UNIT CODE: BED 1227 UNIT TITLE: RURAL AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT

CAT 1 & 2

Instructions: Answer ALL the Questions

1. Explain the social, economic, political, geographical and cultural factors affecting water
accessibility in rural areas (15 marks)

1) poor road network

2) Low population

3) Lack of social amenities such as schools and health centres

4) Low income-The poor rural population lack the resources to access to basic water
supply

5) Infrastructure e.g pipelines and water pumps are needed to safely move water
from long distance or from one place to another which in this case is not available
in rural areas

6) Conflict-Water is the main source of conflict in rural areas mainly by the

pastoralist

7) Corruption-Some politicians misappropriate funds meant for installing or

constructing dams or lakes for the community living in rural areas

2. Discuss the challenges and opportunities facing the adoption of Community-Led Urban
Environmental Sanitation Planning (CLUES) as model of improving sanitation services
in small cities in Africa (15 marks)

For better understanding of CLUES, please refer to:

https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/projects/sesp/clues/
Challenges

1) Poor policy/legal framework- Failure to adhere laws regulating the institutional

responsibilities in the provision of environmental sanitation services (ESS) including the role of
local authorities, the community and the private sector will lead to process failure.

2) Financial constraints-Clues incurs a high cost and since ince low-income communities
are not always capable of of self-financing the planning and implementation of improved
environmental sanitation services

3) Poor capacity development and skills-Adequate knowledge, skills and capacities are an
essential part of the enabling environment for the implementation of CLUES. CLUES is a novel
approach that requires specific skills such as participatory project management, negotiation and
problem solving skills, stakeholder coordination, conflict resolution and community
organisation. It is important to identify institutions and/or agencies that have a high level of
capacity to conduct the process management aspects of the project as well as have the
necessary technical skills.

4) Lack of support from the government-If political support is not yet assured, the greatest

challenge will be to convince relevant policy-makers that the CLUES approach has the potential

to contribute to the government’s long-term development objectives.

5) Time consuming- planning takes time.Delays include unclear land tenure, conflicts between

different stakeholders and vested interests

6)

Opportunities

1) Community mobilization and contribution-Since it’s a community-led,CLUES promotes

the participation of the residents in the planning process e.g. consultation meeting

2) CLUES combine expert knowledge and local knowledge at community level

3) Involvement of a multi-sector and multi-actor approach accounting for water supply,

sanitation, solid waste management and storm drainage in urban areas and emphasizing the
participation of all stakeholders from an early stage in the planning process
4) Socio-cultural acceptance since it’s a community-led, i.e matching service provision to the users’
perceptions, preferences, and commitments to both short term and long-term participation.This
eases the planning and implementation process

5) Community contracting-Contract for this initiative is awarded to communities with locally hired
workers such that resources are retained within the community, jobs are created and ownership
of the project is generated