IT for his
motivation.
Our thanks also extended to the librarian Hari babu garu for providing
books even odd time, and my friends Ramu, Anji reddy, Ranganath, Satish, & Nagaraju
for their immense help in this presentation.
And also special thanks to the lab administrator for his immense help to
take the hard copies.

References : -

Information technology ---- by Deepak halan, (the author heads a market research
group and has eight years of work experience on grid computing. ).

Information technology ---- by vijaya kittu M, (the author heads a research group in
oracle corporation on oracle DATA BASE 10g project. ).

IBM grid computing

--- BY

Grid Computing