Fundamentals of Psychrometrics PDF

Fundamentals of
Psychrometries
Second Edition
Don Brandt
-
Inch-Pound
A Course Book for

Self- Directed or Group Learn ing
Learning Institute
Fundamentals of
Psxchr-ometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning
Atlanta
Fundamentals of pJychrometrics (I-P), Second Edition
AS~RAE)
A Course Book for Self- Directed or Group Learning
ISBN 978- 1-939200-09-9 (papcrtJUck)
ISBN 978- 1-939200-10-5 (PDF)
SOL Number: 00099
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from the ASHRAE Learning Institute AS~RAE)
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ASHRAE offers texts for self-study or group training with instructor materials. Texts cover
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Don Brandt is an AS HRAE member fro m Phoenix, Arizona , who
spent 39 years (4 of them part time) with Trane Co., mostly as a Com-
mercial Sales Engineer and Sales Manager. He was involved in thou-
sands of projects over that time period, including many with large
industrial customers that had spec ial HVAC and process appli cations.
Brandt also taught thc Trane AIC Clinic scries many timcs to young
eng ineers starting out in the industry.
Brandt has al so been active in AS HRAE at all three levels of orga-
nization-Chapter, Regional. and Society-during thi s same peri od.
He is a charter member and past presiden t o f the Anthracite Chapter in
Northeast Pennsylvania. He was the Technical, Energy and Govern-
ment Acti vities Committee (TEGA) Regional Vice Chair for Region X,
the TEGA Vice Chair and Chair in 2002, Region X Director and
Regional Chair from 2002- 2005, on the Board of Directors from 2002-
2005, and a member of Standards Committee from 2005- 2009 as a
Standards Project Liaison Subcommi ttee (SPLS) Liaison. In 2001 he
became a member of Professional Development Committee, moving up
to Chair in 2013. He is currentl y a member of the Energy Targets Mul-
tidisc iplinary Task Group, a Nom inating Member for Regi on X, and
Member of the Appeals Board for Standards.
Brandt is a 1974 graduate of Penn State with a BS in Electrical
Engineering and an active member of the Alumn i Associati on. In retire-
ment, he is an instructor for the successful AS HRAE HVAC Essentials
Course, both Leve ls I and 2, that is held both in the United States and
internationally. He also teac hes a portion of the Association of Energy
Engineers (AEE), Arizona Chapter, Certified Energy Manager (CEM)
preparation class held on an annual basis.
Contents
Preface . . . .............. _ ............. .. . . • .. .. • .. . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . xiii
Chapter I: Introduction to Psychrometries. _. _. _. . _. . _ ....... . .
Introduction .. .
Enthalpy .... . 2
Air Density 2
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations .. 2
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I ...... . ..4
Chapter 2: Properties of Moist Air ................ . . . ... 5
Introduction . .. ·. 5
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . • . . ............... . . . . 5
Humidity. . . . . . . . _. . . . _. • .. _. ... _. . • . . .... . .. 6
Enthalpy . . . . . . ...•.... . •............ .. 6
Specific Volume . . ...... . .... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ..... 6
Using Appendix A .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
T erminoiogy and Symbols for Psychrometries .... 7
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 ... . .. . . . , , . .. , , . 8
Chapter 3: Introducing the Psychrometric Chart .... . ... . . ... .. II
The Modern Age of Psychrometries. . . . II
Creating the Psychrometric Chart. . . . . II
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities . 14
Climatic Design Information. . . . . . . . . . 16
Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude . 17
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 4: Air-Conditioning Processes
on the Psychrometric Chart .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Power ofthe Psychrometric Chart. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . 21
Sensible Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sensible Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 22
Latent HeatAddition ...... ..... ....... . 23
Latent Heat Removal . · 23
Total Heat Content ........ .. .• . . .. .. . . . . • . . . .... . ..... 25
Cooling and Humidifying . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .26
Heating and Humidifying . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . · 28
Dehumidification and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . ..... 30
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
viii Contents
Chapter 5: HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart .. 35

Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System. 35
Mixing Airstreams- Cooling Systems. . 35
Mixing Airstreams- Heating System s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sensible Heat Ratio-Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sensible Heat Ratio-Cooling with Outdoor Air . . . . . .... 40
Psychrometric Process- Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5. . . . . . . . . . .... 44
Chapter 6: Psychrom etries in HVAC Equi pm ent ....... • .. . .... 47
The Air-Handling Unit:
Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System .. ..47
Psychrometries of a Cooling Coil .... . ..47
Psychrometries of Fan Heat. . . . . . . . . . ... . .•. . . 49
Psychrometries of a Heating Coil . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 50
Humidification Equipment . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 50
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6 .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .... 54
Chapter 7: Psychrometri es in Zoned HVAC Systems. . . . 57
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems. . . . . . . . . 57
Constant-Volume. Single-Zone System . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 58
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat. . . .. . . . .. . . 59
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System
with Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil . . . .... 60
Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 62
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems. . 63
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones. . . . . 65
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes . .. . . . .. . . 66
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 69
Chapter 8: Energy Conservation and Psychrometries ..... • • . .... 73
Introduction 73
Heat Recovery Devices . . . ... . . . .. .. . . .... . . . . . . . . .... 73
Energy Recovery Devices . . .. . . • . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 78
Air-Side Economizer . . 81
Water-Side Economizer. ..... ........... ....... 81
Supply Air Temperature Reset . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 83
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 9: Special Applications and Psychromet ric Considerations. 87
Introduction ..... ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .... 87
Cooling Towers 87
Indoor Swimming Pools . . . .. . . . .. . . . .... 89
Cleanrooms 90
Fundamentals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Edition ix
Direct Evaporative Cooling .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 93

Indirect Evaporative Cooling ............. . . .. 94
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 ... . . .. 97
Append ix A: Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air .. ..99
Append ix B: Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors. 103
Append ix C: Climatic Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
Append ix D : Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation. 135
Skill Development Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 139
Preface
Psyc hrometries is a tool HV AC designers use to determine the

amount of moi sture in the air and to provide solutions to des igners for
the ultimate comfort of bui lding occupants. It can be used to size air
handling un its; optim ize energy performance; identify control sensors
for building automation; describe the performance of cooling coi ls,
cooling towers, and humidification equipme nt; and evaluate heat recov-
ery strategies.
Yet the use of psychrometries and the psychrometric chart is differ-
ent from designer to designer. Some do not use the psychrometric chart,
relying instead on simp lified formulas or complex computer simula-
tions. Others use the chart onl y for special si tuations, such as indoor
swimming pool applications. And some use it as their primary system
evaluation tooL
This course is meant to cover all of these uses of the psychrometric
chart, to have something for all these different backgrounds, and to be
an introduction for the young designer who has yet to pick an approach.
The COUT::;e addresses the use of psychrome.trics and the psychrometric
chart fOT typical app li cations and systems and includes some theory.
This theory not on ly sets the basics but also gives students an apprecia-
tion of the si mp lification that the psychrometric chart provides. The
psychrometric chart gives a visual description of HVAC design, one
that could never be appreciated from fonnu las alone .
This second ed ition of the psychrometrics self-directed learn ing
(SOL) course was rewritten in an attempt to teach the fundamentals of
psychrometri cs in about half the time as the previous vers ion. The
author has used his 4 1 years of experience in the HV AC industry as the
expertise for the format and content.
Acknowledgments
I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first

publishing adventure of my life. My wife JoAnn was the person who
put my scribble into a nice Word document. John Duren, Sa les Engi-
neer for MPSW in Phoenix , did various eq uipment selections that are
used in the course. Mick Schwedler and John Murphy from Trane
Appli cations Engineering Department in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were
there when I need some technical help and review. And I wou ld like to
thank ASHRAE staff for their understanding and help to make this a
finished publication.
Introduction to
Psychrometries
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
o understand the basic processes of psychrometries,

o understand enthalpy and vo lumetric airflow, and
o understand the basic formulas of HV AC design.
Instructions
Read the materia l in Chapter I. At the end of the chapter, complete the ski ll
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
Psychrometries is an analysis tool that HV AC engineers use to provide
solutions to comfort issues. These issues can be related to human comfort or
process comfort depending on the applications.
If the air surrounding us were totally dry, our job as HVAC engineers
would be vel)' easy and probab ly boring. But, because all air we work with
contains some amount of moi sture in the form of water vapor, our jobs get
more complex.
The four ba sic processes that an HV AC system can perform on moist air
are as follows:
Cooling- Lowering the air temperature

Heating- Raising the air tempera ture
Humidification- Rai sing the moi sture content in the air
Dehumidification- Lowering the moisture content in the air
Note that HV AC processes can also be a combination of the above four

basic actions. These combinations include the fo llow ing:
Heating and humidification- Increasing the temperature and moisture con-

tent of the air at the same time
2 Chapter I Introduction to Psychrometries
Heating and dehumidification- Increasing the temperature and decreas ing

the moisture content of the air at the sa me time
Cooling and humidification- Decreasing the temperature and increasing
the moi sture content of the air at the sa me time
Cooling and dehumid ifi cation- Decreasi ng the temperature and moisture
content of the ai r at the same time
These combination processes provide an infinite number of potential

actions. For example, consider the cool ing and dehumidification combination
process. We ha ve a solution that drops the temperature 25 degrees and only
drops the dew point (defined later) 1 degree. Another solution drops the tem-
perature 10 degrees and the dew point 10 degrees. So, there are thousands of
solutions with too many temperature and dew-point combinations to li st.
Enthalpy
We will use the property of the enthalpy of air throughout this course.
Enthalpy is the s um of the interna l energy or the total heat content of the ai r. In
other words, warm and humid air can have the same heat content as hot and dry
air. So the energy required to coo l wannlhumid air in the Gulf Reg ion of North
Ameri ca might be close to the energy required to cool hot/dry air in the South-
west deserts. Enthalpy h is subdi vided into the follow ing:
hda enthalpy of dry air at 0% relative humidity

hs enthalpy of saturated air or 100% relative humidi ty
has enthalpy d ifferences between hda and hs
Air Density
Elevation has an effect on psychrometric analyses. As elevation changes, so
does the ai r density. This means the constants used in equat ions will change
and different psychrometric charts (Chapter 3) are required for proper calcula-
tion.
For thi s course we will use sea level as atmospheric pressure for all calcula-
tions unless otherwise noted.
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations

For easier understanding, we wi ll use vol umetric airflow in cubic feet per
minute (cfm) rather than mass flo w for our calculations throughout this course.
Standard air is defined as air at sea level or 29.92 in. Hg of barometric pres-
sure and 69.5 °F 'db' The density of air at sea level is 0.075 Ib/ft) .
The three equations we will use in our calculations are for sensible heat
(q,), the total heat required (q,), and latent heat (q,):
qs = 1.085 >< cfm >< (I) - (2) temperature (1·1 )

Fundamentals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Edition 3
where the constant 1.085 is deri ved from the following:
0.075 Iblft3 x 0.24 Btullb ·oF x 60 mi nlh ~ 1.08
where 0.24 Btullb ·oF is the specific heat of air.
q, = 4.5 x cfm x (h. - "2) enthalpy (1-2)
where the constant 4.5 is deri ved from the following:
0.075 Ib!ft3 x 60 minlh ~ 4.5
qf=4840 x cfm x (W1 - W 2) humidity ratio (1-3)
where the constant 4840 is derived from the following:
0.075 Ib/ft3 x 1075 Btullb x 60 minlh ~ 4837.5 ~ 4840
where 1075 BtuJ1b is the enthalpy (h ) of air at 32°F for the evaporation of water
to vapor.
4 Chapter I Introductio n to Psychro metri es
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back a/this book.
I-I How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2 Wh ich combination process will increase both the temperature and the moi s-
ture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
1-3 Enthalpy is the tota l heat content of the air.

a) True
b) Fa lse
1-4 Change in elevation has no effect on the air density_
a) True
b) False
Properties of
Moist Air
Study Objectives
After completing thi s chapter, you should be able to
o define some fundam ental properties used in psyc hrometries and

o understand how to use Appendix A.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 2. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the tex t.
Introduction
This chapter define s the properties that an HV AC engineer uses to do psy-
chrometric analysis. The properties are temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and
specific volume.
Temperature
The temperatures we are concerned about in HV AC systems are the foll ow-
ing:
Dry-bulb temperature: The measure of the surrounding air temperature

with a standard thennometer in degrees Fahrenheit (OF) without infl uence
on the thennometer by heat sources or so lar heat gain.
Wet-bulb temperature; The measure of the moi st effect on the evapora-
tion process in the air. Using a standard dry-bulb thermometer, place a cot-
ton sock on the sensing portion. Next, soak the sock in amb ient-
temperature water and, by rotation, move surrounding air across the sock.
The temperature will drop below ambient because o f the evaporative or
cooling effect on the sensing bulb. It will continue to drop until most of the
water is evaporated into the surrounding ai r. This is the wet-bulb tempera-
ture and may also be called wet-bulb depression. Any further drying of the
sock will result in the temperature goi ng back up to the ambient dry-bulb
temperature.
6 Cha pte r 2 Properties of Moist Air
Dew-point temperature: The measure of the dry-bulb temperature at the

poi nt where water vapor starts to condense to liq uid or be removed from
the air. This is also referred to as the condensation point, because it is the
temperature at which the water turn s to liquid from vapor in the airstream.
Satu ration temperature: The temperature at which the air cannot hold
any add itional water vapor. At the saturation temperature, the dry-bulb,
wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are identical.
Humidity
Humidity is the moisture in the air. We can talk about it in two ways:
Humid ity r a tio: The actual weight in pounds of water vapor per pound of
dry air (lb)j lbda ). Note that in some HV AC psychrometric ca lculati ons you
may see grains of moisture per pound of dry air (gr/lbda ), with 7000 grains
equal to I lb. Either calculation will result in the same answer .
Relative hu m idity: The ac tual amount of moi sture in the air at a given dry-
bulb temperature versus the max imum amount of moisture in the air at the
same dry-bulb temperature. It is expressed in percentage because it is a par-
tial moisturelmax imum moisture ratio. At constant moisture content, as
soon as the dry-bulb temperature changes, so does the relative humid ity .
Enthalpy
The energy content of a ir is defin ed as the enthalpy of the air or the total
heat content of the air. It is expressed in British the nnal uni ts (B tu) per pound
of dry air (B tullbda ). Aga in, warmlhumid a ir can have the same enthalpy as
hot/dry air, so it takes the sa me amount of energy to cool e ither a irstream to a
comfortable condition.
Specific Volume
Specific vol ume is the cubic fee t per pound of dry air (ft 3/1bda ). It is the
inverse of air de nsity (lb/ft 3).
Note that spec ifi c vo lume changes as the dry-bulb temperature changes, but
not nearl y as much as it changes with the effect of higher altitude.
Using Appendix A
The table in Appendix A li sts thermodynamic properties of moist air at
14.696 psia. Fo r each dry-bulb temperature in of, we have values for the fol-
lowing:
Humidi ty ratio at saturation

Specific volume at dry, saturated, and differentia l cond itions
Specific enthalpy at dry, saturated, and di fferential conditions
Specific entropy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions (not used in

this text)
We will use this table as we go through the text.
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometries

h enthalpy of moi st ai r, Btu/lb
ha spec ifi c enthalpy of dry air, Btullb
hw spec ifi c enthalpy of water vapor, Btullb
p total pressure, usually barometric, in. Hg
Pw partial pressure of water vapor, in. Hg
Pa partial pressure of dry air, in. Hg
q rate at which heat is transferred to a process, Btulh
tdb dry-bu lb temperature of moist air, of
t \Vb wet-bu lb temperature of mo ist air, of
tdp dew-point temperature of moi st air, of
v specific vol ume of moi st air, ft. 3/1b
va specific vol ume of dry air, ft 3/1b
Vw specifi c volume of water vapor, n3/1b
vs' Vg spec ifi c volume of saturated water vapor, ft 3/1b
W humidity ratio of moi st air, Ib (water)llb (dry air)
Ws humidity ratio of moi st air at saturation,lb (water)l1 b (dry air)
$ re lati ve humidity the ratio of actual moi sture amount to maximum
moi sture amount, % rh
For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table

of unit conversion factors for converting between Inch-Pound (l-P) and Sys-
tt~me International (SI) measurement units, see Appendix B.
8 Cha pte r 2 Properties of Moist Air
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2
2-1 Dry-bu lb temperature is measured w ith a wet sock around the sensing bu lb.
a) True
b) Fa lse
2-2 Saturation temperature of ai r is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bu lb, and
dew-point temperatures are equa l.
a) True
b) Fa lse
2·3 Relat ive hum idity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) Fa lse
2-4 The dry-bu lb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

a) True
b) Fa lse
2-5 According to Append ix A, what is the spec ific enthalpy hs of saturated air at
40' F?
a) 15.23
b) 9.6
c) 5.8
d) None of the above
2-6 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the spec ific volume v?
a) 12.69
b) 12.59
c) 0.105
2·7 According to Appendix A, what is the spec ific en thalpy of dry air 17(1 at 100°F?
a) 29.27
b) 47. 73
c) 24.03
what is the specific volume v?
a) 19.15
b) 19 .80
c) 15.45
Introducing the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
o describe how the psychrometric chart was developed,

o understand how to read the psychrometric chart, and
o use climatic design information from tables publi shed by ASHRAE.
Instructions
The Modern Age of Psychrometries

In this chapter, you wi ll learn about the psychro metric chart and how to use
it in HV AC problems. You wi ll see how to construct and then use the psychro-
metric chart.
The psychrometric chart was developed by Wi llis Carrier in the early
1900s. It has been refined over time for more accuracy to provide better resu lts.
The chart conta ins seven important psychrometric variables, represented on the
chart by the following symbol s:
'db dry-bu lb temperature

'wb wet-bu lb temperature
tdp dew-point temperature
$ relative humidity
h enthalpy
W humidity ratio
v spec ific volume
Creating the Psychrometrie Chart

We wi ll now discuss how to construct the psychrometric chart and plot the
seven important properties on the chart. Using Figure 3-1 , start with the x-axis
(the horizontal line across the bottom) and plot dry-bulb temperatures on a lin-
ear scale from low on the right to high on the left.
12 Chapte r 3 Introduci ng t he Psychrometric C hart
Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values

from 32°F to 120°F. Then, put the y-axis (the vertical line on the ri ght side) on
a linear scale from Iowan the bottom to high on the top.
We develop the saturation line (the heavy dark curve shown in Figure 3-1)
by the intersection of the Ws value and the vertica l dry-bulb line. Remember,
the dry-bulb, wet-bu lb, and dew-point temperatures are eq ual on the saturat ion
line. Lines of constant humi dity ratio are all horizontal.
Figure 3-2 shows that the dew-point temperature is where the dry-bulb tem-
perature intersects the saturation line. A line of constant dew point goes hori-
zontall y on the psychrometri c chart.
Go ing to Figure 3-3, we can get the value of the enthalpy at saturation (h s )
and again plot that va lue on the saturation line for that dry-bulb temperature.
To find the other end of the enthalpy line, we simply take the hs value and
go to Appendix A and look fo r a very close value in the hda column. Once we
find it, that dry-bu lb temperature is the intersection point for that enthalpy li ne
with the x-axis.
For example, 60°F db has a value of26.4 Btu/lb, so we plot thi s value at the
60°F saturation temperature. We go to Appendix A and search for a value of
26.4 Btullb in the hda co lumn and find it at 100°F db. Those two points estab-
li sh the 26.4 Btullbda enthalpy line. Lines of constant enthalpy are sloped and
are soli d dark.
90
60%
.028
.024
5 .020 I
40% c
45 3
.016
c:
~.
40
w
.012 0'
"
~
20%
,008
35
10 ,004
30
15 20 25
so
" " " ". '"
Dry Bulb
Figure 3- 1 Beginning the psychrom etric chart.

110
60%
.028
.024
~Q
is'
'v'"
" 35
5
40%
45
.020 I
c
3
c:
30 .016
~
:0
~
40 rl
.012 o·
20%
.008
15 .008 Humidity ~tlo
35
10 .004
30
15 20 25
" 60 70
Dry Bulb
80 90 '00
'"
Figure 3-2 Plotting intersection of dew-point temperature on the psychrometric chart.
90 110
60%
.028
.024
II 5
~Q 3S
40%
.020 I
c
is' 3
'v'" 45
c:
30 .016
~
:0
~
40
.012 "0 .
.008
35
.~~ ..-- Constant Wet
10 ••••• Bulb = 60" .004
••.••.•• 30
o .. ~..'.
80 90
" '" Dry Bu lb
'00
'"
Figure 3-3 Plotting enthalpy on the psychrometric chart.
14 Chapter 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
Figure 3-3 also shows that li nes of constant wet-bulb temperature are
almost parallcl to lines of constan t enthalpy. Lines of constant wet-bulb tem-
perature are sloped and dotted, as shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 shows speci fic vo lume lines. We plot them by going to Appen-
d ix A and, at a given saturation temperature, getting the Vs value and inserting
it on the saturation line. Then we look at the table for the same value at a higher
temperature, and that is the x-axis intersection point for the oth er end of the
specific volume line.
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities

The psychrometric chart shown in Figure 3-4 is sufficient to provide imme-
diate and comp lete characteristics of a moist air parcel, even if only a small
amount ofinfonnation is known about that parcel. More specifically, ifany two
of the seven important psychrometric variables (tdb, 'dp' 'wb, q" h, v, It) of a
moi st air sample are given (for a specific barometric pressure), then all of the
remaining ones can be determ ined immediately fro m the chart.
Example 3-1
Problem Given a sample of air whe re {db = 70°F and ~ = 60% rh, determ ine its dew
point.
Solution Using Figure 3-4, the location point is at the intersection of the conditions
stated in the problem. Moving to the left in a straight li ne indicates that the sat-
uration curve is crossed at a temperature of 55°F. This is the dew-point tem-
perature.
Example 3-2
Problem What is the enthalpy of the 70°F and 60% rh parcel of air from Example 3-1?
Solution Again using Figure 3-4, the locat ion point is the same. Following the line of
constant enthalpy up the enthalpy scale reveals that the enthalpy of this point is
27.0 BtuJlbdG'
Example 3-3
Problem Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3- 1.
Solution Again using Fig ure 3-4, fo ll ow the constant wet-bulb line to the saturation line,
then drop stra ight down to read a temperature of6 1OF, the wet-bulb temperature.
--
,~ .
'.
! :
.~~
Figure 3-4 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. I.

16 Chapter 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
Example 3-4
Problem Use Figure 3-4 to find the speci fi c volume of 'db ~ 70' F and $ ~ 60% rho
Solution Finding this point on Figure 3-4 reveals that it is located between the values of
13.5 and 14.0 for specific volume. Further inspection of the figure ind icates
that there are more li nes of constant spec ific volume that are unmarked. It
appears that each of these represents an increase of 0.1 ft 3/lbdu . Therefore, it
can be determined that the intersection is a specific volume of 13.55 ft3 /1bdcl'
Example 3-5
Problem Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, find the /db' Idp' Iwb. <p. and humid-
ity ratio W of a parcel of air that has a specific volume of 13.9 ftllb da and an
entha lpy of 30 BtuJlbda .
Solution Idb = 84°F, ldp = 54.3°F, ' wb = 65 °F, IP = 37% rh , W = 0.009 Ibl/1\J lbda
Notice that the dew point and relati ve humidity both needed interpolation.
There are many methods of interpolation. Most engineers simply "eyeball "
interpolate by doing a visual scaling between the lines of the chart. There is an
art to this that is learned by practice, but results in error by less than ± I % can
be achieved.
Climatic Design Information

Outdoor weather conditions ha ve a lot to do with the air conditioning and
heating processes described in this book. Climatic design information for the
United States, Ca nada, and other countries is provided in Appendix C.
For our examples, we will use the "2%" column under the "Cooling OBI
MCWS" heading in Appendix C as our design conditions. This means that
only 2% of the tota l hours, in an ave rage year, are above the li sted dry-bulb
temperature. Note that co lumns for 0.4% and 1% of the time are also shown.
Us ing a blank psychrometric chart and Appendix C, plot the outdoor
design conditions (tdb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperature) for summer
in the following cities (labe l them). You will use these outdoor design points as
we go further into this course.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Boulder, Colorado, USA
Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Miami, Florida, USA
San Juan, Puerto Rico

Guadalajara, Mexico
Sao Paulo, Brazi l
Alice Springs, Australia
The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.
Psychrometric Chart for

Extended Temperature and Altitude
The psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4 is for sea level and nonnal tempera-
tures (32°F db to 120°F db). It is availab le from ASHRAE as Psychrometric
Chart No. I.
Psychrometric charts are availab le at 5000 ft and 7500 ft elevations (Charts
No. 4 and No.5), at low temperatures of -40oF to 50°F (sea level, Chart No.2),
and at hi gh temperatures of 60°F to 250°F (sea level, Chart No.3).
If you do work at these elevations and temperature ranges, please use the
appropriate charts. Also, do not forget to correct the sensible heat formula,
enthalpy formu la, and humidity ratio formu la constants for air density changes
using the equations included at the end of Chapter 1.
Figure 3-5 Climatic design information plotted on the psychrometric chart (detail).
18 Cha pte r 3 Introducing t he Psychrometric C hart
3-1 On a psychrome tric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Re lative hum idity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bu lb temperature
d) Wet-bu lb temperature
3·2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the re lative humidity of
an air parcel with W = 0.0 I0 and 'db = 60°F.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3·3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera-
ture of an air parce l with Idb = 70°F a nd IP = 50% rho
a) 52"F
b) 59°F
c) 70°F
d) 85°F
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4 , determine the humidity ratio Wof
an air parcel with a saturation temperature of tdb = 40°F.
a) 0.003
b) 0.005
c) 50%
d) 40°F
3-5 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the spec ific vo lume v
of an air parcel with 'db = 70°F and W = 0.010.
a) 13.40
b) 13.55
c) 14.05
d) 14.40
Fundamentals of Psychrometries (I-P) , Second Edition 19
3-6 According to the psychrometric cha rt in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of
'db = 70°F dry air?
a) 45
b) 35
c) 26
d) 17
3-7 According to th e psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is th e wet-bulb tem-
perature of a moist air parce l with tdb = 70°F and $ = 50% rh air?
a) 70°F
b) 58°F
c) 50°F
d) 38°F
3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is th e dew point of
' db = 50°F saturated air?
a) 50°F
b) 40°F
c) 30°F
d) 20°F
3-9 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem-
pe rature of tdb = 70°F dry air?
a) OaF
b) 22°F
c) 33°F
d) 44°F
3-10 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 70°F, h = 30,
and ' wb = 50°F, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigati on of the
line, which of the foll owing is the best descripti on?
a) The li ne is almost ve rtical.
b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angJe).
c) The line almost horizonta l.
Air-Conditioning
Processes on the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
o understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric

chart and
o understand the use of the HVAC eq uations prov ided.
Instructions
The Power of the Psychrometric Chart

This chapter applies the processes discussed in Chapter 2 and the proper-
ties of moist air d iscussed in Chapter 3 to the psyc hrometric chart. But before
we start, we must first define two processes, sensible heat transfer and latent
heat transfer.
Sensib le heat transfer (qs) is changing only the dry-bulb temperature of the
air and can be sensible coo li ng (lowering the temperature) or sensible heating
(ra ising the temperature). On the psychrometric chart, it is pure hori zontal
movement, right to left or left to right only. We can use the following equation
for sensibl e heat change at sea level:
q, (Btulh) ~ 1.085 x cfm x (II - I,) (4-1)
where cfm is the airflow in cubic feet per minute, '] is the initial temperature,
and '2 is the final temperature.
Latent heat transfer (q,) is changing only the moisture content of the air or
changing only the humidity ratio of the air. It is vert ical-only movement on the
psychrometric chart , top to bottom or bottom to top only. We can use the fol-
lowing equation for latent heat change at sea level:
(4-2)
22 Cha pte r 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on tne Psychrometric Chart
where cfm is the airflow in cubic feet per minute, WI is the init ial hum idity
ratio, and W2 is the final humidity ratio.
Sensible Cooling
We will first show the air conditioning process of sensib le coo ling. It is a
horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, moving from the ri ght to left.
For example, our entering temperature (D is at lOO°F db, = 10% rh, and we
coo l the air to 60°F db as shown in Figure 4- 1. The leaving 12 is at 60°F db and
4> = 37% rho Note the humid ity ratio of W = 0.004 did not change.
If we app ly our examp le cfm of 5000 to the problem, then
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (I, - 12)

~ 1.085 x 5000 cfm x (I OO' F - 60' F)
~ 1.085 x 5000 x (40) ~ 217,000 Btulh cooling
Sensible Heating
Next we wi ll review the air-conditioning process of sensible heating . It is
also a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, but from left to right. In
this example, our entering temperature (D is 70°F db, 4> = 5 1% rh , and we heat
the air to 110°F db as shown in Figure 4-2. The leaving 12 is 110°F db and 4> =
14% rho Note the humid ity ratio of W = 0.008 did not change.
Dry Bulb
90
.028
.024
.020 :J:
41" 0
3
45
.016
c:
~.
40
.012
'"g.
2('" .008
10
:
" .004
100" : 30
f;I)' : 15 20 : 25
., ". ,,,
" '" " Bulb'"
Dry '"
Figure 4-1 Sensible coo ling shown o n t he psychrometric chart.
If we apply our example cfm of 5000 to our sensible heat equation, then
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (i, - /2)

~ 1.085 x 5000 cfm x (70°F - 110°F)
~ 1.085 x 5000 x (40) ~2 1 7, 000 Btulh heating
Latent Heat Addition

The addition of latent heat, or the add ition of moisture content to air, is the
next area of focus. It is a vert ica l movement, from bottom to top of the psy-
chrometric chart. For example, the entering conditions of (db = 80°F and 4> =
18% rh have a W = 0.004 humidity ratio. The leaving conditions of 'db = 80°F
and 4> = 55% rh have a humid ity ratio of W = 0.012 , and the dry-bulb tempera-
ture did not change, as shown in Figure 4-3. The latent heat req uired with our
example of 5000 cfm can be calculated as fo llows:
ql ~ 4840 x cfm x (W t - W2)

~ 4840 x 5000 cfm x (0.004 - 0.01 2)
~ 4840 x 5000 x (0.008) ~ 193,600 Btulh
Latent Heat Removal

The remova I of latent heat, or the lowering of moisture content to air, is the
process shown in Figure 4-4. The entering conditions of tdb = 75°F and q. =
70% rh have a W = 0.01 3 humidity ratio. We remove moisture to the leaving
Dry Bulb
90 100
.028
.024
..
,5
"
.020 :J:
.016
c
3
a:
~.
40 •g.
.012
W .. .OO8 2. .
.008
15
to 170"
" ."'"
"0"
30
15 20 25
., .,
" '" " "Dry Bulb " "" '"
Figure 4-2 Sensible heating shown on t he psychrometric chart.
Dry Bulb
90 11 0
60%
.028
.024
5
1;-«'" 3S
40%
.020 :I:
c
is'
<So 45 3
30 a.
.0 16 ~.
=.012 40
... ---W.... _---_ .. _- .012
"
~
o·
'0%
.008
15
35
W::.OO4
10 - --- -.- --- ---------------- -.- .004
30
15 '0 25
32
" 50 60
'"
Dry Bulb " " "" '"
Figure 4-3 Late nt heat add ition shown on the psychrome tric chart.
90 11 0
.028
.024
5 .020 :I:
40% c
45 3
.0 16
c:
Q'
""a .
~
.012
'0%
.008
35
10 .004
..... ...... .........W=.OO3
................ 30
15 20 25
32
" '"
Dry Bulb " '00
'"
Figure 4-4 Late nt heat removal shown on the psychrome tric cha rt.
conditions of tdb = 75° F and q. = 17% rh, which have a humidity ratio of W =
0.003. The latent heat removed with our exa mpl e o f 5000 cfm is as foll ows:
q, ~ 4840 x cfm x ( WI - Wz)

~ 4840 x 5000 cfm x (0.0 13 - 0.003)
~ 4840 x 5000 x (0.0 10) ~ 242 ,00 0 Blu/h
It should be noted at thi s time that th e processes shown in both Figures 4-3
and 4-4 are nearly impossible to do in the real world o f HV AC as stand-alone
processes. When we humid ify the air, we generall y have to add heat to the air,
even if not desired (steam humidi fi er). When we d ehumidi fy the air, we need
to coo l the air dry-bu lb temperature bel ow the ente ring dew-po int temperature
to start the moisture removal process, so we end up with cooled and dehumidi-
fi ed air.
Total Heat Content

We will now di sc uss the four ai r-conditioning processes that are combina-
tions of two simple processes. For these combination processes, we use the
enthalpy equatio n to get the total heat requ ired (qt) at sea level:
(4-3)
where cfin is the airflo w in cubi c fe et per minute, h) is the initial enthalpy, and
h2 is the fin al enthalpy.
Let us start with the coo ling and dehumid ify in g process, because it is the
most common in the HVAC industry. Movement on the psychrometric chart is
to the left (sensible) and down (l aten t) fro m the initial conditi on. See Fi gure 4-5
fo r the actual m ovement of the air.
Also, note that a gradual slope indi cates a more sensible than latent load,
but a steeper s lope shows a more latent than sensible load. The following
example will explain thi s comb inatio n process.
The entering conditions to our co oling co il are 80°F db and 65 °F wb, with
hi = 30. The ai r is cooled and dehumidifi ed all the way down to 54°F db and
53°F wb with h2 = 22. We can find the total heat required by using our new
equation with our exa mple of 5000 cfm:
q, ~ 4. 5 x cfm x (h I - hz)
~ 4. 5 x 5000 cfm x (30 - 22)
~ 4.5 x 5000 x (S) ~ ISO,OOO Blu/ h
We can get the same answer by using the indi vidual sensi ble and latent heat
eq uati ons:
qs = 1.085 x cfm x (1) - 12)

~ 1.085 x 5000 cfm x (80°F - 54 OF)
~ 1.085 x 5000 x (2 6) ~ 14 1,050 Blu/h
90 110
"'" .028
.024
..
,
45
.020
.016
:z:
c
3
c:
~.
,..
2S 40
.012 "
!'!
.
..........•... .008
....•.., .... . 35
10 .......... .004
········"20··...•. 30
" . 50 . IS
" .,
Dry Bulb
. . ,
2S
n,
Figure 4-5 Psychrometric cha rt showing move me nt of a ir in the cooling and d e humidnying
process.
and
q, ~ 4840 x cfm x (WI - 11'2)

~ 4840 x 5000 cfrn x (0.0098 - 0.0082)
~ 4840 x 5000 x (0.0016) ~ 38,720 Btulh
q~+ ql = q,
~ 141 ,050+38,720
~ 179,770 Blulh
Same answer, but done in one less step by using the combination eq uation.
See Figure 4-6 fo r the breakdown of the sensi ble and latent components.
Cooling and Humidifying

Cooling and hum idify ing is most easi ly explained with the process ofevap-
orative cooling. Because evaporative coo ling is a constant wet-bulb or adia-
batic r.;ooling process, the lola l heal or enthalpy eq uation dues nut wurk. The
cooli ng of the air at dry-bu lb temperature is done by the fact that the water in
the liquid form is evaporated to water vapor. See Figure 4-7 for an example,
and note that the movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible)
and upward (latent) to complete the process.
Our inlet co nd itions to the evaporative cooler are 100°F db and $ = I 0% rh,
resulting in a 63°F wb. We move upward and left on the 60°F wet-bulb li ne the
Fundamentals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Editio n 27
90 110
.028
.024
5 .020 ::I:
' 0% o
45 3
.016
a:
~.
'0 ~
.012 o·
.008
35
10 .004
30
15 20 2S
" '" '" ., " '00

'"
Dry Bulb
Figure 4-6 Sensible and latent components of determining total heat content using the psy-
chrometric chart.
Dry Bulb
90 100 110
60%
.028
.024
50 .020
:>:
'0% c
45 3
a:
.0 16 "'.
'<
2S 40
.012
"
!'(
o·
r.C twb =63" '0% .008
35
10 i 66" .004
30
15 '0 2S
so so
" '" '" '"
Dry Bu lb " '00
'"
Figure 4-7 Cooling and humidifying shown on the psychrometric chart.
28 Chapter 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on tne Psychrometric Chart
distance our evaporati ve media will provide. Our outlet cond itions will be
66°F db, 63°F wb, and ~ =85% rh. Note that we have dropped the dry-bulb
temperature from 100°F to 66°F by using only water. At our 5000 cfm exam-
ple, we are able to obta in a sensible coo ling of
qs = 1.085 x cfm x (1 1 - 12)

~ 1.085 x 5000 cfm x (I OO°F - 66°F)
~ 1.085 x 5000 x (34) ~ 184,450 Btulh
So, how much water do we use in the evaporative process? We can use a
new equation to calculate the water usage in pounds of water per hour;
Ib,jh ~ cfm x Il v x (WI - W2) x 60

~ 5000 ft3/min x 1/1 3.5 ft 3/1bda
x (0.004 - 0.0 11 6) Ib,.,Ilb da x 60 minlh
~ 5000 x 1/13.5 x (0.0076) x 60
~ 169
Evaporative cooli ng should always be an option if you are doing a project

in the hot/dry climates of the world.
Heating and Humidifying

Heating and humidifying is a combination process that is frequently seen in
the HV AC industry when it is desirable to attempt to maintain a space at or
above a minimum rel ative humidity setpoint. The movement on the psychro-
metric chart is to the right and towards the top, as shown in Figure 4-8.
In our exampl e, we have an airstream at 65°F db and ~ = 20% rh, with
5000 cfm at sea level. We want to maintain a room at 75°F db and ~ = 50% rh .
We can use our equat ion from the evaporative cooling example to sol ve for the
pounds of water per hour needed to increase the re lative humidity of thi s air-
stream .
Ib"/h ~ cfm x Il v x (WI - W2) x 60

~ 5000 ft 3/min x 1/1 3.5 ft 3/1bda
x (0.0028 - 0.0094) Ib" /lb da x 60 min/h
~ 5000 x 1/ 13.5 x (0.0066) x 60
~ 147
So, we can select a steam humidifi er to provide a mmimum output of

l47lbll'/h to keep our space at up to 50% relati ve humidity.
We can also calcu late the energy required to complete thi s process with the
total heat equation and the enthalpy at the entering and room conditions;
65°F db, ~ ~ 20% rh, h ~ 18.4 Btullbda

70°F db, ~ ~ 50% rh, h ~ 27.7 Btu/lbda
Dry Bulb
90 11 0
.028
.024
.020 ::z::
o
45 3
0:
.0 16 ~.
40 ~
.0 12 o·
"'" .008
Dry Bulb
Figure 4-8 Heating and humidifying shown on the psychrometric chart.
ql ~4.5 x cfm x (it l - it 2)

~ 4.5 x 5000 ctin x (l~.4 - 27.7)
~ 4.5 x 5000 x (9.3) ~ 209,250 Btulh
Another way to get thi s an swer is to break the problem into the sensibl e
portion and the latent portion. Th e sen sible portion is easy, 65 °F db to
75 °F db, or:
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (I, - '2)

~ 1.085 x 5000 cfm x (65 °F - 75°F)
~ 54,250 Btulh
For the latent portion , we need to go to Appendix D and look at the thermo-
dynamic properties of water at saturation, or steam, tables. In the left-hand col-
umn, find 65°F temperature and fo ll ow that to the right until you get to the
column labeled " Evap. hi/ hfg " under the "Specific Enthalpy" heading and get
1056.5 Btu/lbw' The steam will reach equilibrium at 65 °F db soon after inj ec-
t ion into the airstream . Because we know the pounds of water per hour of the
humidifier, the latent portion is
q, ~ 1471b",ih x 1056.5 Btu/ lb",

~ 155,306 Btu/h
Now we add the sensible and latent portions together:
qs+ q{ = q,
~ 54,250 + 155,306
~ 209,556 Btulh
which is close to 209,250 Btu/h.

Remember, we are eyeballing a ll these values from the psychrometric
chart, so the actual va lues may be off ± ! %.
Dehumidification and Heating

The last comb ination process is dehumidification and heating, or dehumid-
ification by desiccant moisture absorption. The desiccant material (contained
in a wheel) is either rotated through the airstream or sprayed into the airstream
and coll ected in a pan at the bouom.
The other portion of the desiccant cycle is the regeneration process that
heats up the desiccant to drive off the moi sture to the atmosphere and start the
cycle over again. The process is shown in Figure 4-9 and has movement to the
right and the bottom of the psychrometric chart.
For our examp le, we have our in let conditions of 80°F db and ~ = 27%. rh,
which gives a dew-point temperature of 42°F and whi ch a mechanical vapor
compression refrige ration can easily reach.
.028
.024
5
",,, .020 :I:
c
3
45
a:
.016 ".
~
40
.012
'"g-
w
2('" .008
tdp _ 26· 3S
10 .004
30
lS 20 2S
" '" " ., ' 00

'"
Dry Bulb
Fig ure 4-9 De humid ific ation a nd heating shown on the psychrometric chart.
However, our leaving conditions require a dew-point temperature of 26°F,

less than freezing (32°F), so mechanical coo ling will not work.
Our leaving conditions with desiccant dehumidification are 96°F db and
4> = 8% rh, for a dew-point temperature of 26°F,
Note that these conditions are somethi ng you may not see in normal human
comfort cooling, but they may be used in an industrial process or candy manu-
facturing facility, You wi ll also have to contact a manufacturer for an exact
selection and the regeneration method they use.
32 Chapter 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on tne Psychrometric Chart
4.1 Moist air that is heated without humidi ficatiol1 has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type of humidifier
4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (Btu/h)?
a) 1.085 x cfrn x (I] - I,)
b) 4.5 x cfrn x (h] - h,)
c) 4840 x cfrn x (W] - W,)
4·3 Which of the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by

(cold water) atomization?
a) Atom ization always maintain s a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidifi cation .
a) True
b) Fa lse
4·5 A cooling co il can provide fo r both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 50°F to 74°F?
a) 4.5
b) 5.5
c) 6.5
d) 7.2
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 50°F is conditioned to be
saturated air at 74°F?
a) 17
b) 21
c) 25
d) 32
4-8 One day in Phoeni x, Arizona, the temperature reaches lO5°F with 20% rho
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 87"F
b) 95°F
c) 105°F
d) 115°F
4-9 If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 70°F db and the leaving air is 110°F,
how many Btulh are supplied by the coil at 5000 cfm if the fan is located at the
coil inlet?
a) 200,000
b) 205,000
c) 209,000
d) 217,000
4-10 Air enters a cooling coi l at lOOoF and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tem-
perature of 45°F. What is the total Bluth of cooli ng required if a 5000 cfm fan
is located at the in let of the coo ling coil?
a) 565,000
b) 511,600
c) 460,600
d) 440,600
HVAC Design
and the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
o apply HV AC systems to the psychrometric chart,

o define and use sensibl e heat ratio for cooling, and
o show the heating and humidifi cat ion process on the psychrometric chart.
Instructions
Read the materia l in Chapter 5. At the end of the chapter, compl ete the skill
Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System

To understand what an air· conditioning system is or what components it
has, it is best to look firs t al the room, or space, th at it is to serve. This space is
to be occupied and maintained at some psychrometric conditi on (ldb and ~).
This stale is called the room des;gn condition. This condition of temperature
and humidity is being constantly defeated by heat fl owing through the building
envelope , coming in or go ing out. Furthennore, it is being changed by the
activities happe ning in side. Occupants are providing heat and moisture to the
space. There are machines and li ghts that tran sfer heat to the space as a byprod-
uct of their operat ion. There may be things that are cooling the room, and there
are things that are adding humidi ty to the room. These tend to change the inte-
rior room conditi ons. It is the purpose of the air-conditioning system to offset
these changes by conditioning the room air to maintain the room at the desired
condition.
To do thi s, some air is taken out of the room, conditioned, and returned
back to the space, Thi s is done as depicted in the layout o f a typical air-condi-
tioning system shown in Figure 5-1 .
Mixing Airstreams-Cooling Systems

The mixing of two airstream s is common in HVAC systems to ensure the
proper ventilati on amount in the occupi ed space . This involves mixing an
36 Chapter 5 HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
Exhaust
Air
Return Fan
ROOM
Outdoor
Air Air
Figure 5-1 Sche matic of a general air-conditioning system.
Dry Bulb
90 100
.... 110
.028
.024
....
45
.020 :.:
0
3
.0 16 $
40
.012 g.•"
Ml""
Condition
2l,,, .008
tdboo79" F
35
10
, ,, twbot6 S· F .004
30
" " . 15
" Bulb"
Dry
' 20
. ''''
2S
110
Figure 5-2 Summer design conditions shown on the psychrometric chart.
amount (fi xed o r variable) of outdoor a ir with a di.fferent amount of return or

room ai r 10 mee t the ventilation code in your local area.
First. we wi ll look at summer design conditions for a cooling applicati on.
Assume our room des ign is 'db = 75°F and ~ = 50% rh , wi th an air outdoor
design temperature of Idb = 95°F and ' lI'b = 75°F. Sec the psychrometric chart in
Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
Next, we draw a straight line between these two plotted points on the psy-
chrometric chart. Our mixed condition will always be on this stra ight line. We
can locate the exact location by using the following formu la:
(5-1)
where
Ima dIY-bu lb temperature of mixed air
cfmoa volume of outdoor air
temperature of outdoor air
volume of return air
temperature of return air
volume of suppl y ai r
Also, assume our HVAC system has a supply air volume (cfmsa) of 10,000
cfm and a ventilation or outdoor air vo lume (cfmoa) of2000 cfm. Th is means
the return or room ai r vo lume (cfmm ) is the difference between the supply ai r
volume and the return air vo lume, or
(5-2)
In our examp le, then,
10,000 cfrnSfJ = 2000 cfm nQ + 8000 cfmm
Then, our mixed-air dIY bu lb temperature is
lum ~ [2000 cfmoo (95 °F) + 8000 cfm m (75 °F)] / 10,000 cfm,"
~ [190,000 + 600,000]11 0,000
~ 79°F Idb
Now go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 and plot the mixed-
air condition on thi s straight line at the intersection with the 79°F dIY-bulb line
marked MA. So our mixed-air conditions for these two ai rstreams are tdb =
79°F and ' wb = 65°F. This is an importan t item to know because the cooling
coil will be sized using this cond ition as the enteri ng air to this heat exchanger.
Mixing Airstreams-Heating Systems

Now we wi ll look at the same example in the wi nter heating mode. Assume
a room design of tdb = 70°F and ~ = 40% rh with a ir outdoor design tempera-
ture of tdb = 32° F and ~ = 50% rho See Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
We will again plot both points on our psychrometric chart, as shown in Fig-
ure 5-3, and connect these points wi th a new straig ht line. Usi ng the same for-
mula from the Mixing Airstreams- Cooling Systems section with different
temperatures and the same vo lume, we get:
38 Cha pte r 5 HVAC Design and t he Psychrometric Chart
IlIIa = [cfmoa (too) + cfm ra (tra)] !cfmsa

~ [2000 cfm (32' F) + 8000 cfm (70' F)] /10,000 cfm
~ [64,000 + 560,000 ]110,000
~ 62.4' F
Go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-3 and plot this heating
mixed-air condition on the straight line at the intersection with the 62.4°F dry-
bulb temperature line. Thi s re sults in a mixi ng of these two airstreams at tdb =
62.4°F and ' wb = 51 °F. This will be the entering air condition for the heating
coil used in our system.
One spec ial note on heati ng mixed airstreams is that we need only the dry-
bulb temperature to select our heali.ng coil or heat exchanger. The wet-bulb
temperature becomes important only i f humidification is needed in the HVAC
system servi ng thi s area.
Sensible Heat Ratio-Cooling

Sensib le heat rat io (SHR) is a very important concept in HV AC psychro-
metric analysis. With the proper use ofSHR, we wi ll ensure that both the room
dry-bulb temperature and room re lative humidity are met in our design. It wi ll
ensure our room supply air dry-bulb temperature and relative hum idity are cold
and dry enough to achieve the room design conditions. Fail ure to do a proper
SHR analysis could result in not meeting one or both of the room design
parameters. Here 's an example to explain the concept.
90
.028
.024
.020 :t:
c
4S 3
.01 6 !
... .012 is'•
D
.008
" 35
.00<
30
II ., "
" "
Dry Bulb
. ..
20
""
25
'"
Figure 5-3 Winte r design conditions shown on the psychrome tric chart.
For our examp le, we will use a space with a sensible heat gain of
80,000 Btuth and a latent heat gain of 20,000 Btu/h, for a total load of
100,000 Btulh. Our room SHR is
SHR 80,000 0. 8
100,000
We plot the rool11 cond itions of 1db = 75°F and q. = 50% rh on a psychromet-
ric chart as shown in Figure 5-4. Then we draw a li ne from the center score
mark to the value of 0.8 on the left side of the half circle . This is now our SHR
slope line. Next we transfer it from the upper left corner to the room conditions
on the chart. Please make sure the slope of th is line is exactly the same as you
plotted it.
Note that any air condition along the SHR line will meet our room design
conditions of tdb = 75°F and ~ = 50% rho These air conditions are the leaving
air temperature off the cooling co il in the air handler. The only thing that
changes on these varying leaving air temperatures is the volume. To solve the
problem, we go to the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (II - /2)
We plot the intersection of the SHR line and a condition around 90% rh to
the left of the room cond ition in Figure 5-4. We have selected a leaving air tem-
perature of tdh = 55°F and ~ = 87% rh as the desired cooling coi l leaving air
temperature. It is best pract ice to contact a cooling coil manufacturer (or run
90
.028
.024
.020 I
c
3
.016
c:
~.
25
.. "
~
~
o·
- ~
.012
20
Condition
._7S"F
0.
'''' .008
35
10 .00<
30
IS 20 25
0 ~ M ~ ~ ~
" Dry Bulb
'00
'"
Figure 5-4 Drawing the SHR slope line on the psychrome tric cha rt.
their cooling coil select ion software) and confirm that they can provide a coil
that would perform to these conditions with a volu me of
q, = 1.085 x cfm x (II - 12)

80,000 = 1.085 x cfm x (75°F - 55°F)
cfm = 80,000 = 3690
1.085 x 20
So, our cooling coil needs to provide a leaving air temperature of 'db = 55°F
and $ = 87% rh at our entering air temperature of ' db = 75 °F and $ = 50% rh o
with 3690 cfm of airflow through the coi l.
We could also have picked a leaving air temperature of Idb = 60°F and $ =
76% rh , resulting in an volume of
q, = 1.085 x cfm x (II - 12)

80,000 = 1.085 x cfm x (75°F - 60°F)
cfm = 80,000 = 4915
1.085 x 15
We mayor may not have bee n able to find a cooling coil to perform this
duty, because the leaving relative humidity is not close to 90%. Coils that
dehumidify ty pically have a leaving relative humidity close to 90%.
By providing Ihis supply air quantity (cfm), supply air dry-bulb lempera-
ture, and relativ e humidity. we wi ll e nsure that our room des ign conditions are
satisfied.
Sensible Heat Ratio-Cooling with Outdoor Air

This section covers the psychrome tric process that is added to the SHR pro-
cess to account for the outdoor air (ventilation air) in ou r HVAC system.
We will use the same outdoor air design conditions of Idb = 95°F and ' \Vb =
75 °F and 20% outdoor air from our example of the Mixing Airstreams- Cool -
ing Systems section. We plot all the conditions on our psychrometric chart as
shown in Figure 5-5. The mixed-air conditions are Idb = 79°F and ' wb = 65°F
from our calculation of supply air as 3690 cfm with the values from the previ-
ous example of outdoor air as 738 cfm and return air as 2952 cfm.
til/a = [cfm oo (foa) + cfmra {fra)] /c fm sa

= [738 cfm (95°F) + 2952 cfm (75 °F) ]/3690 cfm
= [70, \I 0 + 221 ,900)13690 cfm
= [291 ,510[ /3690 cfm
= 79°F 'db
Again , go (0 the ' db = 79"F scale on the psychrometric chart and go up until
you intersect the mixed-air line. That is our entering air condition to the cool-
ing coil, fdb = 79"F and ' wb = 65"F. We still need to cool the air down to ' lI'b =
Dry Bulb
90 100
.Q28
.024
.020 I
c
3
.016
a:
-Q.'
" .012 •~
0·
20
,'" .008
35
,,
10
'J
,," 004
,
1 I ........
'l'!.
~ ~ ~
15 1 20 ............
~ ~ ,~
"
" "
Dry Bulb
'"
Figure 5-5 SHR for cooling with out door air shown on the psychrome t ric chart.
55°F and q:. = 87% rh to meet our room conditions. To calculate the total cool-
ing coil load, use the follow tota l heat equation:
q, = 4.5 x cfm x (hi - h2 )

~ 4.5 x 3690 cfm x (8 Btullb)
~ 132,840 Btulh
Note the increased coo ling requirement due to the addition of outdoor air
into the HV AC system. The room total load was 100,000 Btu/h and the outdoor
air is an additional 40,000 Btulh total. We can also calculate the room-only coil
load with the same tota l heat equation:
q, ~ 4.5 x cfm x (h, - h2)

~ 4.5 x 3690 cfm x (28 - 22)
~ 4.5 x 3690 cfm x (6.0 Btullb)
~ 99,630 Btulh
Notice that t hi s is not exact ly the same as the 100,000 Btulh tota l heat gai n,
but it is very close and within acceptable tolerance for HV AC calculations.
Psychrometric Process-Heating
This section uses the same HVA C system we've been discussing to show
how to hand le the heating requirements of our space. The air ha ndler has the
sa me 3690 cfm. Assume our space has a heat loss of 90,000 Btulh and all this
load is sensible load. Our sens ible heat is as follows:
Dry Bulb
90 "0
.028
.024
.020 I
c
45 3
<i
.016 ~.
~
25 40 •g.
.012
_IngCoiI
tt "'"
'''' .008
"
" 25
30
.00<
5 '0
" ~ ~ ~
Dry Bulb
~ ~ ,~
'"
Figure 5-6 The heating process shown on the psychrometric chart.
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (I, - I,)

~ 1.085 x 3690 cfm x (I, - I,)
~ 90,000
The heating room des ign 'db = 70°F and <\l = 40% rho So, our I [ = 70°F and
q, ~ 90,000
90,000 ~ 1.085 x 3690 cfm x (70 - I, )
90,000 ~ 4003.7 x (70 - I,)
90,000 ~ (70 _ / )
4003.7 '
22.5°F ~ (70 - I,)
/, ~ 92YF db
So, if we supply 92.5°F warm air to our space on the coldest winter day, we
will keep the space at tdb = 70°F. See Figure 5-6 for how to show the heating
process on a psychrometric chart.
Now we add the need for humidification in the w inter to our space. Assume,
for example, that we need to add 15,000 Btu/ h of latent heating in the form of
moisture or water vapor. OUf outdoor design is (db = 32°F and <\l = 50% rh o We
add 20% outdoor air into our HV AC system and our new entering a ir conditions
are Idb = 62.4°F and ~ = 44% rh oThe new total heating required is
q, = 4.5 x efm x (h l - h2)

~ 4.5 x 3690 cfm x (2 1 - 29.5)
~ 4.5 x 3690 cfm x (8.5 B,ullb)
~ 141 , 143 B,ulh
Dry Bulb
90 100 110
"'" .028
.024
.020 I
'I"'
., <
3
.016 ~
~
~
tf!~ /=2:
.0 12 c)'
.008
:::::3£ ~ .007
.0054
10 t
HHting Coli line
J<)
.DO<
2. 2S
" '00 '"
Dry Bulb
Figure 5-7 Humidification need shown on the psychrometric chart.
An interesting part of thi s analysis is that the leaving ai r temperature from

the heating coil has been increased to approxi mately ldb = 96°F to account for
the temperature drop the humidi fied air will cause, as shown in Figure 5-7.
The amount of water vapor that must be added to the airstream is calculated
based on an entering air Ofldb = 62.4° F and $ = 44% rh with a humidity ratio of
WI = 0.0054 lb w/lbda and leaving cond itions of (db = 92.4°F and $ = 20% rh
with a humidity ratio of W2 = 0.0068 IbW/lbd(1' Use the following formu la:
Ib/h ~ cfm x INo lum e x (WI - W2) x 60 minlh

~ 3690 x 1/14 x (0.0068 - 0.0054 Ib"/lbda ) x 60 minlh
~ 22. 1
We will discuss humidification more in the next chapter as we differentiate

between steam and water spray humidifi cation.
5·1 The definition of sensib le heat ratio (SHR) is the:

a) Ratio of se nsibl e to latent load
b) Ratio aflatent to sensible load
c) Ratio of tota l load to sensible load
d) Ratio of sensib le load to total load
5·2 If the sensible load on a bui lding is equa l to the latent load, the value ofSHR is:
a) 2
b)
c) 0.5
d) - 2
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of
a room depends on:
a) The amount of outdoor air needed
b) The des ired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All of the above
e) Answers band con ly
5-4 Why is it poss ible to sat isfy a room w ith a variety o f " assumptions" about the
temperature change across a coil (heati ng or cooling)?
a) Because there is a correspond ing cfm w ith every!Y.
b) Because the heatlcoo lload calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety of methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5 Wh ich condition below is not possib le to show on a psychrometric chart?

a) 76' F, h ~ 30
tdb ~
b) tdb ~ 89'F, twb ~ 78'F

c) ' \Vb = 78°F, h = 44
d) tdb ~ 76' F, ~ ~ 50%
5-6 In a system, 200 cfm of air at 60°F a nd 30% rh is mixed with 800 cfm air at
80°F and 80% rho Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 74° F
b) 76° F
c) 78°F
d) 79° F
5-7 In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?

a) 60% rh
b) 76% rh
c) 70% rh
d) None of these
5-8 In a system, 200 cfm of air at 40°F and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with
moi st air at 80°F but unknown relative humidity. The fina l mixture is at 72°F
and 50% rh oWhat is the relative humidity and airflow rate (cfrn) of the second
airstream?
a) 40% rh, 800 cfm
b) 40% rh, 50 cfm
c) 80% rh, 800 cfm
d) 80% rh, 50 cfm
5-9 If the sensible load is 600,000 Btulh and the latent load is 300,000 Btuih, what
is the SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is ldb = 75°F and 4J = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor ai r
at Idb = 115°F and ~ = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 83°F
b) 85°F
c) IOsoF
d) Not poss ible
5-11 From Exercise 5-10, what is the mi xed-air re lati ve humidity?
a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 38% rh
d) 40% rh
Psychrometries
in HVAC Equipment
Study Objectives
o show the components of an air-handling unit and their psychrometric pro-

cesses and
o explain two types of humidification.
Instructions
development exercises without referring to the tex t.
The Air-Handling Unit:

Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System
In Chapter 5, psychrometrie s was used to determ ine the technical charac-
teristics of the a ir-conditioning system required to perform a specific function .
Psychrometries was used to convert thi s information into the necessary volume
and s upp ly air conditions for both heating and cooling. These conditions not
only determined the capacity of the unit in Btu/ h but also spec ifi ed the amount
of dehumidification and humidification by determining the entering and leav-
ing dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures for both the heating and cooli ng coils.
A manufacturer will usua ll y package all (or most) of the components of an
HVA C system into one large enclosure called an air-handling unit (AHU).
AHUs (Figure 6-1) are almost custom-made for every design because the com-
ponents are selected from an extensive li st of ava ila ble sizes and capabilities to
match the speci fi c application. So that the AHU manufacturer can deli ver the
proper unit for the application , the design engineer must provide a ll of the nec-
essary information.
Psychrometries of a Cooling Coil

Let 's start th is di scussion on what actually happens in a dehumidi fying
cooli ng coil as the air goes through it. The entering side of the coi l is warmer
than the leaving side of the coil. Therefore, the first few rows o f the cooli ng
48 Chapter 6 Psychrometries in HVAC Equi pment
Mi x ing
C h amber
RClUrn Ai r
Duct ....
"
0
-
l :il ! ;<i 0
>f(ffi)"'- r==--> Supply
A ir
~
~uPplY
"" ,I V Fan
L_
,
I I
O u t d OO l' A i r Wa ter
DuCI C oo lin g
------ H eal ing
Figure 6-1 Flow path through a simple AHU.
90
.028
.024
50 .020 I
40% c
45 2.
c.
.016 ".
'<
40 '""'.
~
.012 0
tatent CooIil'lg 20%

-ll., .008
--+. ,' 35
10
,,, .004
30
15 o 25
so so
" 60 70
Dry Bu lb
90
"" '"
Figure 6-2 Cooling coil line shown on the psychrometric chart.
coil are doi ng sensible coo li ng only, as can be seen in Figure 6-2, the cooling
coil li ne. Note! it is horizontal and moving to the left side of the psychrometric
chart.
As the air moves further into the coi l, the dehumidification process is start-
ing as the cooling co il starts curv ing downward and to the left. The maximum
dehumidification occurs just before the air exits the coi l and generall y leaves
the coil around $ = 90% rh. Again, refer to Figure 6-2 to see the fina l curve
showing the completed dehum idi fi cation and cooling process.
Assume a fan cfm of 3690, entering conditions of tdb = 82°F and ' \Vb = 67°F
(with outdoor air mixed), and desired leaving conditions of tdb = 52°F and
approximately q, = 90% rhoNow we can calculate the total cooling capacity of
the coo ing coil w ith the tota l heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
q, = 4.5 x cfm x (11 1 - h2 )

~ 4.5 x 3690 x (31.9 - 20.4 Btullb)
~ 190,950 Btulh
We can now plot the coo li ng co il performance on the psychrometric chart

as shown in Figure 6-2. We can see the total heat is broken down into a sensible
component and a latent component, as also shown in Figure 6-2.
Again , the HV AC engineer must provide the above infonnation to the man-
ufacturer of the coo ling co il s so they can provide an actual selection of either a
chilled-water coi l or a direct expansion (DX) refrigerant co il. Their output
would include the size, height, width, number of coil rows, pressure drop (ai r
pressure and water pre ssure, if a chilled-water coil), chill ed-water temperature
rise (you must supply the enteri ng chilled-water temperature), and the actual
leaving air conditions.
Psychrometries of Fan Heat

As a fan moves air through an HVAC system, the fan input energy is con-
verted to heat as a result of the heat of compression. A ll the fan input energy
ends up as heat as the fan increases the air pressure to provide air motion.
Say, for example, a fan requires 10 bhp to move 10,000 cfm against of3 in.
of water of total pressure . We use two conversion factors to deri ve the actual
heat in British thermal units per hour (B tu/ h) added to the airstream:
1 bhp ~ 746 W or 0.746 kW

1 kW ~ 3413 Btulh
So, in this example, we can convert 10 bhp to BtuIh of fan heat as follows:
10 bh x 0.746 kW ~ 7.46 kW
P bhD
and
7.46 kW x 34 13 B,ulh ~ 25,46 1 Btulh

kW
Because the fan is movi ng 10,000 cfm, we can use the sensibl e heat equa-
tion discussed in Chapter 4 to ca lculate the actual temperatures:
qs = 1.085 x cfm x (/1 - 12)

25,46 1 B,ulh ~ 1.085 x 10,000 cfm x (I, - '2)
(II - ( 2) = 2.3°F temperature rise
50 Chapter 6 Psychrometries in HVAC Eq ui pment
So, we have the add ition of 2.3 °F fan heat to account for in our psychro-
metri c ana lysis.
Fan heat is the addition of sensible heat, horizontal moving to the ri ght on
the psychrometr ic chart, either before the cooling coil (blow-through fan ) or
aft er the cooli ng coil (draw-through fan). Be careful with draw-through fa ns,
because with these fans the fan leaving air temperature is hi gher than the cool-
ing coil1 eaving air temperature . It is an additional load that must be accounted
fo r in cooling heat gain ca lculations.
ASHRA E Handbook- Fundamentals (20 13) gi ves a general estimate of fan
heal as approximately O. 5°F per inch o r total fan press ure. In this example we
calculated a li ttle over 2°F, while thi s general estimate would h ave given us
1.5°F. Therefore , it is better to perfonn the calculations.
Psychrometries of a Heating Coil

The process of heating air is a sensible-heating -only psychrometric prob-
lem, whi ch means that the poi nt moves from left to right horizontally across
the psychrometr ic chart.
This examp le aga in uses 3690 cfm airflow and the entering cond itions to
the hot water coil of ' db = 60°F and approx imately $ = 30% rh (with outdoor air
mixed) and a leaving condition of ' db = 95°F. See F igure 6-3 for the process of
heating and use the follo wing equation :
q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (I, - '2)

~ 1.085 x 3690 x (60' F - 95' F)
~ 1.085 x 3690 x (35' F)
~ 140, 128 Btu/ h
Even if you forget that the process is sensible heating only, using the total
heat equation d iscussed in Chapter 4 will give you the same result as shown
be low:
ql~ 4. 5 x c fm x (11 , - 112)

~ 4. 5 x 3690 x (2 6. 5 - 18)
~ 141 , 143 Btulh
Humidification Equipment
Humidifi cation equipment can be di vided into two groups: I) isothennal or
constant temperature and 2) adiabat ic or moisture evaporating (see Figure 6-4).
Isothennal humidifi cation genemll y in vul vt::s steam humidifiers, with many
ways of steam generation, and addition of mo isture to an airstream at a con-
stant temperature.
Adiabatic humid ifi cation is mo isture evaporat ing and involves sprayed,
atomized, medi a, or ultrasonic humidifi ers. These humidifi ers lower the air
temperature as they add mo isture to th e airstream and are the same as evapora-
tive coolers .
Dry Bulb
90 100 110
60%
.028
.024
5 .020 I
40% c:
45 3
.016
-""
0:
'<
40
.012 -
'"o·
20%
.008
15 ,
, 35
10 .004
Heil~l ng Coil Line
30
, 15 20 25
32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11 0
Dry Bulb
Figure 6-3 Heating coi l line shown on the psychrometric chart.
Isothe rmal or constant temperature Adiabatic or moisture evaporating
AIR
COllstallt 1ell/peratllre or Adiabatic Depend s on where Evaporative Heat is Added
Figure 6-4 Steam (constant-te mpe rature) and spray (adiabatic) humidifie rs.
52 Cha pte r 6 Psychrometries in HVAC Equipment
90 110
60%
.028
.024
SO .020 :I:
' 0% c
4S 3
.016
a:
~.
_______40 "g.
~
" :g~~5
' 0%
/"
Humidific"lion
____ __ ..lS
.008
UM .006
10 .00'
30
" " " .. 15
" Bulb
Dry
80
20
.,
''''
"
'"
Figure 6-5 Isothe rmal humidification shown on the psychrome tric cha rt.
In all methods of hum idification, the following formula can be used to cal-
culate the amount of water that must be added to the airstream in pounds of
water per hour:
Ib/h = cfm x ..!.. x (w 1 - w 2 ) x 60 minlh

va
Isothermal humid ification is shown in Figure 6-5 and has entering air con-
ditions of tdb = 90°F and ~ = 20% rh and leaving air conditions of 'db = 90°F
and $ = 40% rho The humidity ratio increases from 0.006 to 0.0 12. Note that
the dry-bulb temperature stays the same even though we have added moisture
to the airstream.
Adiabatic hum idification is shown in Figure 6-6 and has entering air condi-
tions of (db = 90°F and $ = 20% rh and leavi ng air conditions of (db = 82°F and
$ = 36% rho The humid ity ratio is increased from 0.006 to 0.008. Note that the
dry-bulb temperature decreases in the process of adding moisture to the air.
Be care fu l to not hum idify the airstream at greater than $ = 90% rh o The
dew-point temperature of the interior surface of the ductwork is very import-
ant, and failure to observe th is rule wi ll result in condensation in the ductwork
that wi ll eventually leak out and cause a problem in the building. Please work
closely with a humid ifier supp lier to make sure you are fo ll owing all the appli-
cation rules of that product and system.
Dry Bulb
90 100 110
60%
.028
.024
.020 :I:
4()" c
45 3
.016
c:
Q'
40
.012 6'
'"
!'l
2....
15
------
_______ 15
.008
.006
10 .004
30
15 0 25
32 .. 100
" 70 80
Dry Bulb " '"
Figure 6-6 Adiabat ic humidifi cation shown on the psychrometric chart.
Reference
AS HRAE. 2013. Chapter I. In ASHRAE handbook- Fundamentals. At lanta:
AS HRAE.
54 Chapter 6 Psychrometri es in HVAC Equipme nt
6·1 Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera-
ture rise capacity ofa heating co il ?
a) Water spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2 From the di scussion of the psychrometries of cooling coils, wh ich "rule of
thumb" will best se lect the coo li ng coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 20°F.
b) Re lative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume of air (cfm) across a coo lin g coi l should be kept to a
minimum.
d) Coi l temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6·3 Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate form s.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling co il s tend to dehumidify first, then drop the ai r
temperature.
d) Condensation requ ires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
64 Consider a room heating load with a 700,000 Btu/ h sensible loss and 100,000
Btulh latent loss, with room design conditions of (db = 72°F and approximately
q, = 40% rho The air handler has an adiabatic humidifi er downstream from a
heating coi l without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is (db =
lOO°F after the humidifier, what is the cfm required to satisfy the load?
a) 20,000
b) 23,040
c) 25,200
d) None of these
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions
li sted in Exercise 6-4?
a) 98° F
b) 104°F
c) lOO°F
d) None of these
6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity 4J from the heating coil for the conditions
a) 15% rh
b) 12%rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7 What is the leaving relati ve humidity 4J from the adiaba tic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exerc ise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19%rh
d) 28% rh
6-8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 23,040 cfm, adding a cooling co il to
satisfy a room sensib le heat ga in of 500,000 Btu/h and a room latent heat gain
of50,000 BtU/h , and room conditions of tdb = 75°F and 4J = 40% rh and without
outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature (db and 4J from the
cooling coil ?
a) 55° F 'db, $ ~ 90% rh
b) 5r F ' db, $ ~ 80% rh
c) 55 of ' db, $ ~ 75 % rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions li sted in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leav ing airstream for the conditions
li sted in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) N o
c) Not sure
Psychrometries in
Zoned HVAC Systems
Study Objectives
o understand the most commonly used HVAC systems,

o understand the psychrometric ana lysis of these HV AC systems, and
o explain why we use zoned systems for HVAC.
Instructions
Read the materia l in Chapter 7. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems

This chapte r covers the major types of HVAC air systems. They can be
divided into two major types : I) constant-vo lume, variabl e air temperature and
2) vari able-aiT-volume, constant air te mperature.
Constant-volume systems de liver the same volu me, or efm, at all load con-
ditions and change the supp ly air dry-bulb temperature as the load changes.
The load changes as the time of day changes, as the time o f year changes, as
the occupancy changes, as the interna l loads change, and as the solar load
changes. The room thermostat senses these changes in load and adjusts the
supply air temperature accordingly to main tain the room at a constant tempera-
ture.
In a chill ed-water coo ling, constant- volume ai r handler, the chilled-water
coil has a contro l val ve, controlled by the room thermostat to vary the supply
air temperature. This type of system can provide acceptable comfort because
there is an infinite number of chi lled -water va lve positions to match the large
number of load conditions.
In a direct expansion (OX) system, w hich has refrigerant in direct contact
with the cooling coi l tubes, there are typically steps or stages of cooling capac-
ity. This causes the supply air temperature to be delivered at a set temperature
between the design temperature and a few part-load temperatures. The room
thermostat must have multiple stages so it ca n bring on additional capacity if
the room temperature ri ses or remove capac ity if the room temperature drops.
58 Chapter 7 Psychrometries in Zoned HVAC Systems
This causes a compromise in room temperature control, as the setpoi nt is

almost never met; the room temperature actual ly flu ctuates around the setpoint ,
approxi mately ± 1.0°F or ±1.s oF. In most cases, this fl uctuation in room tem-
peratu res can sti ll provide an acce ptable comfort level, but not one as good as a
chi lled-water system.
Note that some newer styles of DX systems have variable-refrigerant-flo w
capacity, w hich ca n provide a greater level of comfort in the room . These sys-
tems can better match the refrigerant fl ow req uired to handle the room 's load
variations, thus providing better comfort than stepped OX systems.
Variable-air-volume (V A V) systems deliver a variable amount of volume ,
or cfm, at all load conditions at a constant supply air dry-bulb temperature ,
Agai n, the load changes with the fi ve variables mentioned above, The room
thermostat senses these load changes and adjusts the quantity of air delivered
to the s pace so the room a ir temperature re mains constant. Note that all VA V
systems do a very good job of part-load room humid ity control, as the main air
hand ler cools and dehumidifies the air at all load co nditions to a consta nt dew-
pOint temperatu re.
In most cases. with modern ai r-handli ng systems, the a ir vo lume (cfm) is
changed with a variable-frequency drive (V FO) wired to the electric fan motor.
Because input frequency determines the s peed of rotation in induction electric
moto rs as the load changes, the V FO frequency output matches the cfm
reqUired by adjusting the fan s peed.
VA V air hand lers can have chilled -water or OX cooling coils installed in
them . With chilled water, the chilled-water control valve is infinitely variable
and can be controlled to mai ntain a constant supply air temperature as the ai r
vo lume goes up and dow n in response to load changes . W ith OX cooling coils,
the supply air temperature changes in stages, up and dow n, as the load changes
and the airflow increases or decreases. Again , eve n with stages, you can still
obtain acceptable room com fa n .
One fi nal point: you can use many small fan -coils to provid e a lot of zone
control in a large bu ild ing. but each fan -coil is a constant-volume , sing le-zone
subsystem .
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System

Constant-volume, Single-zone systems are the most commonly used in
H V AC and come in many fo rms. They include Sin gle-zone air-handling room
fan -coils, packaged DX sing le-zone rooftop systems, and residential split sys-
tems, to name a few. T hey have one common trait: the unit is controlled by one
roomtitermoslal only. T herefore, they G HI be applied to only one zone allll pro-
vide room comfort to on ly one zone.
A zone, by definition, has like occupancy and like thermal characteristics
bu t does not have a defi ned size. For example, a large interior cubical offi ce
area could be a zone as large as 5000 ft2 if the densit1' and usage are uniform
throug hout. It cou ld also be a zone as small as 150 ft with a row of exterior.
individual offi ces lini ng an ou tside wall .
Funda me ntals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Edition 59
90
.028
.024
.020 I
c
45 3
.016
a:
~.
40
.012 is-
"
~
_008
15
35
10 , L. .1'0.
" 30
15 20 2S
ro '00
" " " "
Dry Bulb
" '"
Figure 7-1 Psychrometries of single-zone system at full load.
The psychrometric chart of a single-zone system is determined by the

room 's sensibl e and latent loads, the room's sensibl e heat ratio (S HR), and
either the quantity of outdoor air needed or the code-required venti lation rate.
It is shown at full load in Figure 7-1. In all examples in this chapter, we will
use room design cond itions of tdb = 75°F and $ = 50% rh and 20% outdoor ai r
for ventilation.
Next, look at the psychrometric chart in Figure 7-2 for part-load operation.
The part-load s upply air temperature is higher than the design temperature
because the room thermostat is ca lling for less cooling. Depending on the part-
load SHR, the room relati ve humidity may not be met at this part-load condi-
tion. So you must determ ine if thi s deviation above the design ¢l = 50% rh is
acceptable. Also note that the mixed-air condition will usually change to a
lower value , as the outdoor air will typically be lower at part-l oad cond itions.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat

Constant-volume, single-zone systems with reheat are used when we need to
control the room relative humidity at all load l:Ondilions. The con trol is simple;
the cooling coil supply air dry-bulb temperature is set to a constant leaving tem-
perature. Therefore, the supply air is dehumidified regardless of the room part-
load conditions. The supply air is reheated purely to satisfy the room thermostat.
It should be noted that thi s type of system is an expensive one to operate, as
we pay to cool and dehumidify the supply air and then pay again to warm up,
or reheat, the same airstream. If you are forced to provide thi s de sign in a sys-
Dry Bulb
.028
.024
-S
4S
40
.020 I
.016
c
3
0:
~.
"•g.
.012
15
''''' .008
3S
10 .004
15 ,. 2S
3.
~ ro ~ ~ '00
Dry Bulb
'"
Figure 7-2 Psychromet,.ics of single-zone system at part load.
tern , you shou ld look for ways to use recovered energy to provide the reheat.
Recovered energy sources could be condenser heat from the cooling syste m,
such as a heat recovery chiller or condenser reheat plus sensible heat recovery
from exhaust or return airstreams, among others.
The psychrometric chart for this system is shown in Figure 7-3 at part-load
conditions. Note that even with a SHR of less than the design SHR, we can
meet the room re lative humidity condition. The psychrometries of this system
at fuHload are exact ly the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because, at full load,
we are not doing any reheat.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with

Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil
Constant-volume, single-zone systems with face and bypass dampers on
the cooling coil are not as common as they were in the past, but we will ana-
lyze thi s type in our psychrometric training process nonetheless. This system is
basically a single-zone air handler with a coo ling coil plus an extra damper sec-
tion; see Figure 7-4 for all the wmponents. The dampers are used to adjust the
amount of supply a ir that goes through the cooling coil or the amount of mixed
air that bypasses the cooling coi l, thus the name/ace and bypass.
The damper is controlled by the room thermostat as it maintains a constant
room dry-bu lb temperature. As the room temperature drops, the dampers are
adjusted to open the bypass sect ion and close down on the face section , raising
the air handler s uppl y dry-bulb temperature. The opposite is true if the room
Funda m e nta ls of Psychrome tries (I-P), Second Edition 61
110
"'" .028
.024
...
45
.020
.016
:.:
c
3
a:
~.
.0
.012 o·~
2. .
.008
3S
10 .004
30
" "
15
'"
Dry Bulb'"
20
. ,. 25
'"
Fig ure 7-3 Psychromet ries of constant-volume , sing le -zone syst e m with re heat at pa rt load.
- 1'%
Return Air'
I' ,i'
, I'
Bypass
®~
-
Supply Air
- _ A/V HE C
Fan SA
0
Outdoor AIr
It Mixed Air <: I V A
T
0
L
It EI l eavAir
Figure 7-4 Compone nts of constant-volume, sing le-zone syst e m w it h face and bypass
dampe rs on the cooling coil.
temperature rises: the damper adj usts for less bypass air and more coo ling coil
air to lower the ai r handler supply temperature.
The psychrometries of this system at part load are show in Figure 7-5. Note
that the cooling coi l supply air temperature decreases as we decrease the air-
flow through the cooling co il at part load. Therefo re, thi s system does a much
better job of maintain ing the room re lati ve humidity at part load than a con-
stant-volume, vari able-temperature, single-zone system.
The psychrometries of the face and bypass system at fu ll load are the same
as shown in Figure 7- 1 because no air is being bypassed at fu ll load. The room
thermostat is ca lli ng for full coo ling, so 100% of the supply air is being cooled
in the cooling coil.
Dry Bulb
90 100 11 0
"" .028
.024
0 .020
40%
45
c
3 "
.016
c:
~.
D
40 !'(
.012 o·
20%
.008
35
10 .004
30
15 20 25
., ., ., ., ".,
" '" "
Dry Bul b
'"
Figure 7-5 Psychrometries of constant-volume, single-zone system with face and bypass
dampel'"S on the cooling coil at part load.
Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat

Now we shift our focus to HVAC air systems that arc designed to serve
many zones from one air handler. The constant-volume wi th tenninal reheat
system was the primary commercial office space system from the 19405 to the
mid-1970s. The system is fair ly simpl e: a single-zone air handler suppli es air
dueled throughout the bu il ding, and then reheat coil s are put in each duct
runoullo serve any individua l zones.
The air handl er ensures a constant leav ing supply air temperature all year
round, and each reheat coi l tempers the air to meet the room temperature
desired in each zone. A few things to note: zones can have different tempera-
ture setpoints, zone reheats can be at different stages of tempering as zone
loads change, and part-load humidity control by zone is very good because the
main supply ai r is constantl y be ing dehumidified. However, thi s system is very
expensive to operate because it is both cooling and reheating throughout the
day, month , and yea r. Also, most energy codes, such as ANSUAS HRAElIES
Standard 90. 1 (AS H RAE 20 13) and Cal iforni a's Title 24 (CBSC 20 13), restrict
the use of this system for obvious reasons. It was a popular way to get zone
control in buildings when energy was cheap and before VA V was in vented.
The psychrometries of this system at fu ll load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-1.
The psychrometries of thi s system at part load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-2, with the exception that each zone has a separate psychrometri c
PREH€ATCOIL
f UE R
COOI. ING COIL
(ALTERNATIVE
HU:.A IDIF IER
,
LOCATION)
>-'''-__ ZON~ 1
" -\ -----(j)
_~ :.AgI\E 2...(!)
-~ - ~- zo~l:i
--", _--0
ZONC DAMPeR
(TYPICAL)
Figure 7-6 Components of constant-volume, multizone system (ASH RAE 2016, Figure 12).
chart, because the amount of the reheat will vary by zone and the SHR can be
slightly different by zone. However, a word of caution: the worst zone, from a
lowest-SHR standpoint, sets the air handler supply air dry-bulb temperature for
the entire system.
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems

Constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems are designed to provide
comfort to multip le zones by mixi ng cool air with warm air so that the dis-
charge supp ly air temperature is sati sfied by the zone thermostat. The only dif-
ference between these two systems is where the mixing of the hot and cool air
occurs.
In a multi zone system, the blow-through air handler has the mi xing damp-
ers mounted on the front or top of the air-handling unit (AHU). The dampers
are on a common shaft, but offset by 90°, so when the hot deck is fu ll open, the
cold deck is fu ll closed and vice versa. Control of the air handler is simply a
constant deck temperature fo r each, say tdb = 55°F for the cold deck and tdb =
JOsoF for the hot deck. A si ngle damper activator is then controlled by a room
thermostat to position the dampers to meet the room temperature setpoint. If
the zone is too cool, this actuator opens more to the hot deck to wann the air
and increase the supply air temperature, thus warming the room. If the zone is
too warm, this actuator repositions to open to the cold deck (closes down on the
hot deck) to cool the air and lower the supply air temperature. Supply ductwork
is run out from this central air handl er to each zone. Small units may have as
few as three zones and large units as many as 18 to 20 zones. Figure 7-6 shows
a constant-volume, multi zone system.
In the dual-duct system, the blow-through air handler again has a hot deck
and a cold deck on the discharge side of the supply fan, but no mixing dampers.
Two sets of suppl y ductwork are run around the building in parallel with each
other. At any location that a zone is required, a dual-duct mixing box is
install ed and dual taps are run to the coo l deck duct and the hot deck duct. The
mixing box has two dampers on a common shaft offset by 90° with a single
actuator. The room thermostat is connected to thi s actuator to provide zone
comfort. The air handler aga in has controls to maintain constant leaving cold-
64 Cha pte r 7 Psychrometries in Zoned HVAC Systems
deck and hot-dec k temperatures. Th e operation o f this system is identical to

that of the mu lt izone system. Figure 7-7 shows a constant-volume, dual-duct
system.
Both of these systems are very ex pensive to operate because both decks are
kept at a consta nt leaving air temperature and achieve comfort by mixing both
airstreams. Their use is restricted by most energy codes due to the high energy
usage requi red fo r proper operation.
The psychrometries of the multizone and dual-duct systems are shown in
Figure 7-8. Note the mi xing line fro m the cold-deck discharge at Idb = 55°F
COOliNG COIL AIRFlOW MONITOR ING STATION

(ALTERNATIVli:
LOCATION) HUMIDIfiER
PR€HEAT COIL
(oPTIONAL)
,
VAR I A~lE· FR EQ (JHIC Y OR IVE
fi LTER
COOL ING COIL AIRFlOW MONITORING

OUTOOOR A' "'-----1- c-t
,,
SIAIION
, , H€ATING CO IL
,: ' ~
SUP?\'Y AIR VARIA3LE·FREQU€NCY DRIVE
~
i
FN-I (HOT) I ( AIRFLOWMONITOR:NG
EXHAlJSTAIR _ _ _ _ _ :..J _ _ _ __ _____ _ ______ L _ ~ STATION
- -- -~
VARIABLE-FREOUENCY DR IVE Y RETU RN AIR FAN
Figure 7~7 Compone nts of constant-volume , dual-duct syst e m (ASHRAE 2016 , Figure 13)_
" ., ,,.
" '" '" Dry Bulb " '"
Figure 7-8 Psychro metries of const ant-volume m ult izo ne a nd dua l-duct syst ems.
Funda m e nta ls of Psychrome tries (I-P), Second Edition 65
and $ = 87% rh to the hot-deck discharge at Idb = 105°F and $ = 22% rh oThe
actual di scharge temperature can be anyone of an infinite number of points
along this line, and each zone can be at a different di scharge point. Also note
that we can heat and cool with thi s mi xing of airstreams at each zone.
Exercise caution to make sure that the cold-deck dry-bulb temperature is
low enough to sati sfy the SHR for the worst zone and that the hot-deck tem-
perature is warm enough to sati sfy the heat loss of the worst zone.
Figure 7-9 shows the psychrometrics of multi zone and dual-duct systems in
winter heating mode. In thi s example, the room is at ' db = 70°F and $ = 40% rh,
with an outdoor design of (db = 32°F and $ = 50% rho The mi xed condition is
'db = 62.4°F and $ = 45 % rh oThe cooling coi l line is sensible cooling only, or
horizontal , and ends at 'db = 55°F and $ = 57% rho The heating co il line is sen-
sible heating only and ends at 'db = 105°F and $ = 12% rho Note that because
both the cooli ng and heating are sensibl e only (no latent), th e hot-deck and
cold-deck mixing line is the sum of the cooling coil line and the heating coil
line. Any zone wi ll require supp ly air that is mixed along this line.
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones

In the early 1970s, the high energy usage of most of the constant-volume
systems forced designs and owners to look for systems with lower operational
costs. Variable-a ir-volume (VA V) systems made their debut and are still very
popular today, as they provide great fan horsepower savings for most of the
year.
Dry8ulb
90 110
.028
.024
.020
4S "'"30:
.016 ~.
Heating Coif
Leavi r19
.012 •o·
~
Outdoor Room Ai
AI,
"
I .008
" Mixing Line for Ai r

Entering the Room 30
.00<
20 2S
" '00 n.
Dry 8ulb
Figure 7-9 Psychrometries of const ant-volume multizone a nd dual-duct syst e ms in winter

heat ing mode .
An air handler with a single supply duct and a VFD on the supply fan pro-
vides a consta nt disc harge air tempe rature of {db = 55°F to the building. As
zones are required, a V A V box is tapped into this main supply trunk.
The V A V box is a single-damper device that modulates the airflow to the
zone in response to the room thermostat. Said another way, it is an a ir-throt-
tling device that provides comfort to the zone. A t fu1l1oad in the zone, the V A V
box is wide open in response to the room thermostat. At all part-load condi -
tions, the V A V box has its damper closed some amount in res ponse to lower
de mand for coo ling in the zone.
The psychrometries for VAV sys tems are the sa me as shown in Figure 7-1
for each zone on the AHU. Aga in , ma ke s ure the air handler leaving supply air
dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the worst zone's S HR. Now at
part load we simply go to the sensible heat equation , qs = 1.08 5 x cfm x (t1 -
t2)' to determine how we handle the V A V operation.
Because the supply air temperature is constant year round , we reduce the
se nsible heat by simply reduci ng the airflow delivered to the zon e. If we wa nt
half of the sensibl e load , we only s upply hal f the airflow to the zone. The
room th ermostat controls the actuator on the damper shaft to keep the zone
comfortable.
So , at most part-load conditions, the psychrometries do not c hange- only
the airflow changes to satisfy the reduced load , and Figure 7- 1 is still valid .
This assumes the room SHR stays close to the full - load SHR at part load.
This style of V A V box is a cooling-on ly box and can typically only be used
fo r the buildi ng interior or zones that are in cooling year round .
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes

Most exterior zones require heating for a portion of the year. This section
covers two different styles of heating V A V boxes: V A V reheat boxes a nd fan-
powered V A V boxes that can have reheat as needed . Note that the cen tral air
handler does not change with this des ign- we have cooling-only boxes on the
interior and heating boxes on the exterior.
To build a YAV reheat box, we simply take a cooling-only box and put a
reheat coil on the discharge of it. The coil can be hot water, stea m, or electric
duct heater in design.
The psychrometries of a V A V reheat box at full load are the same as show n
in Figu re 7- 1, As the demand for cool ing drops, we use the same part-load psy-
chrometric chart as shown in Figure 7 -1 but at lower airflow. But at some pre-
set minimum airflow, say 35% of full airflow, we energize the reheat coil. T he
controls modulate the amount of reheat or temperature rise in response to the
room thermostat. The psychrometries are shown in Figure 7-10, with the maxi -
mum reheat to a dry-bulb temperature of 95 °F. Remember , only reheat to a dis-
charge a ir tempe ratu re into the zone t hat will sa tisfy the roo m thermostat.
90
50 .028
.024
-
40
5 .020 :I:
c
45 3
.0 16
c:
~.
'"~.
..
40
.012 0
Room AIr , .008

15
35
Ma~ Reheat
10 .004
Temp
30
., .,
15
" '"
"
" " Bulb"
Dry " '"
Figure 7-10 Psychrometl'"ics of a VAV reheat box at part load.
To construct a fan-po wered VA V box that can al so have reheat as needed,

add a sheet metal plenum on the side of a cooling-on ly box with a sma ll direct-
dri ve centrifugal fan. The fan can draw plenum air through an air filter and di s-
charge it into the cooling box downstream of the cooling control damper. A
back-draft damper is required on the di scharge of the centrifugal fan. This is
considered a para ll el fan-powe red box.
The control is similar to that ofa VA V reheat box. At full cooling, we have
100% of the cooling air going to the zone (no fan operation). At part load, we
throttle down the supply air to a lower amount (no fan operation). At a preset
minimum airflo w, say 35% of the full-load airflow, we fi x the cooling damper
to that position and start the centrifugal fan. It draws air from the ceiling ple-
num and mixes it with the reduced flo w 'db = 55°F to discharge warmer air into
the zone and meet the room thermostat setpoint. This ceiling plenum air can be
3° F to 5°F hi gher than the room tempe rature as long as the building is occu-
pi ed, because it has the heat of the li ghts added to it.
The psychrometrics of a fan-powered VAV box that can have reheat as
needed are shown in Figure 7-11. Note that you are mixing supply air at ' db =
55°F and $ = 87% rh with plenum air at fdb = 80°F and $ = 42% rh along the
mixing line. The location will be determined by the airflow of supply air and
the airflow of the plenum air provided by the small centrifugal fan .
If needed, another reheat coi l cou ld be mounted on the box di scharge sec-
tion to provide additional heating capacity for wintertime zone heat losses. The
coil is shown as additional reheat (" Reheat if Needed") in Figure 7-11.
90 110
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.024
50 .020 :I:
c
"'"
45 3
0:
.016 ~.
40 !!(
.012 o·
,.- .008
10 .004
ixing line for Plenum Air and
Supply Air to Meet Zone Temperature3 0
" " . 15
"
Dry Bulb
20
., ., '00
25
'"
Figure 7-11 Psychrometries of a fan -powered VAV box with reheat at part load.
References
AS HRAE. 2013. ANS I/ASH RAE/IES Standard 90. 1, Energy standard Jor
building except low-rise residential bllildings. Atlanta: AS HRAE.
ASHRAE. 2016. Chapter 4, Air hand ling and distribution. In ASHRAE hand-
book- HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta: AS H RAE.
esse. 2013. California building standards code. T itle 24 o f California Code
of Regulations. Sacrame nto, CA: Ca lifornia Building Standards Commis-
sIOn.
Fundame ntals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Edition 69
For all of the Ski ll Development Exerc ises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office build ing that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
Zone Sensible Cooli ng Latent Coolin g HeatingSensible

36,000 Btulh 5,000Btu/h 20,000 Btulh
2 48,000 Btulh 6,000B tulh 25 ,000 Btulh
3 60,000 Btulh 10,000 Btu/h 30,000 Btulh
Assume room des ign cond itions of the follo wing:

Cooling 'db = 75°F and $ = 50% rh
Heating ' db = 70°F and $ = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7-1 What is the sensib le heat ratio for all three zones in order I, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.S8, 0.89, 0. 86
b) 0.S7, 0.85, 0. 89
c) 0.S5, 0.84, 0.87
7-2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required venti lation to all three zones,
what is the mixed ai r condition in the summer if the outdoor air is 'db = 100°F
and $ = 25% rh?
a) 'db ~ 79' F and ~ ~ 48% rh
b) 'db ~S5 ' Fand~~40%rh
c) 'db ~ SI.2' F and ~ ~ 42% rh
7-3 For Zone I only, if we use indi vidual fan-coi ls for each zone, what is the
required supp ly airflow?
a) airflow = 1600 cfm
b) airflow ~ 1750 cfm
c) airflow = 2000 cfm
7-4 For Zone I only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling co il
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exerc ise 7-2 and the correct supply
cfm?
aj tdb ~ 54' F and ~~ 90% rh
bj tdb ~ 56' F and ~ ~ 88% rh
cj 'db ~ 60'F and ~ ~ 80% rh
7·5 For Zone 1 on ly, what is the total cooling capaci ty, q" of the coo ling coi l with
the correct cfm and leaving air conditions?
aj 41 ,000 Btu/h
bj 52,300 Btuth
cj 48,825 Btuth
7.6 If all three zones were put on a central ai r handler with a constant- volume ter-
minal reheat system , what would the cfrn of all three zones be, in order 1,2, 3?
(Same outdoor design and percent outdoor ai r.)
aj 1750, 2000, 2500
bj 1600, 1800,2200
cj 1750, 2460,2765
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VA V box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi-
tions from this air handler?
aj tdb ~ 55"Fand~ ~ 91 % rh
bj tdb ~ 57' F and ~ ~ 88% rh
cj tdb ~ 60' F and ~ ~ 82% rh
7·8 With the system in Exerci se 7-7, what are the new required ai rflows by zone in
order 1,2,3 with the new leaving conditions?
aj 1660, 2110,2765
bj 1750, 2460,2750
cj 1700,2300,2600
7·9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2,3 to meet the tota l reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use ' db = 70°F for room condition.)
aj 49,000 Btulh, 61 ,000 Btulh, 79,000 Btuth
bj 47,000 Btulh, 59,300 Btulh, 75,000 Btuth
cj 56,000 Btulh, 73,000 Btulh, 90,000 Btulh
7-10 From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and cfm, what is the
total cooling capacity of the central air-handler coo ling coi l?
a) 180,000 Btulh
b) 167,000 Btu/h
c) 194,100 Btulh
7-11 If the system in Exe rcise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coi l used in the central air handler?
(Room at 'db ~ 7SOF.)
a) 219,000Btulh
b) 199,000 Btulh
c) 212,500Btulh
Energy Conservation
and Psychrometries
Study Objectives
o understand e nergy saving systems and strategies and their effects on the
psychrometric analysis and
o understand why lower energy costs result from the use of these systems and
strategies.
Instructions
Read the materia l in Chapter 8. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
deve lopment exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter covers energy conservation principles and strategies and how
they affect the HVAC system design. There are many devices and strategies
that can conserve energy, but thi s text focuses on only the most commonly used
in HV AC: heat recovery devices, energy recovery devices, air-side economiz-
ers, water-side economizers, and supply air temperature reset. We will exam ine
the psychrometric processes and the energy-saving effects of these fi ve sys-
tems.
Heat Recovery Devices

Heat recovery is the exchange of dry-bulb air temperature only between
two airstreams. In an HVAC system, thi s is typica lly between the outdoor air
used for venti lation and the common building exhaust airstream. The greater
the temperature difference that exists between the two airstreams, the more we
can affect the HV AC performance. This is also called sensible heal recovery,
because we only change the dry-bu lb temperature.
The four most common types of heat recovery devices are heal wheels, air-
to-air heat exchangers, heat pipes, and glycol run-around loops. Figure 8-1
shows three of these devices, and Figure 8-2 shows a schematic of a coi l run-
around loop.
74 Chapter 8 Energy Conservatio n and Psychrometries
He.r W heel Air-ro-Air Hea r Pipe
Figure 8-1 Heat and e ne rgy re covery devices.
OUTDOOR SUPPLY-
AIR 0:::::::::;> AIR COIL
8--·· TOBUILDING,-_ _,
EXHAUST AIR r:.::-l EXHAUST- =:>

~
AIR CO IL TO
EXPANSION TANK OUTSIDE
PUMP
r THREE -WAY VALVE
Figure 8-2 Run-around loop (ASHRAE 2012, Figure 14).
A heat whee l is a large-diameter, deep whee l consisting of a honeycomb

sty ling of metal pockets. Ha lf of the wheel is located in the exhaust airstream
and the other half is located in the inc oming outdoor airstream. In the winter, as
the wheel rotates slowly, the co ld outdoor air is preheated by the wanner
exhaust airstream that is being dumped outdoors, The indi vidual pockets
change temperature rapid ly as the wheel rotates from one airstream to the other
and back again.
In the summ er, the wheel also precools the hot outdoor air with indoor
room-temperature exhaust air from the building. Note that thi s device must be
ducted and positioned in such a way that the airstream s are next to each other
somewhere in the system. A lso, a small amount of cross-contamination occurs
between the airstreams, so care must be taken depending on the application.
For example, exhaust ai r fro m an office buildi ng (toilet, break room,janitori al
closets, etc.) is genera ll y acceptable to use, but exhaust from hospita l isolation
rooms is never acceptable.
One final note on rotary heat wheels is that the loss of air from the supply
side (outdoor air) to the exhaust air s ide can be as high as 10% of the total air-
flow. This is the cause of the cross-contamination, but you must also increase
the airflow hi gher than the design required amount to cover th is loss or leak-
age.
An air-to-air heat exchanger uses parallel plates of metal (or other material)
to separate the exhaust air from the outdoor air. The plates are packed tightly
next to each other in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer goes across each
plate. So every other plate has indoor or outdoor air flowing through it in oppo-
site directions. This heat exchanger design does not have any cross-contamina-
tion between the two airstreams, and both airstreams must be side by side
somewhere in the system.
Heat pipes look like one big chilled-water coil or heat exchanger. The dif-
ference is that each tube go ing across the coil is a separate chamber filled with
a very small refrigerant charge. Eac h half of the coil, split side to side, sits in
one of the airstreams. In winter, the outdoor air side of the heat pipe condenses
the refrigerant in the tube and rejects the heat to the outdoor air, warming it.
The other side sits in the wa rm exhaust air, wh ich vaporizes the refrigerant,
absorbing the heat from the warm airstream. By natural pressure d iffe rence, the
warm refrigerant vapor mi grates to the colder side, where it condenses. The
coil is tilted sli ght ly so the liqu id refrigerant flow s back to the warm side on the
bottom of each small tube. When the season changes to summer, the tilt must
be reversed so the heat pipe can work in the reverse and cool the warm entering
outdoor air.
A glycol run-around loop is two large coils or heat exchangers placed in the
two airstreams that arc connected by two pipes and one pump to move the gly-
col-water solution from one coi l to the other. They transfer heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream by warm ing up and then cooling
down the pumped glyco l-water so lution. The advantage of thi s system is that
the airstreams can be located great di stances from each other. There is no
cross-contamination with th is dev ice.
Psychrometric Effects and Savings of Heat Recovery

Figure 8-3 shows winter temperature-change-only heat recovery. The
exhaust airstream is at 'db = 70°F and $ = 40% rh and 1500 cfm. The outdoor
airstream is at [db = 32°F and $ = 50% rh and 2000 cfm. N ote: Typically more
outdoor air is brought in than exhausted to posi ti ve ly pressurize the building to
keep the indoor env ironment clean and dust free.
However, we must first introduce the concept of heat exchanger effecti ve-
ness. Counterflow air-to-air heat exchangers can achieve close to 100% effec-
tiveness. But, the range of 50% to 70% effectiveness for cost and air pressure
drop considerations is generally selected. For this example, we wi ll use 60%
effectiveness.
76 Cha pte r 8 Energy Conservation and Psychrometries
90 110
"'" .028
.024
5 .020 :I:
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"'"
4S
.016
3
a:
~.
40 :':
.012 o·
Air "'" 35
.008
10
ct-
Room Air .004
30
" ~
'" "
15
ro
Dry Bul b
.
20
" '''''
25
'"
Fi gure 8-3 Heat recove ry in the winter.
If the exhaust a irstrea m were coo led from {db = 70°F to 'db = 32°F the max-
imum amount of sensible heat transfer wou ld be
qs = qmar = 1.085 x cfm x (I [ - 12)

~ 1.085 x 1500 x (70 - 32)
qmar = 6 1,845 Stulh
Because the effective ness is 60%, the transferred heat is
qmax x effectiveness = q'rallsjerral

6 1,845 B,uIh x (0.6) ~ 37, 107 B,ulh
Then the outdoor air is warmed to
q, ~ 37, 107 B,uIh ~ 1.085 x 2000 cfm x (32 - ',)

37, 107 ~ 17' F ~ (32 _ , )
2170 '
'2 = 49°F
Likewise, the exhaust air is cooled to
q, ~ 37, 107 B,uIh ~ 1.085 x 1500 cfm x (70 - ',)

37, 107 ~ 22.8 ' F ~ (70 - , )
1625 2
12 = 47.2°F
90 110
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5 .020 :J:
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45
.016
3
0:
~.
25 40
.012
"o·~
15
Exhaust
1- "'" 35
.008
Air
10 .004
30
15 20 25
., ,,.
" '" "Dry Bulb " ""
Figure 8-4 Heat recove ry in the summe r.
So 37, 107 Btulh of energy has been conserved by preheating the outdoor
air by 17°F and therefore lowering the operating cost in the process.
Next, we will look at the process in the summer with o utdoor des ign condi-
tions of Idb = 95°F and Ql = 40% rh and room conditions of Idb = 75°F and Ql =
50% rh, as shown in Figure 8-4.
q, ~ q",a, ~ 1.085 x 1500 cfm x (95 - 75)

~
1.085 x 1500 cfm x (20)
qmar = 32,550 Btulh
Us ing the same effectiveness of 60%,
q~ = qmar (0.60) = qlrallsjerral

X
q'rallsjerral = 32,550 x (0.60)

~ 19,53 0 Btulh
So we cool the outdoor air sen sibly by
q, ~ 19,53 0 Btulh ~ I. 085 x 2000 cfm x (95 - ',)

19,530 ~ gOF ~ (95 _ , )
2 170 '
= 86°F'2
And we wann the exhaust air by
q, ~ 19,53 0 Bluth ~ 1.085 x 1500 cfm x (75 - (2)
19,530 ~ 12 ' F ~ (75 - 1)

1628 2
12 = 87°F
An air-te-air heat exchanger was used in thi s ex ample, but the same proce-
dure applies to the other three heat recovery devices-only the effecti veness
will change.
Condensation and Frost Formation

We must consider two other item s in the use of heat recovery devices, con-
densation and frost formation. Condensation can occur on a heat exchanger if
the exhaust air dew-point temperature is reached. For example, in Figure 8-3 , if
the exhaust air temperature were lowered below tdb = 45°F, then condensation
would occur on a small portion of th e heat transfer surface. Be sure to specify
these devices w ith a condensate drain to properly collect this water.
Frost can fo rm on the leaving side of the exhaust air in the heat recovery
device when the outdoor air gets to temperatures o f + 10°F or less. In the win-
ter, because the exhaust air dew-point temperature is almost always above
35°F, this is a design consideration in C limate Zones 4 to 8 (ASHRAE 2013).
Frost formation in the heat recovery device decreases the exhaust airflow and
reduces the de vice 's effectiveness.
The methods used to preven t frost formation on heat recovery devices are
as fo llows:
Preheat the outdoor airstream to some preset temperature entering the

device (e.g., + IO°F) (a ll types of heat recovery devices).
Install a set of bypa ss dampers around the device to bypass a portion of the
outdoor airstream so the heat exchanger does not get so cold (heat wheel,
air-to-air heat exchanger, heat pipe).
Install a three-way contro l va lve in the glycol piping to control the glycol
solution inlet temperature on the exhaust coil to somewhere around +30°F,
thus pre venting fro st formation (run-around loo p).
Increase the rotationa l speed of the heat wheel so the outdoor air does not
cool the heat transfer part of the wheel to below around + 30°F (heat
wheel).
Energy Recovery Devices

Energy recovery is the transfer of sensible heat and latent heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream . At first glance, the whee l looks
identical to a heat recovery whee l that transfers temperature only. However, the
heat transfer material in an energy recovery device is coated with a des iccant
materi al that absorbs water vapor and then rejects the water vapor to the other
airstream. So in winter, the moisture in the wanner building air is transferred to
the very dry outdoor ai r, thus helping maintain the indoor relative hum idity.
And in the summer, the coo l and dryer indoor air that is exhausted absorbs
some of the moisture in the hot, humid outdoor air.
Energy recovery devices come in two types: I) rotary energy wheels and
2) plate air-to-air heat exchangers with moisture transfer plates that are not
solid metal in construction. Fo ll owing are performance examples of an energy
recovery rotary wheel. Summer perfonnance with a total energy effecti veness
of 0.87 is shown in Figure 8-5 and is as follows:
Outdoor air cond itions : 'db = 95°F. ' wb = 74.6°F, outdoor air = 2296 cfm
Supply air conditions: 'db = 82°F. ' wb = 67°F, supply air = 2000 cfm
Return air conditions: tdb = 75°F. twb = 62.4°F, return air = 1500 cfm
Exhaust air condit ions: tdb = 92.4° F, twb = 73.2°F, ex haust air = 1796 cfm
Note the leakage airfl ow is 296 cfm and the outdoor air total cooling load
reduction is
q,= 4.5 x cfrn x (11\ - 112)

~ 4.5 x 2000 cfm x (38.4 - 31.8)
~ 59,400 Btulh
90
.028
.024
5 .020 J:
c
"'"
45 3
a:
.0 16
~
".
"'".
~
40
.012 0
",,, .008
35
10 .004
30
15 20 25
., .,
" '" '" "
Dry Bulb '" "" '"
Figure 8-5 Energy recove ry rota ry w heel s umme r p erformance example.
The coo ling system on ly needs to cool the outdoor air from tdb = 82°F and
' \Vb =67°F to Idb = 75 °F and $ = 50% rh instead of from ldb = 95°F and 'wb =
74.6°F, which reduces the cooli ng energy costs.
Winter performance with the sa me effectiveness is shown in Figure 8-6 and
is as fo llows:
Outdoor air conditions: 'db = 32°F, {wb = 27. 1°F, outdoor air = 2296 cfm
Supply air conditions: tdb = 56. 8°F, 'wb = 47.2°F, supply air = 2000 cfm
Return air conditions: 'db = 70°F, ' wb = 55.6°F, return air = 2000 cfrn
Exhaust air cond itions: 'db = 37°F, ' wb = 31.s o F, ex haust air = 1796 cfrn
The outdoor air heat ing load is reduced by
ql~4.5 x cfm x (h, - h2)

~ 4.5 x 2000 cfm x ( 18.8 - 9.8)
~ 4.5 x 2000 cfm x (9)
~ 8 1,000 Btulh
The outdoor air now has only to be heated from 'db = 56. 8°F to 'db = 70°F
instead of from 'db = 32°F, which reduces the cooling energy costs, as with the
winter operation.
Note that in both cases of heating and coo ling to the outdoor air, the humid-
ity ratio changes so you are not on ly transferring sensible heat, but also latent
90 11 0
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.024
.020 :I:
4C'% c
3
45
.0 16 J
40
.0 12
"
i!!
o·
Outdoor
Air 20
Point 21)%
.008
35
.004
30
..
15 20 25
" n,
" SOOutdoor60
Air Dry Bulb '"
Fig ure 8-6 Ene rgy recove ry rot ary wheel winte r pe rformance exa mple.
heat. This late nt heat helps mai ntain the indoor room relative humidi ty at the
design condition.
Air-Side Economizer
An air-side economizer is an HVAC system option that allows cooling
without the use of mechanical refrigeration , thus making the cooling energy
equal to zero. For instance, to satisfy the cooling load, we need the supply ai r
{db = 55°F. Then, any time of the year that the outdoor air temperature is {db =
55°F or less, we can shut the mechanized refrigeration off and open our out-
door air dampers to 100%, pulling in 55°F air. Now this 55°F outdoor air pro-
vides all the cooling to the building. This is called full economizer mode and
should be considered any place where there is a cooling need in the fall, winter,
and spring.
You can also implement partial air-side economizing in your HVAC sys-
tem. For examp le, the outdoor air temperature is Idb= 65°F and your room is at
{db = 75°F. Instead of cooling the air from 75°F down to 55°F for the supply air,
you only have to cool the air from 65°F to 55°F with mechanical refrigeration.
In this example , the refrigeration load is reduced approximately 50%. So par-
ti al economizing can be used any time the outdoor air is less than the room
cooling condition.
A word of caution when using partial air-side economizing on constant-
volume, variable- temperature systems and it is very humid or raining outdoors
is that the humid outdoor air will cause the room relative humidity to go above
the room design condition of ~ = 50% rho In this instance, use the outdoor air
enthalpy instead of the dry-bulb temperature to initiate partial economizing.
The outdoor en thalpy should be at least 5 Btu/lb da less than the room enthalpy
condition before you allow partial economizing. This is less of a concern on
V AV systems since they control to a constant leaving cooling ai r temperature at
all load conditions.
Note that with the air-side economizer option the air-handling system must
be capable of bri ngi ng in up to 100% outdoor air. This mea ns the outdoor ai r
weather louvers. outdoor air duct. and outdoor air dampers must all be sized
and selected for the fu ll ai rflow of the ai r handler.
Also, becau se yo u are bringing up to 100% outdoor air into the building,
you must provide a way to relieve, or exhaust, this additional air and provide
building pressure control to prevent overpressurization of the building. Fail-
ure to do th is will result in th e exterior doors staying partially open, not fu lly
closing.
Water-Side Economizer
The water-side economizer system was developed to provide cooling via
the chilled-wa ter system to air-handling systems that do not have any outdoor
air connection or have minimum outdoor air capability. For this energy-saving
option, you must have a chi lled-water cooling delivery system, a cooling tower,
and a heat exchanger piped between the chilled- and condenser-water systems.
Let's look at the performance of a cooling tower from the psychrometric
side. A cooling tower produces cool water dependent on the ambient wet-bulb
temperature onl y. For examp le, the amb ient is (db = 95°F and twb = 75°F, as in
our previous examp les. The cooling tower has a 7°F approach temperature at
fu ll load or heat rejection. Thi s means the cooling tower can produce 82°F
leaving cooling tower water, or 'wb = 75°F + 7°F = 82°F. In the process of cool-
ing the water down to 82°F, a portion of the recirculating water is evaporated
by slightly cooling the air (lower 'db) and greatly adding moisture to the air. It
is not uncommon that the air leaving a cooling tower is between 90% and 95%
relative humidity.
As the outdoor air coo ls in the fa ll, winter, and spring, so does the outdoor
wet-bulb temperature. Also, the building sensible load decreases in these non-
peak cooling seasons. For examp le, the ambient temperature is 'db = 40°F and
' \Vb = 35°F. We also have the same approach temperature at part load of 7°F (if
the tower is at fu ll load and the same ambient conditions, the approach would
be around 12°F).
So this tower will make 42°F leaving condenser water. If our heat
exchanger has a 2°F approach temperature, then we can make 44°F chilled
water to be distributed throughout the building to provide cooling where
needed. See Figure 8-7 fo r a system schematic of a water-side economizer.
This water-side economizer is most commonly used on systems that have
chilled-water fan-coils or small air handler type systems. Typically, these sys-
tems have no outdoor air or a small amount of outdoor air, and it could be diffi-
cult or impossible to duct 100% outdoor air capability to them.
Condenser Water with Economizer

r-- ,
I I
LOlld
I
I
I -r--- I
1"" - -
_ _ _ _ _ .J
Hell! e~ cll8nger
Fig ure 8-7 Wate r-side economize r schematic.

The heat exchanger between the condenser water system and the chilled-
water system must be cleanab le. So, because both can have the condenser
water debris eas ily removed, plate-and-frame and shell -and-tube (tube-side
condenser water) are the two heat exchangers most commonly used.
Supply Air Temperature Reset

Supply ai r temperature reset works because in almost all comfort cooling
system app lications, the sensib le heat gain decreases in the fall, winter, and
spring. So, if the sensible heat gain to a zone is half the summer peak gain by
the sensible heat equation di scussed in Chapter 4, qs = 1.085 x cfm x (II - '2)'
and if our ai rflow" is constant, then the fjJ can be ha lf to produce half the sensi-
ble cooling. Consider: if we have cfm = 2000, a summer peak supply air tem-
perature of tdb = 55° F, and a room condition of tdb = 75° F, then
Full sensible cooling: q, full ~ 1.085 x 2000 cfrn x (75' F - 55' F)

~ 43,400 Btulh
Half sensib le cooling: q, ha lf ~ 1.085 x 2000 cfrn x (75' F - 55' F) x 0.5
~ 2 1,700 Btu/h
Simply by having the air hand ler supply tdb = 65°F, we can provide the
cooling necessary. See Figure 8-8 for the psychrometric analysis of this con-
90
.028
.024
,... .020 :z:

c
3
45
a:
2S ,. .016
.012
Q.'
'"
~
o·
,... .008
35
10 .....
30
"
.,
"
15
"
Dry Bulb
.,'0
"
, . 2S
'"
Figure 8-8 Supply air te mperature reset example.
cept. A lso note that the sensib le heat ratio will change as the heat gain
decreases in the off-peak load times of the year.
A few words of caution are in order before you apply thi s strategy:
Data centers, IT rooms, and te lecom rooms may have only slight decreases
in the sensible load throughout the year and , therefore, cannot use supply
air temperature reset.
Process or industrial applications may never change in sensible load and so
cannot use supp ly air temperature reset.
VA V systems are very economica l to nm because the airflow varies as the
sensible load goes down. But if you reset the supply air temperature
upward too much , you will eat into or eliminate the fan horsepower savings
deri ved from th is system. Granted, you can probably reset the supply air
tdb = 55°F to 58°F or 60°F, but not up to 65 °F to 70°F. This is a great case
fo r energy model ing of the V A V system to see how high in reset tempera-
ture you can go at the expense of fa n energy usage. Remember, the higher
the supply ai r temperature, the more refrigeration or cooli ng energy you
can save.
Be ve ry carefu l about how much supply air temperature reset you do in
very humid areas of the world. Remember, the supply air temperature from
the cooling coi l sets the req uired dew point to maintain the room relative
humidity via the sensib le heat ratio calculation. Many times in the olT-peak
cooling season you cou ld reset the supply air temperature, but the outdoor
hum idity cond itions force the cooling coil to always be in dehumidification
mode. And be ca reful of ra iny days in the off-peak cooling season, as the
outdoor moisture content may take precedent over supply air temperature
reset. All modem HVAC contro l systems should do some indoor relative
humidity sensing as a standard benefit, so the building manager/operator
has the ability to make the right decision in this event.
Many other energy-conserving measures can be used on a building that do

not involve the psychrometric process in the HV AC system and, therefore, are
not discussed in thi s course.
References
AS HRA E. 2013. Figure 8 1-1 , Normative Appendix B, Bui lding envelope cli-
mate criteria. In ANS I/ASHRAEnES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy stan-
dard/or buildings except low-rise residential buildings. At lanta: ASH RA E.
ASHRAE. 2012. Chapter 26, Air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In
ASHRAE handbook- HVAC systems and equipment.
8-1 A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:

a) Sensible heat recovery device
b) Total entha lpy heat recovery device
c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device
d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
8-2 When is preheating of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery
device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below O°F.
b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 32°F.
c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 32°F and the
leaving air temperature is below 32°F.
d) All of the above.
8-3 Heat recovery effect iveness is the actual amount of heat transferred versus the
max imum amount that could be transrerred.
a) True
b) Fa lse
8-4 Energy recovery invo lves the trans rerof sensi ble heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer shou ld be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem-
perature below 60°F and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) Fa lse
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all termi-
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between eq ual outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix , Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 115°F
and q, = 10% rho (fthe effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the
exhaust ai rstream is ldb = 75°F and $ = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb tempera-
ture and relative humid ity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) 'db ~ 90°F and ~~ 15% rh
b) 'db ~ 95°F and ~ ~ 12% rh
c) 'db ~ 70°F and ~ ~ 25% rh
d) 'db ~ 85°F and ~~ 20% rh
8.8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) 'db ~ 85°F and ~ ~ 30% rh
b) 'db ~ 95°F and ~~ 25% rh
c) 'db ~ 100°F and ~ ~ 20% rh
d) 'db ~ 105°F and ~~ 16% rh
8·9 If the entering air cond itions to a cooling tower are {db = 115 °F and tll'b = 65 °F
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature of 8°F, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 107°F
b) 95 ° F
e) 73 ° F
d) 84° F
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the amb ie nt air cond i-
tions.
a) True
b) Fa lse
Special Applications and
Psychrometric Considerations
Study Objectives
o understand the five special cases of psychrometric appli cations m the

HV AC industry and the psychrometric analysis of each,
o select equipment for each of these systems, and
o understand the effect of indirect and direct evaporative coolin g in series.
Instructions
Read the materia l in Chapter 9. At the end of the chapter, complete the sk ill
Introduction
This chapter discusses five special cases of psychrometric applications in
the HVA C industry: cooling towers, c1eanrooms, indoor swimming poo ls,
direct evaporative coo ling, and indirect evaporative cooling.
Cooling Towers
Starting with coo ling towers may seem strange because the function of a
cooling tower is to cool water. However, it cools the water by rejecting the
heat, through an evaporative/sensible process cooling, to the ambient or out-
door air.
The cooling tower approach temperature is the difference between the leav-
ing water temperature and the ambient air wet-b ulb temperature.
An example shows what happens to the ambient air and the entering water
as they pass through the cooling tower. Consider a 300 ton cooling tower that
can cool 900 gpm of water from 95°F to 85°F, The heat being rejected by the
water is
q = 500 x 1:11 x gpm for water

~ 500 x 10' F x 900
~ 4,500,000 Btulh
88 Chapter 9 Special Applications and Psychro metric Considerations
The entering amb ient air to the cooling tower is Idb = JOsoF and t ll'b = 78°F.
This tower moves 60,300 efm of air, which leaves the tower almost at the satu-
ration line on the psychrometri c chart. Therefore, the air must pick up
4,500,000 Btulh, as shown by the total heat required equation discussed in
Chapter 4:
q, ~ 4.5 x cfm x (h, - h2)
where hI is the entha lpy at tdb = JOs oF and ' wb = 78°F, or h = 42 BtuJlb dw
Therefore,
4,500,000 ~ 4.5 x 60,300 x (42 - h 2)

"2 ~ 58.6 BtuJlbda
So, the leaving air te mperature is tdb = 92.5°F and ' \Vh = 92.3 °F, or almost
saturated air. Note that the cooli ng tower approach is the difference between
the leaving water temperature (85 °F) and the 78°F entering wet-bulb ambient
temperature, or ]OF.
See Figure 9-1 fo r the detai ls of the air condition as it flows through the
cooli ng tower. Note that part of the process is sensible cooli ng, but the maj ority
is latent heat be ing added to the ambient air as the tower water is cooled.
Also note that the entering ambient air can be anywhere on th e Idb = 78°F
wet-bulb line and we will get the same results. The only difference is the
amount of latent heat and the amount of sensible heating or coo ling that takes
place as the air moves through the coo li ng tower.
Leaving Cooling Tower ---j. Dry Bulb

H'"
.028
.024
.020 J:
c
4S 3
.016 J
2S /'
Ambient
.., .012
~
•g.
AI,
2('" .008
35
" .DO<
.
30
", ." ~
Dry Bulb
'"
20
'"
2S
"
Figure 9-1 Psychrometries of air through a cooling towe r.

Indoor Swimming Pools

From a design prospective, the indoor air dry-bulb temperature for indoor
swimming pools or natatoriums used for recreational purposes should be the
same temperature as the pool water temperature. That way, the amount of pool
water lost to evaporation into the pool enclosure is reduced. However, ifthis is not
possible, do not allow tdb to be greater than +4°F above the water temperature.
The range for recreational pool water temperature is 75°F to 85°F, with a
recommended $ = 50% rh to 60% rh. As an example in this section, we wi ll
design around ldb = 800F and ~ = 55% rh. A specially designed unit called a pool
dehumidifier is used to provide dehumidification, reheat, and the proper amount
of outdoor ventilation air as shown in Figure 9-2. The unit also has the capabil ity
to provide auxi liary heat (of wintertime outdoor air), pool water heat (energy
saver), an external refrigerant condenser (reject heat outdoors), and energy or
heat recovery devices as explained in Chapter 8. It is also acceptable to return
the water condensed by the dehumidi fyi ng coil back to the swimming pool.
The amount of outdoor ventilation a ir required is 0.48 cfm/ ft 2 of total area,
which comes from ANSVASHRAE Standard 62. 1 (ASH RAE 2013). Total area
is defined as the pool surface plus the deck area around the pool if it gets wet
during normal operat ion. I f this indoor pool area is connected to or is part of a
larger building, then it should be at a sli ghtly negative pressure to the rest of the
building (-0.05 in. of water). This wi ll ensure that the chlorine odor and the
high-moisture-content air do not get into the rest of the bui lding.
Take care to ensure that the building envelope is designed to handle the
high-dew-point indoor air. Exterior windows are discouraged in cold winter
design areas, as they will sweat excessively and cause damage.
For our example, the indoor pool is at tdb = 80°F and ~ = 55% rh . Note that
the indoor dew point is ldp = 62°F. The pool dehumidification unit cools and
OUTDOOR AIR
AIR FILTER
DAMPER REFRIGERANT REHEAT COIL
AIR--, AUXILIARY HEATI NG BLOWER
FILTER COIL
COMPRESSOR
o/'-;{----',
==:>
ENT ERING SUPPLY
AIR=:> AIR
DRIP PAN
DEHUMIDIFYING
COIL
I •I
POOL WATER HEATER
DRAIN-~ POOL
WATER
Figure 9-2 Single -blowe r pool dehumidifier.

90 Cha pte r 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
Dry Bulb
90 '00
.028
.024
.020 J:
c
3
.016 ~
~
~
" .012 0'
Pool
2"" 008
SHR 3S
u~
" 30
,004
2S
" '00 n.
Dry Bulb
Figure 9-3 Indoo r pool de hu midification and reheat process.
dehumidifies the air first and then reheats the air to meet the psychrometric
needs. From a load ca lculation, the room sensi ble heat ratio (S HR) for this
example is 0.5. So the air is cooled from tdb = 80°F down to ldb = 55°F and
room mo isture is removed in the process. Then the air is reheated from 'db =
55°F up to 'db = 65°F to intersect the SHR line on the psychrometric chart and
balance the sensible and latent cooling processes. See Figure 9-3 for the actual
pool dehumidification and reheat process.
Also note that to provide for the fu ll heating load at winter design, both the
refri geration reheat coil and the aux ili ary heat wi ll be used to warm the air to
the design supply air temperature. Conversely, for the summer design, dehu-
midification will be needed. So the supply air temperature of Idb = 55°F will
cover the cooling des ign load without any reheat. This then requires a second
refrigerant condenser to reject the hea t to the ambient air.
Cleanrooms
The need fo r c\eanrooms has expanded greatly over time. They are used in
manufacturing facilities for microprocessors, pharmaceuti cals, medical prod-
ucts, and variuus electronic devices. The commun requirement uf these fac ili-
ties is a clean area using high-effic iency particle arrestor air fi ltration with
precise dry-bulb temperature and rel ative humidity control.
A c1eanroom HVAC system is divided into two subsystems with different
functions. First is the makeup air system, which provides preconditioned out-
door air to the c1eanroom area because a large amount of ex haust air is typi-
call y removed in the manufacturi ng process. The second subsystem is the
HEPA Reheat Glycol Cartridge

Air Coil Cooling Precooling Air
Filter Coil Coil Filter
1 ~ ~ ~
\
\
p
R FAN G C R
\
E H l W H \
H U Y E C
E C E A \
-U
M C C
p E 0 A R E\
A
I 0 0 T T
D I I I \
T l
l l \
\
\
i / t t
CWCooling Heating
t
Pre Air
Air Di ffuser Humidifier Coil Coil Filter
Figure 9-4 M ake up air handler.
recirculating room air handlers that slightl y cool and filter the room air, at the
same time maintaining an airflow rate in the room.
As an example, a cleanroom is designed at summer conditions of tdb =
70°F and $ = 45% rh, which is means a tdp of 48 °F. The design outdoor air is
(db = 105°F and ' \Vb = 78°F. Therefore, the makeup air handler must cool this
hot/humid summer design air to something less than (dh = 48°F, because the
recirculation air hand lers pe rform on ly sensible cooling. Or, sa id another way,
the makeup air has to remove all the outdoor air latent load plus any room
latent load pri or to the air being mixed into the c1eanroom .
Because most c1eanrooms have very few people working in them at any
given time and the manufacturing tool load is mostly a sensible load, the latent
load from the c1eanroom is typica ll y small. For thi s example, by cooling the ai r
down to 'db = 45°F, we ca n handle the c1eanroom latent load from our latent
load calculations.
The makeup air hand ler must also be able to add humidity to the air when
the outdoor air is dry, as we ll as heat the air to near room conditi on in the win-
ter. These are typi cally very large and long ai r handl ers, because they perform
many funct ions on the outdoor airstream. Note in Figure 9-4 all the compo-
nents necessary to prov ide preconditioned outdoor air.
Let's look at the psychrometries of thi s make-up air handler at the summer
des ign conditions. The psychrometric chart for this unit is shown in Fi gure 9-5.
All three cooling coils and the reheat coil are used to precondition the air
before mixing it with the c1eanroom recirculation air. A summary of the fou r
coils follows:
I. Precool coil takes the 100% outdoor air from Idb = 105°F down to (db =
95°F with a process coo ling loop water supply a t 86°F.
90 110
"'" .028
.024
~
1;-.q 3S .020 :z:
c
is
"-~
30
"'"
45 3
c:
.016 Q"
PreCool 40 •g".
Coil .012
"'" 35
.OOS
" 30
.00<
15 20 2S
~ ro
" ~ ~
Dry Bulb
~ ~ '00
'"
Figure 9-5 Make up air handler psychrometries at summe r design conditions.
2. Chilled-water coi l then takes the air from 'db = 95 °F down to 'db = 52°F
with the chilled-water loop at 42° F.
3. Glycol (antifreeze) cooling coi l then takes the air from Idh = 52°F down to
ldb = 45 °F with a water/g lycol solution at 35°F.
4. Reheat coil then heats the air from {db = 45 °F up to 'db = 66°F with the
return water from the process coo ling loop that is at about 95 °F. This is a
huge energy-saving feature to use the return water as a heating source and
thus cool the return water in the process.
This precond itioned outdoor air is then mixed with the c1eanroom return air
that is at Idb = 700F and IP = 45% rh at the inlet of the recirculation air-hand ling
un its. If the relative hum idity gets to below 45%, then the glycol coil raises its
supply air temperature a degree or two to bring the c1eanroom back up to q, =
45 % rho
At any outdoor condition , th is makeup air handler has the components to
bring the outdoor a ir to the de sired mixed condition before it is introduced into
the cleanroom.
The c1eanroom rec ircu lation units are very si mple: they consist of a fan , a
small chilled-water coil, and a set of air prefilters. The actual c1eanroom high-
effic iency particle arrestor filters are in the cei ling of the c1eanroom and pro-
vi de airflow at a high ve locity through the room. Because they are sensible-
cooling-only units and have a very small temperature drop, Idb = 70°F to tdb =
66°F, or only 4°F of cooling, there is no temperature deviation in the clean-
room. The psychrometries of the rec irculation c1eanroom air handler are shown
in Figure 9-6.
90
'"
"'" .028
.024
.020 :z:
411% c
45 3
.016 g;
'<
~
25 40 •g.
.012
Roome ilion
"
-' 211%
35
.008
.004
30
15 20 25
~ ~ ~ w '00
" '" Bulb
Dry '"
Figure 9-6 Recirculation clean room air handler psychrometries.
The mixing of the preconditioned makeup air and the return air from the
cLeanroom is int eresting in that the ratio of tile room/makeup air is typically 20/ 1
to 50/ 1, depending on the process in the c1eanroom. Therefore, the mixed condi-
tion is only reduced a fe w tenths of a degree in the dry bulb temperature. The
room temperature sensor controls the chilled-water valve in the recirculation air
handler to change the leav ing air temperature slightly if needed.
Direct Evaporative Cooling

Direct evaporati ve cooling can be used very effectively in the hot and dry
climates of the world to provide for human comfort. In direct evaporative cool-
ing, the airstream is 100% outdoor air and in contact with water. As some water
evaporates, it lowers the dry-bu lb temperature of the airstream, cooling the air.
The process of direct evaporative cooling is a constant-wet-bulb-temperature
process, as shown in Figure 9-7.
For example, consider outdoor air conditions of tdb = 100°F and $ = 5% rh,
in which the process goes up and to the left on the 61 °F wet-bu lb line. If the
direct evaporative coo li ng has a 95% efficiency, then the leaving air tempera-
ture will be tdb = 63°F and ~ = 90% rho We can also calculate the condition as
fo llows:
Evaporative effect = (EATdb - EAT wb ) x Efficiency

37°F ~ (lOO°F - 61 OF) x 0.95
....
II •
.028
.024
....
4S
.020 :r
c
3
;;:
.016 ~.
... .012
~
~
o·
'0%
.008
3S
" ,. '" lS 30
.004
1S
,. " ~
Dry Bulb
'00
'"
Figure 9-7 Psychrometries of d irect evaporative cooling.
LA T = EATdb - Evaporative effect

~ 100' - 37'
~ 63 ' F
where
EAT entering air temperature
LAT leav ing air temperature
So, if the room has a high sensible load and a very low latcnt load, we can
keep the room conditions at 'db = 75°F and 4> = 60% rh with a fairly flat SHR line.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Indirect evaporative coo ling is simply cooling the air with a cooling co il and
then using the evaporative process to cool the water that goes through the cool-
ing co il. By definition, then, indirect evaporative cooling is not as effic ient as
direct evaporative cooling because two heat transfers take place in the process.
Take the direct evaporative cooling example: we can make 63 °F water in this
process and we waste the cool air back to ambient. We take this 63 °F water to a
cooling coil and we can make tdb = 68°F air with Idb = 75 °F air entering the
coil. Again, if our cooling load is mostly/all sensi bl e and our airflow is high
enough, we can mainta in the room at ' db = 75°F and $ = 50% rho See Figure 9-8
fo r the psychrometries of the indirect evaporative cooling process.
Funda me nta ls of Psychrome tries (I-P), Second Edition 95
Dry Bulb
90 100 11O
.028
.024
.020
"3
c
.016
c:
~.
" .012 •o·

~
20
2<," .008
" 35
10
., .GO<
" ~ ~
15
ro ~
20
~ ,~
" '"
Dry Bulb
Figure 9-8 Psychrometries of indirect evaporative cooling.
However, w hen used together with 100% outdoor air, the leaving air tem-
perature can be lowered by 10°F. We use the same outdoor conditions of (db =
I GO°F and $ = 5% rh , but our efficiency is onl y 50% at best.
We can use the same formula as be fore so our ind irect section can de li ver
Evaporative effect = (EATdb - EAT wb ) x Effi ciency

19' F ~ (I 00' F - 61 ' F) x 0.50
LAT = EATdb - Evaporati ve effec t

~ 100' F - 19' F
= 8 1°F
Indirect evaporati ve cooling can be used in seri es with direct evaporati ve

coo ling. Air from the indi rect sect ion can now enter the direct evaporati ve sec-
ti on at (db = 81 °F and $ = 10% rh and move up the wet-bulb line of 53°F with a
leaving air condition of tdb = 55°F and $ = 90% rhoThi s is now a much better
leaving air cond ition, as we can easil y maintain room conditions of (db = 75°F
and $ = 50% rh o
Evaporative effect = (EATdb - EAT wb ) x Efficiency

26' F ~ (8 1' F - 53' F) x 0.95
LAT = EATdb - Evaporative effec t

~ 81' F - 26'F
~ 55' F
96 Cha pte r 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Conside rations
Dry Bulb
90 100
.028
.024
....
4S
.020 I
c
3
0:
.016 ~.
... ~
.. ~.
25
.012 0
, .008
Di"~t ..,
Outodoof 35
~
10 .004
Indirect 30
15 20 25
~ ~ ro w w
" Dry Bulb
'00
'"
Figure 9-9 Psychrometries of indirect a nd d irect evaporat ive cooling in series.
Waste Air
I
Air Supply Air

Outdoor Air
~
Indirect
Evaporative ->
Direct
Evaporative ->
,,, ~
Supply
Section Section
Filters
Fig ure 9-10 Air ha nd ler with indirect and d ir ect eva porative cooling sectio ns.
So, as you can see, the combination of both indirect and direct evaporative
coo ling in series can deliver ai r that ca n provide for a comfortable room with-
out mechani cal refrigeration.
See Figure 9-9 fo r a plot of indirect and direct evaporative coo ling in seri es.
Figure 9- 10 shows the component arrangement for an air hand ler with both
indirect and direct evaporative cooling. The waste air is the air that provides
cooling to the one side of the indirect heat exchanger.
Reference
ASHRAE. 20 13. ANSIIAS HRAE Standard 62. 1-20 13, Ventilation/or accept-
able indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASH RAE.
9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 1200 gpm of water entering at 95°F
and leaving at &5°F. What is the total heat req uired to be rejected?
a) 6,000,000 Btulh
b) 600,000 Btulh
c) 5,400,000 Btulh
d) 4,5 00,000 Btulh
9-2 From Exercise 9-1 , if the cooling tower has an airflow of 100,000 cfm and
ambient air conditions of tdb = 85° F and twb = 75°F, what are th e leaving air
conditions of the tower?
a) tdb ~ 85'F, twb ~ 84.8'F
b) tdb = 89°F, twb = 88°F
c) tdb = 87°F, tll'b = 86.8°F
d) 'db = 86° F, lll'b = 84°F
9-3 What is the cooling tower approach temperature fo r the cooli ng tower in Exer-
cise 9-2?
a) 7' F
b) 12'F
c) 8' F
d) 10'F
9-4 In the des ign of an indoor sw imming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortab ly possi-
bl e.
a) True
b) False
9-5 In a cleanroom with design conditions of tdb = 68°F and $ = 40% rh , the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humid-
ity will not be met?
a) tdb ~ 55' F
b) tdb ~ 68 ' F
c) tdb ~ 43'F
d) tdb ~ 40' F
98 Chapter 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from Idb = llOoF and q, =
2% rh, what is the lowest leavi ng air temperature we can achieve?
a) 'db ~ 62°F
b) 'db ~ 68 ° F
c) 'db ~ 64°F
d) 'db ~ 55°F
9-7 In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) 'db ~ 68°F and ~~ 70% rh
b) 'db ~ 70°F and ~~ 70% rh
c) 'db ~ 7I.soFand~ ~ 58%rh
d) 'db ~ 79°F and ~~ 50% rh
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity i f the room is at (db = 75°F?
a) ~ ~ 53% rh
b) ~~60%rh
c) ~~5 0 %r h
d) Cannot maintain room at 'db = 75 °F with thi s leaving condition
9·9 If we use the same outdoor conditions of {db = 11 0°F and tV = 2% rh from Exer-
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporati ve cooling section of 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from thi s secti on?
a) 'db ~ 91°F and ~~ 3% rh
b) 'db ~ 88°F and ~~ 20% rh
c) 'db ~ 95°F and ~~ 5% rh
d) 'db ~ 85°F and ~~ 5% rh
9-10 !fwe add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream of the indi-
rect section in Exerci se 9-9 and the direct secti on has an efficiency of 70%,
w hat are the leaving air conditions?
a) 'db ~ 61°F and ~~ 95% rh
b) 'db ~ 60°F and ~~ 65 % rh
c) 'db ~ 65°F and ~~ 60% rh
d) 'db ~ 65°F and ~~ 52% rh
Appendix A.-
Thermodynamic
Properties of Moist Air
Table A-I Th ermodyna mic Properties of j\:l oist Air a l Standard Atmospheric Press ure, 14.696 psia
Specific Volum e, ft~/lbdQ Spec ific [nlh a lp)'. Blull bda Specific Entropy. Blullbda ,o F Temp., of
,
Temp .• of Humidit y Ratio
11"$' Ib ~jlbdQ " Ja "a. ". II JQ a
" •
h., ~'JQ
'.
- 80 O. {)()()()()4 9 9553 0.000 9553 19.218 0 .005 19.213 -0.04593 -0.04592 -80
- 79 0.0000053 9.578 0.000 9.578 - 18.977 0 .005 - 18.972 -0.04530 -0.04528 - 79
- 78 0.0000057 9.603 0.000 9.604 - 18.737 0 .006 - 18.731 -0.04467 -{).04465 - 78
- 77 0.0000062 9.6 29 0.000 9.629 - 18.497 0 .006 - 18.490 -0.04404 -0.04402 - 77
- 76 0.0000067 9.654 0.000 9.654 - 18.256 0.007 - 18.250 -0.0434 1 -0.04339 - 76
- 75 0.0000072 9.680 0.000 9.680 - 18.01 6 0 .007 - 18.009 -0.04279 -0.04277 - 75
- 74 0.0000078 9.705 0.000 9.705 - 17.776 0 .008 - 17.768 -0.042 16 -{).042 14 - 74
- 73 0.0000084 9.730 0000 9.730 - 17535 0 .009 - 17.527 -0.04 154 -0.04 152 - 73
- 72 0.0000090 9.756 0.000 9.756 - 17.295 0 .009 - 17.286 -0.04092 -{).04090 - 72
- 71 0.0000097 9.781 0000 9.78 1 - 17.055 0 .010 - 17.045 -0.04030 -{).04027 - 71
- 70 0.0000104 9.806 0.000 9.806 - 16.815 0 .0 11 - 16.804 -0.03968 -{).03966 - 70
-69 0.0000112 9.832 0.000 9.832 - 16.574 0 .0 12 - 16.563 -0.03907 -{).03904 - 69
-68 0.0000120 9.857 0.000 9.857 - 16.334 0 .0 12 - 16.321 -0.0384:5 -{).03842 -<i'
- 67 0.0000 129 9.882 0.000 9.882 - 16.094 0 .0 13 - 16.080 -0.03784 -{).03781 - 67
-66 0.0000139 9.908 0.000 9.908 - 15.853 0 .0 14 - 15.839 -0.03723 -{).037 19 -66
- 65 0.0000149 9.933 0.000 9.933 - 15.613 0.01 5 - 15.598 -0.03662 -{).03658 - 65
-64 0.0000 160 9.958 0.000 9.959 - 15.373 0 .0 17 - 15.356 -0.03601 -{).03597 -64
-6] 0.0000 172 9.984 0.000 9.984 - 15.132 0 .018 - 15.115 -0.0354 1 -{).03536 - 63
-62 0.0000184 10.009 0000 10.009 - 14.892 0 .019 - 14.873 -0.03480 -{).03475 - 62
-61 0.0000 198 10.034 0.000 10.035 - 14.652 0 .020 - 14.632 -0.03420 -{).0341 4 -6 1
-60 0.00002 12 10.060 0.000 10.060 - 14 .41 2 0 .022 - 14.390 -0.03360 -{).033S 4 -w
- 59 0.0000227 10.085 0000 10.085 - 14.171 0 .023 - 14.148 -0.03300 -{).03293 - 59
- 58 0.0000243 10. 11 0 0.000 10.1 11 - 13.931 0 .025 - 13.906 -0.03240 -{).03233 - 58
- 57 0.0000260 10.136 0000 10.136 - 13.691 0 .027 - 13.664 -0.03 180 -{).03 173 - 57
- 56 0.0000279 10. 161 0.000 10.16 1 - 13.451 0 .029 - 13.422 -0.03 120 -{).03113 - 56
- 55 0.0000298 10.186 0.000 10.187 - 13.2 10 0 .031 - 13.180 -0.0306 1 -{).03053 - 55
- 54 0.00003 19 10.212 0.00 1 10.212 - 12.970 0 .033 - 12.937 -0.03002 -{).02993 - 54
- 53 0.000034 1 10.237 0.00 1 10.237 - 12.730 0 .035 - 12.695 -0.02942 -{).02933 - 53
- 52 0.0000365 10.262 0.00 1 10.263 - 12.490 0 .038 - 12.452 -0.02883 -{).02874 - 52
- 51 0.0000390 10. 288 0.00 1 10.288 - 12.249 0 .040 - 12.209 -0.02825 -{).028 14 - 51
- 50 0.00004 16 10.3 13 0.001 10.3 14 - 12.009 0 .043 - 11.966 -0.02766 -{).02755 - 50
-49 0.0000445 10.338 0.001 10.339 - 11.769 0 .046 - 11.723 -0.02707 -{).02695 -49
-48 0.0000475 10.364 0.001 10.364 - 11.529 0 .049 - 11.479 -0.02649 -{).02636 -48
-47 0.0000507 10.389 0.001 10.390 - 11.289 0 .053 - 11.236 -0.0259 1 -{).02577 -47
-46 0.000054 1 10.41 4 0.001 10.4 15 - 11.048 0 .056 - 10.992 -0.02532 -{).025 18 -46
-45 0.0000577 10. 439 0.001 10.440 - 10.808 0.060 - 10.748 -0.02474 -{).02459 -45
-44 0.00006 15 10.465 0.001 10.466 - 10.568 0 .064 - 10 .504 -0.024 17 -{).02400 -44
-43 0.0000656 10.490 0.00 1 10.49 1 - 10 .328 0 .068 - 10.259 -0.02359 -{).0234 I -43
-42 0.0000699 10.5 15 0.00 1 10.517 - 10.087 0 .073 - 10.0 15 -0.0230 1 -{).02283 -42
-41 0.0000744 10.54 1 0.00 1 10.542 - 9 .847 0.078 - 9 .770 -0.02244 -0.02224 -4 1
-40 0.0000793 10.566 0.00 1 10.567 - 9.607 0 .083 - 9.524 -0.02187 -{).02166 -40
- 39 0.0000844 10.591 0.00 1 10.593 - 9.367 0 .088 - 9.279 -0.02 129 -{).02107 - 39
- 38 0.0000898 10.617 0.002 10.6 18 - 9 .127 0 .094 - 9.033 -0.02072 -0.02049 - 38
- ]7 0.0000956 10.642 0.002 10.644 -8.886 0 .1 00 - 8.787 -0.020 15 -{).01990 - 37
- 36 0.000 10 17 10.667 0.002 10.669 - 8.646 0 .1 06 - 8.540 -0.0 1959 -{).01932 - 36
- 35 0.000 108 1 10.693 0.002 10.695 -8.406 0 .113 - 8.293 -0.0 1902 -{).01874 - 35
- 34 0.000 11 50 10.718 0.002 10.720 - 8.166 0 .120 - 8.046 -0.01846 -{).018 16 - 34
- ]] 0.000 1222 10.743 0.002 10.745 - 7.926 0 .128 - 7.798 -0.01789 -{).01757 - J]
- 32 0.000 1298 10.769 0.002 10.77 1 - 7.685 0 .136 - 7.550 -0.0 1733 -{).01699 - 32
- ll 0.0001379 10.794 0.002 10.796 - 7.445 0 .144 - 7.301 -0.0 1677 -{).01641 - ll
100 Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
Table A-I Thermody namic Properties of Moist Air al Standard Atmospheric Ilrcssurc, 14.696 psia (Colllilflled)
Temp., ° F Hu midit y Rat io

SpK ific Vol u me. ftJll bJQ S pocilic [ nth a lll}', Blufl bda Specifi c Entropy, Blull bdu·o F Tem p_, ° F
Ws' I b ~JlbdQ "a. ", h, ,
" Ja
"
l1a " at
'" "
- 30 0.0001465 10.819 0.003 10.822 - 7.205 0.153 - 7.052 -0.01621 -0.01583 - 30
- 29 0.0001555 10.845 0.003 10.847 -6.965 0.163 -6.802 -0.01565 -0.01525 - 29
- 28 0.0001650 10.870 0.003 10.873 - 6.725 0.173 -6.552 -0.01509 -0.0]467 - 28
- 27 0.0001751 10.895 0.003 10.898 - 6.485 0.184 -6.301 --{).O1454 -0.01409 - 27
- 26 0.0001857 10.920 0.003 10.924 - 6.244 0.195 -6.050 -0.01398 -0.01351 - 26
- 25 0.0001970 10.946 0.003 10.949 - 6.004 0.207 - 5.797 -0.01343 --{l.OI293 - 25
- 24 0.0002088 10.971 0.004 10.975 - 5.764 0.219 - 5.545 -0.01288 -0.01234 - 24
- 23 0.0002213 10.996 0.004 11.000 - 5.524 0.233 - 5.291 -0.01233 -0.01176 - 23
- 22 0.0002345 11.022 0.004 11.026 - 5.284 0.246 - 5.037 -0.01178 -0.01118 - 22
- 21 0.0002485 11.047 0.004 11.05 I - 5.044 0.261 -4.782 -0.01 123 -0.01060 - 21
- 20 0.0002632 11.072 0.005 11.077 -4.803 0.277 -4.527 -0.01068 -0.01002 - 20
- 19 0.0002786 11.098 0.005 11.103 -4.563 0.293 -4.270 -0.01014 -0.00943 - 19
- 18 0.0002949 11.123 0.005 11.128 --4.323 0.310 -4.013 -0.00959 -0.00885 - 1&
- 17 0.0003121 11.148 0.006 11.154 --4.083 0.329 - 3.754 -0.00905 -0.00826 - 17
- 16 0.0003302 11.174 0.006 11.179 - 3.843 0.348 - 30495 -0.00851 -0.00768 - 16
- 15 0.0003493 11.199 0.006 11.205 - 3.602 0.368 - 3.234 -0.00797 -0.00709 - 15
- 14 0.0003694 11.224 0.007 11.231 - 3.362 0.389 - 2.973 -0.00743 -0.00650 - 14
- lJ 0.0003905 11.249 0.007 11.257 - 3.122 00412 - 2.710 -0.00689 -0.00591 - lJ
- 12 0.0004127 11.275 0.007 11.282 - 2.882 00436 - 2.446 -0.00635 -0.00532 - 12
- II 0.000436 1 11.300 0.008 11.308 - 2.642 00460 - 2.181 -0.00582 -0.00473 - II
- 10 0.0004607 11.325 0.008 11.334 - 20402 00487 - 1.915 -0.00528 -0.00414 - 10
-9 0.0004866 11.351 0.009 11.360 - 2.161 0.514 - 1.647 -0.00475 -0.00354 -9
-8 0.0005138 11.376 0.009 11 .385 - 1.921 0.543 - 1.378 -0.00422 -0.00294 -8
-7 0.0005425 11.401 0.010 110411 - 1.681 0.574 - 1.107 -0.00369 -0.00234 -7
-6 0.0005725 11.427 0.010 11.437 - 1.441 0606 -0.835 -0.00316 -0.00174 -6
-5 0.000604 1 11.452 0.011 11.463 - 1.201 0.639 -0.561 -0.00263 -0.00114 -5
-4 0.0006373 11.477 0.012 11.489 -0.961 0.675 -0.286 -0.002 10 -0.00053 -4
-J 0.0006721 11.502 0.012 11.515 - 0.720 0.712 -0.009 -0.00157 0.00008 -3
-2 0.0007087 11.528 0.013 11.541 - 0.480 0.751 0.271 -0.00105 0.00069 -2
-I 0.000747 1 11.553 0.014 11.567 -0.240 0.792 0.552 -0.00052 0.00130 -I
0 0.0007875 11.578 0.015 11.593 0.000 0.835 0.835 0.00000 0.00192 0
1 0.0008298 11.604 0.015 11.619 0.240 0.880 1.121 0.00052 0.00254 1
2 0.0008741 11.629 0.016 11.645 00480 0.928 10408 0.00104 0.00317 2
J 0.0009207 11 .654 0 ,017 11.671 0 .720 0 .978 1.698 0.00156 0.00379 ;
4 0.0009695 11.680 0.018 11.698 0.961 1.030 1.991 0.00208 0.00443 4
5 0.0010207 11.705 0.019 11.724 1.201 1.085 2.286 0.00260 0.00506 5
6 0.0010743 11.730 0.020 11.750 1.441 1.142 2.583 0.00311 0.00570 6
7 0.0011306 11.755 0.021 11.777 1.681 1.203 2.884 0.00363 0.00635 7
8 0.0011895 11.781 0.022 11.803 1.921 1.266 3.187 0.00414 0.00700 &
9 0.0012512 11.806 0 ,024 11.830 2.161 1.332 3.494 0.00466 0.00766 9
\0 0.0013158 11.831 0.025 11.856 20402 1.401 3.803 0.00517 0.00832 \0
II 0.00 13835 11.857 0.026 11.883 2.642 10474 4.116 0.00568 0.00898 II
12 0.0014544 11.882 0.028 11.910 2.882 1.550 40432 0.006 19 0.00965 12
lJ 0.0015286 11.907 0.029 11.936 3.122 1.630 4.752 0.00670 0.01033 lJ
14 0.0016062 11.933 0.031 11.963 3.362 1.714 5.076 0.00721 0.01102 14
15 0.0016874 11.958 0.032 11.990 3.603 1.801 50403 0.00771 0.01171 15
16 0.0017724 11.983 0.034 12.017 3.843 1.892 5.735 0.00822 0.01241 16
17 0.00186 13 12.008 0.036 12.044 4.083 1.988 6.071 0.00872 0.01312 17
18 0.00 19543 12.034 0.038 12.071 4.323 2.088 60411 0.00923 0.01383 1&
19 0.00205 15 12.059 0.040 12.099 4.563 2.193 6.756 0.00973 0.01455 19
20 0.0021531 12.084 0.042 12.126 4.803 2.303 7.106 0.01023 0.01528 20
21 0.0022593 12.110 0.044 12.153 5044 20417 7.461 0.01073 0.01602 21
22 0.0023703 12.135 0.046 12.181 5.284 2.537 7.821 0.01 123 0.01677 22
23 0.0024863 12.160 0.048 12.209 5.524 2.662 8.186 0.01 173 0.01753 23
24 0.0026075 12.185 0.051 12.236 5.764 2.793 8.557 0.01222 0.01830 24
25 0.0027340 12.211 0.054 12.264 6004 2.930 8.934 0.01272 0.01908 25
26 0.0028662 12.236 0.056 12.292 6.244 3.073 9.317 0.01321 0.01987 26
27 0.0030042 12.261 0.059 12.320 60485 3.222 9.707 0.01371 0.02067 27
28 0.003 1482 12.287 0 ,062 12.349 6.725 3.378 10.103 0.01420 0.02148 2&
29 0.0032986 12.312 0.065 12.377 6.965 3.541 10.506 0.01469 0.02231 29
30 0.0034555 12.337 0.068 120405 7.205 3.711 10.916 0.015 18 0.02315 30
31 0.0036192 12.362 0.072 12.434 70445 3.888 11.334 0.01567 0.02400 31
32 0.0037900 12.388 0.075 12.463 7.686 4.073 11.759 0.01616 0.02486 32
32 0.003790 12.3877 0.0753 1204630 7.686 4.073 11.759 0.016 16 0.02486 32
33 0.003947 12.4130 0.0786 1204915 7.926 4.244 12.169 0.01665 0.02570 33
34 0.004109 1204382 0.0820 12.5202 8.166 40420 12.586 0.017 14 0.02654 34
35 0.004278 1204635 0.0855 12.5490 80406 4.603 13.009 0.01762 0.02740 35
36 0.004452 1204888 0.0892 12.5780 &.646 4.793 130439 0.018 11 0.02827 36
37 0.004633 12.5141 0.0930 12.6071 8.887 4.990 13.877 0.01859 0.02915 37
38 0.004821 12.5394 0.0969 12.6363 9.127 5.194 14.321 0.01908 0.03004 3&
39 0.005015 12.5647 0.1010 12.6657 9.367 50405 14.772 0.01956 0.03095 39
Table A- I Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressu re, 14.696 psia (COlllilflled)
Temp., OF Humi dil y Ralio SpK ific Volume. n Jll bJQ Spocific [ nlh a lll}" Bluflb JQ Specifi c Enlropy, BluflbJu·o F Temp., OF
Ws , Ib ~JlbJQ "a. ", h, ,
" Ju
"
I1Q
"
at
'" "
40 0.005216 12.5899 0.1053 12.6952 9.607 5.625 15.232 0.02004 0.03187 40
41 0.005425 12.6152 0.1097 12.7249 9.848 5.852 15.699 0.02052 0.03280 41
42 0.005640 12.6405 0.1143 12.7548 10.088 6.087 16.175 0.02100 0.03375 42
4l 0.005864 12.6658 0.1191 12.7849 10.328 6.331 16.659 0.02 148 0.03472 4l
44 0.006095 12.6911 0.1240 12.8151 10.568 6.583 17.151 0.02 196 0.03570 44
45 0.006335 12.7163 0.1292 12.8455 10.808 6.844 17.653 0.02243 0.03669 45
46 0.006582 12.7416 0.1345 12.8761 11.049 7.115 18.164 0.02291 0.03770 46
47 0.006839 12.7669 0.1400 12.9069 11.289 7.395 18.684 0.02338 0.03873 47
48 0.007 104 12.7922 0.1457 12.9379 11.529 7.685 19.2[4 0.02386 0.03978 48
49 0.007379 [2.8[75 0.15[6 12.9691 1 [.769 7.985 [9.755 0.02433 0.04084 49
SO 0.007663 12.8427 0.1578 13.0005 12.010 8.296 20.306 0.02480 0.04192 SO
51 0.007956 12.8680 0.1641 13.0322 12.250 8.617 20.867 0.02527 0.04302 51
52 0.008260 12.8933 0.1707 13.0640 12.490 8.950 21.440 0.02574 0.04414 52
53 0.008574 12.9186 0.1776 13.0962 12.730 9.294 n024 0.0262 [ 0.04528 53
54 0.008899 12.9439 0.1847 13.1285 12.971 9.650 22.621 0.02668 0.04645 54
55 0.009235 12.9691 0.1920 13.1611 13.211 10.018 23.229 0.027 15 0.04763 55
56 0.009582 12.9944 0.1996 13.1940 13.451 10.399 23.850 0.02761 0.04884 56
57 0.009940 13.0197 0.2075 13.2272 13.691 10.792 24.484 0.02808 0.05006 57
58 0.010311 13.0450 0.2156 13.2606 13.932 11.199 25.131 0.02854 0.05132 S&
59 0.010694 13.0702 0.2241 13.2943 14.172 11.620 25.792 0.02901 0.05259 59
6iJ 0.011089 13.0955 0.2328 13.3283 14.412 12.055 26.467 0.02947 0.05389 60
61 0.01 1498 13.1208 0.2418 13.3626 14.653 12504 27.157 0.02993 0.05522 61
62 0.011921 13.1461 0.2512 13.3973 14.893 12.968 27.861 0.03039 0.05657 62
6J 0.012357 13.1713 0.2609 13.4322 15.133 13.448 28581 0.03085 0.05795 63
64 0.0 12807 13. 1966 0.2709 13.4675 15.373 13.944 29.3[8 0.03 131 0.05936 64
6S 0.013272 13.2219 0.2813 13.5032 15.614 14.456 30.070 0.03177 0.06080 6S
66 0.013753 13.2472 0.2920 13.5392 15.854 14.986 30.840 0.03223 0.06226 66
67 0.014249 13.2724 0.3031 13.5755 16.094 15532 31.626 0.03268 0.06376 67
68 0.014761 13.2977 0.3146 13.6123 16.335 16.097 32.431 0.03314 0.06529 68
69 0.0 15289 13.3230 0.3265 13.6494 16.575 16.680 33.255 0.03360 0.06685 69
10 0.015835 13.3482 0.3388 13.6870 16.815 17.282 34.097 0.03405 0.06844 10
11 0.016398 [3.3735 0.35[5 13.7250 17.056 17.903 34.959 0.03450 0.07007 11
12 0.016979 13.3988 0.3646 13.7634 17.296 18.545 35.841 0.03496 0.07173 12
13 0.017578 13.4241 0.3782 13.8022 17536 19.208 36.744 0.03541 0.07343 13
14 0.0 18 197 13.4493 0.3922 13.8415 17.776 19.892 37.668 0.03586 0.07516 14
15 0.018835 13.4746 0.4067 13.8813 18.017 20598 38.615 0.03631 0.07694 15
16 0.019494 13.4999 0.4217 13.9216 18.257 21.327 39.584 0.03676 0.07875 16
11 0.020173 13.5251 0.4372 13.9624 18.498 22.079 40576 0.03720 0.08060 17
18 0.020874 13.5504 0.4533 14.0037 18.738 22.855 41.593 0.03765 0.08250 18
19 0.02 1597 13.5757 0.4698 14.0455 18.978 23.656 42.634 0.038 10 0.08444 19
80 0.022343 13.6010 0.4869 14.0879 19.219 24.482 43.701 0.03854 0.08642 80
81 0.023112 13.6262 05046 14.1308 19.459 25.335 44.794 0.03899 0.08845 81
82 0.023905 [3.6515 05229 14.1744 19.699 26.2[5 45.9[4 0.03943 0.09052 82
8] 0.024723 13.6768 0 .5418 14.2185 19.940 27.122 47.062 0.03988 0.09264 8]
84 0.025566 13.7020 0.5613 14.2633 20.180 28.059 48.239 0.04032 0.09481 84
85 0.026436 13.7273 0.5814 14.3087 20.420 29.025 49.445 0.04076 0.09703 8S
86 0.027333 13.7526 0.6022 14.3548 20.661 30.021 50.682 0.04 120 0.09930 86
81 0.02825 7 13.7778 0.6237 14.4015 20.901 31.049 51.950 0.04 164 0.10163 87
88 0.02921 1 13.8031 0.6459 14.4490 21.142 32.109 53.250 0.04208 0.10401 88
89 0.030193 13.8284 0.6688 14.4972 21.382 33.202 54584 0.04252 0.10645 89
9Q 0.03 1206 13.8536 0.6925 14.5462 21.622 34.329 55.952 0.04296 0.10895 90
91 0.03225 1 13.8789 0.7170 14.5959 21.863 35.492 57.355 0.04340 0.11150 91
92 0.033327 13.9042 0.7422 14.6464 22.103 36.691 58.795 0.04383 0.11412 92
9] 0.034437 13.9294 0.7683 14.6977 22.344 37.928 60.272 0.04427 0.11681 9]
94 0.035581 13.9547 0.7952 14.7499 22584 39.203 61.787 0.04470 0.11955 94
95 0.036760 13.9800 0.8230 14.8030 22.825 40.518 63.343 0.045 14 0.12237 9S
96 0.037976 14.0052 0.8518 14.8570 23.065 41.874 64.939 0.04557 0.[2525 96
91 0.039228 14.0305 0.8814 14.9119 23.305 43.272 66.578 0.04600 0.12821 91
98 0.040520 14.0558 0.9120 14.9678 23.546 44.714 68.260 0.04643 0.13124 9&
99 0.04185 1 14.0810 0.9436 15.0247 23.786 46.201 69.987 0.04686 0.13434 99
100 0.043222 14.1063 0.9763 15.0826 24.027 47.734 71.76 1 0.04729 0.1376 Il)()
101 0.044636 14.1316 1.0100 15.1416 24.267 49.315 73582 0.04772 0.1408 101
102 0.046094 14.1568 1.0448 15.2016 24.508 50.945 75.453 0.048 15 0.1442 102
10] 0.047596 14.1821 1.0807 15.2628 24.748 52.626 77.374 0.04858 0.1476 10]
104 0.049145 14.2074 1.1178 15.3252 24.989 54.359 79.348 0.04901 0.1511 104
105 0.050741 14.2326 1.1561 15.3887 25.229 56.146 81.375 0.04943 0.1547 105
106 0.052386 14.2579 1.1957 15.4535 25.470 57.989 83.459 0.04986 0.1584 106
101 0.054082 14.2831 1.2365 155[96 25.710 59.889 85.600 0.05028 0.1622 107
108 0.055830 14.3084 1.2787 15 .5871 25.951 61.849 87.800 0.05071 0.1661 108
109 0.057632 14.3337 1.3222 15.6559 26.191 63.870 90.061 0.05 113 0.1701 109
102 Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
Table A-I Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air al Standard Atmospheric Ilrcssurc, 14.696 psia (Colllilflled)
Temp., ° F Hu midit y Ratio

SpKific Vol u me. ftJll bJQ S pocilic [ntha lll}', Blufl bda Specific Entropy, Blullbdu·o F Te m p_, ° F
Ws' I b ~JlbdQ "a. ", h, ,
" Ja
"
l1a " at
'" "
110 0.059490 14.3589 1.3672 15.7261 26.432 65.954 92.386 0.05 155 0.1742 110
III 0.061405 14.3842 1.4136 15.7978 26.672 68.104 94.777 0.05197 0.1784 III
112 0.063380 14.4095 1.4615 15.8710 26.913 70 .321 97,234 0.05240 0.1828 112
III 0.065416 14.4347 I.S III 15.9458 27.154 72.608 99.762 0.05282 0.1872 III
114 0.0675 16 14.4600 1.5622 16.0222 27.394 74.967 102.362 0.05324 0.1918 114
115 0.06%80 14.4852 1.6150 16.1003 27.635 77.401 105.036 0.05365 0.1965 115
116 0.071913 14.5105 1.6696 16.1801 27.875 79.911 107.787 0.05407 0.2013 116
117 0.074215 14.5358 1.7259 16.2617 28.116 82.502 110.617 0.05449 0.2062 117
118 0.076590 14.5610 1.7842 16.3452 28.356 85.174 113.530 0.05491 0.2113 118
119 0.079040 14.5863 1.8443 16.4306 28.597 87.932 116.529 0.05532 0.2165 119
120 0.081566 14.6116 1.9065 16.5180 28.838 90.777 119.615 0.05574 0.2219 120
III 0.084173 14.6368 1.9707 16.6075 29.078 93.714 122.792 0.05615 0.2274 III
122 0.086863 14.6621 2.0370 16.6991 29.319 96.746 126.064 0.05657 0.2331 122
III 0.089638 14.6873 2.1056 16.7929 29.559 99.875 129.434 0.05698 0.2389 12l
124 0.092503 14.7126 2.1765 16.8891 29.800 103.105 132.905 0.05739 0.2449 114
115 0.095459 14.7379 2.2498 16.9876 30.041 106.441 136.481 0.05781 0.2510 125
126 0.098510 14.7631 2.3255 17.0886 30.281 109.885 140.166 0.05822 0.2574 126
127 0.10 166 1 14.7884 2.4038 17.1922 30.522 113.442 143.964 0.05863 0.2639 127
118 0. 104914 14.8136 2.4848 17.2985 30.763 117.116 147.879 0.05904 0.2706 128
129 0.108273 14.8389 2.5686 17.4075 31.003 120 .912 151.915 0.05945 0.2776 129
(Source: ASHRAf: I/""dbook- Fw/ikmlema(s, C~ap1er I. Table 2)

Appendix B-
Dimensions, Units, and
Unit Conversion Factors
Table B-1 Dimensions and Units Used in Air-Conditioning Applications

Dimension SI Unit I-P U nit
Acceleration ftis L
Area ft2
Density kglm 3 Ib,,/ tr'

Energy N om, joule (J) Btu, tUb
Force (kg-m)/s2, newton (N) pound (Ib! )
Length m t:tre (m) [UUI (ft)
Mass ki logram (kg) pound mass (Ibm)
Power J/5, watt (W) Btuth
Pressure N / m2, pascal ( Pa) pounds per sq uare inch (psi)
Specific heat J/(kg °C) Btu/lbm "oF
Time second (5) second (s)
Temperature (absolute) kelvin (K) degree Rankine (OR)
Temperature degree Celsius (0C) degree Fahrenheit (OF)
Thennal cond uctivity W /(m·°C) Btulh-ft·oF
Thermal flu x de nsity W /m 2 Btulll' ft 2
Ve loc ity m/s ft/s, ftlm in, fpm
Volume m3 ft3
Volume flow rate m 3/s n3/s, 0 3/ min, cfrn

104 Appe ndix B Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors
Table 8-2 Unit Conversion Factors

Dimens ion SI Un it I-P Un it
Length 1m 3.28 1 ft 1ft 0. 305 m
Area I m' ~ 10.76 ft2 I ft 2 ~ 0.0929 m 2
Volume I m 3 ~ 35.32 ft3 I ft3 ~ 0.02 84 m 3
Mass I kg = 2.205 Ibm I Ibm = 0.454 kg
Force I N ~ 0.2248 Ibj I I bj ~ 4.448 N
Energy I kJ ~ 0.9478 Btu I Btu ~ 778.2 ft ·lbr 1.055 kJ
I J ~ 0.7376 ft ·lbj I ft ·lbr 1.356 J
I kWh = 3.412 x 10 3 Btu I Btu = 2.930 x 10-4 kWh
Specific energy,
I kJ/kg = 0.4298 Btu/Ibm I Btu/Ibm = 2.3 26 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy
Power I W ~ 3 .412 Btu/h I Btull, ~ 0.293 W
I kW ~ 1.341 hp I hp ~ 2545 Btu/h ~ 0.746 kW
I kW = 0. 2844 ton refri geration I ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.5 17 kW
Pressure I Pa = 1.450 x 10-4 psi I psi = 6.89 7 x 103 Pa
I atm = 101 kPa I atm = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg
Temperature 1°C 6.T = 915°F /1T 1°F 6.T = 519°C 6.T
yOC ~ ((9/5)y + 32r F yOF ~ (y - 32)(5/9)OC
K = °C + 273. 15 OR = of + 459.67
Ve loc ity I m /s = 1.969 x 102 ftlmin I ftlmi n = 5.079 x 10- 3 mls
Mass density I kg/m 3 = 6.243 x 10- 2 Ib,,!ft 3 I Ib,,/ ft ' ~ 16.02 kg/m'
Mass fl ow rate I kg/s = 2 .205 lbmls I Ib,,/ s ~ 0.4535 kg/s
I kg/s = 7. 937 x 103 1bm/h I Ib,J h = 1.260 x 10-4 kg/s
Volume flow rate I m 3/s = 2.119 x 103 cfm I cfm = 4.7 19 x 10-4 m 3/s
I m 3/s = 1.585 x 104 gal/min I gal/mi n = 6. 309 x 10- 5 m3/s
Thermal conductivity I W/(m'°C) ~ 0.5 778 Btu/h·ft ·oF I Btulh ·ft ·oF ~ 1.73 1 W /(m '°C)
Heat transfer coeffi cient I W /(m 2.oC) = 0. 1761 BtU/h ·ft 2.oF I Btulh ·ft 2 .oF ~ 5.679 W /(m 2.0 C)
Specific heat I J/(kg'°C) = 2.389 x 10-4 Btu/lbm·oF I BtU/lbm ·oF = 4.1 86 x 10 3 J/(kg '°C)
Appendix C-
Climatic Design
Information
The climatic design informati on in th is appendix is from Chapter 14 of the
201 3 ASHRAE Handbook- Fundamentals.
106 Appendix C Climatic Design Information
55 B Baa
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Appendix 0 -
Thermodynamic Properties
of Water at Saturation
T a ble D-I Thermodynamic Propert ies of Waler al Satura tion
Specific Volume. flJll b ... Sp«ifi c Enth al p)'. 8lul lb~. Specifi c E ntropy. Bt u/Ill,., ,o F
Te m p .. Abso lut e Te mp ..
OF Press ur(' Sal. So lid E,'ap. Saf. Vapo r Sat. Solid [,'ap. Sa l. Va por Sal. Solid Evap. Sa l. Vapo r OF
-SO
- 79
P....·, psia
0.000116
0.000125
"ill'l
0.01732
0.01732
Vigli'f,
1953807
1814635
1953807
1814635
" II;II'f
193.38
- 192.98
1I;,lhfg
1219.19
1219.23
I,.
1025.81
1026.25
sjls/
-0.4064
-0.4054
S;iSfg
3.2112
3.2029
'.
2.8048
2.7975
- 80
- 79
- 78 0.000135 0.01732 1686036 1686036 - 192.59 1219.28 1026.69 -0.4043 3.1 946 2.7903 - 78
- 77 0.000145 0.01732 1567159 1567159 - 192.19 1219.33 1027.13 -0.4033 3.]864 2.7831 - 77
- 76 0.000157 0.01732 1457224 1457224 - 191.80 1219.38 1027.58 -0.4023 3. 1782 2.7759 - 76
- 15 0.000169 0.01733 1355519 1355519 - 191.40 1219.42 1028.02 -0.4012 3.1700 2.7688 - 75
- 74 0.000182 0.01733 1261390 1261390 - 191.00 1219.4 6 1028.46 -0.4002 3. 1619 2.7617 - 74
- 73 0.000196 0.01733 1174239 1174239 - 190.60 1219.51 1028.90 -0.3992 3.1539 2.7547 - 73
- 72 0.00021 1 0.01733 1093518 1093518 - 190.20 1219.55 1029.35 -0.398 1 3. 1458 2.7477 - 72
- 71 0.000227 0.01733 1018724 1018724 - 189.80 1219.59 1029.79 -0.3971 3. 1379 2.7408 - 71
- 70 0.000244 0.01733 949394 949 394 - 189.40 1219.63 1030.23 -0.3961 3.1299 2.7338 - 70
- 69 0.000263 0.01733 885105 885105 - 189.00 1219.67 1030.67 -0.3950 3.1220 2.7270 - 69
-68 0.000283 0.01733 825469 825469 - 188.59 1219.71 1031.11 -0.3940 3.1141 2.7201 -68
-67 0.000304 0.01733 770128 770128 - 188.19 1219.75 1031.56 -0.3930 3.1063 2.7133 - 67
-66 0.000326 0.01734 718753 718753 - 187.78 1219.78 1032.00 -0.39 19 3.0985 2.7065 - 66
-65 0.000350 0.01734 671043 671043 - 187.38 1219.82 1032.44 -0.3909 3.0907 2.6998 -65
-6< 0.000376 0.01734 626720 626720 - 186.97 1219.85 1032.88 -0.3899 3.0830 2.6931 -M
-6] 0.000404 0.01734 585529 585529 - 186.56 1219.89 1033.33 -0.3888 3.0753 2.6865 -6]
- 62 0.000433 0.01734 547234 547234 - 186.15 1219.92 1033.77 -0.3878 3.0677 2.6799 -62
-61 0.000464 0.01734 511620 511620 - 185 .74 1219.95 1034.21 -0.3868 3.0601 2.6733 -<>1
-6iJ 0.000498 0.01734 478487 478487 - 185.33 1219.98 1034.65 -0.3858 3.0525 2.6667 -60
- 59 0.000533 0.01734 447651 447651 - 184.92 mom 1035.09 -0.3847 3.0449 2.6602 - 59
- 58 0.000571 0.01735 418943 418943 - 184.50 1220.04 1035.54 -0.3837 3.0374 2.6537 - 58
- 57 0.000612 0.01735 392207 392207 - 184.09 1220.07 1035.98 -0.3827 3.0299 2.6473 - 57
- 56 0.000655 0.01735 367299 367299 - 183.67 1220.09 1036.42 -0.3816 3.0225 2.6409 - 56
- 55 0.000701 0.01735 344086 344086 - 183.26 1220.12 1036.86 -0.3806 3.0151 2.6345 - 55
- 54 0.000749 0.01735 322445 322445 - 182.84 1220.15 1037.30 -0.3796 3.0077 2.6282 - 54
- 53 O.ooogOI 0.01735 302263 302263 - 182.42 1220.17 1037.75 -0.3785 31JOO.1 2.6219 - 53
- 52 0.ooog57 0.01735 283436 283436 - 182.00 1220.19 1038.19 -0.3775 2.9931 2.6156 - 52
- 51 0.0009 16 0.01736 265866 265866 - 181.58 1220.21 1038.63 -0.3765 2.9858 2.6093 - 51
- 50 0.000978 0.01736 249464 249464 - 181.16 1220.24 1039.07 -0.3755 2.9786 2.6031 - 50
-49 0.001045 0.01736 234148 234148 - 180.74 1220.26 1039.52 -0.3744 2.9714 2.5970 -49
-48 0.001115 0.01736 219841 219841 - 180.32 1220.28 1039.96 -0.3734 2.9642 2.5908 -48
-47 0.00119 1 0.01736 206472 206472 - 179.89 1220.29 1040.40 -0.3724 2.9571 2.5847 -47
-46 0.001270 0.01736 193976 193976 - 179.47 1220.31 1040.84 -0.3713 2.9500 2.5786 -46
-45 0.001355 0.01736 182292 182292 - 179.04 1220.33 1041.28 -0.3703 2.9429 2.5726 -45
-44 0.001445 0.01736 171363 171363 - 178.62 1220.34 1041.73 -0.3693 2.9359 2.5666 -44
-4] 0.001540 0.01737 161139 161139 - 178. 19 1220.36 1042.17 -0.3683 2.9288 2.5606 -4]
-42 0.001641 0.01737 151570 151570 - 177.76 1220.37 1042.61 -0.3672 2.9219 2.5546 -42
-41 0.001749 0.01737 142611 142611 - 177.33 1220.38 1043.05 -0.3662 2.9149 2.5487 -41
-40 0.001862 0.01737 134222 134222 - 176.90 1220.39 1043.49 -0.3652 2.9080 2.5428 -40
- 39 0.001983 0.01737 126363 126363 - 176.47 1220.41 1043.94 -0.3642 2.9011 2.5370 - 39
- 38 0.002111 0.01737 118999 118999 - 176.04 1220.4 1 1044.38 -0.3631 2.8942 2.5311 - 38
- 37 0.002246 0.01737 112096 112096 - 175.60 1220.42 1044.82 -0.3621 2.8874 2.5253 - 37
- ]6 0.002389 0.01738 105624 105625 - 175.17 1220.4 3 1045.26 -0.3611 2.8806 2.5196 - 36
- 35 0.002541 U.0 1738 99555 99555 - 174.73 1220.44 1045.70 -0.3600 2.8739 2.5138 - 35
- ]4 0.002701 0.01738 93860 93860 - 174.30 1220.4 4 1046.15 -0.3590 2.867] 2.5081 - ]4
- 3l 0.002871 0.01738 88516 88516 - 173.86 1220.45 1046.59 -0.3580 2.8604 2.5024 - 3l
- 32 0.003051 0.01738 83500 83500 - 173.42 1220.45 1047.03 -0.3570 2.8537 2.4968 - 32
- 31 0.003241 0.01738 78790 78790 - 172.98 1220.45 1047.47 -0.3559 2.847 1 2.4911 - 31
136 Appe ndix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
Table 0- 1 T hermodyna mic Properties of Water at Satura tion (Comilll/cd)
.,
T emp., A bsolute
Prt'Ssure
Spec ific Volume, fI ]/lb ...
Sat. Solid [,'a p. Sa l. Vapo r
Spce ific En th al py, Btullb",
Sat. Solid [,'a p . Sat. Vapo r
Specific Entropy, Bt u/III", ,o F
Sat. Solid E,'ap. Sal. Vapo r .,
Temp.,
P ..... , psia "jl,'I ViII/vIII

" ";!", " it:'hfll ", I>Jy "'il/~fll
"
- 30 0.003442 0.01738 74366 74366 - 172.54 1220.46 1047.91 -0.3549 2.8405 2.4855 - 30
- 29 0.003654 0.01738 70209 70209 - 172.10 1220.4 6 1048.36 -0.3539 2.8339 2.4800 - 29
- 28 0.003878 0.01739 66303 66303 - 171.66 1220.46 1048.80 -0.3529 2.8273 2.4 744 - 28
- 27 0.004115 0.01739 62631 62631 - 171.22 1220.4 6 1049.24 -0.3518 2.8208 2.4689 - 27
- 26 0.004365 0.0]739 59179 59179 - 170.77 1220.45 1049.68 -0.3508 2.8143 2.4634 - 2.
- 25 0.004629 0.01739 55931 55931 - 170.33 1220.4 5 1050.12 -0.3498 2.8078 2.4580 - 25
- 24 0.004908 0.01739 52876 52876 - 169.88 1220.4 5 1050.56 -0.3488 2.8013 2.4525 - 24
- 23 0.005202 0.01739 50000 50001 - 169.43 1220.4 4 1051.0[ -0.3477 2.7949 2.4471 - 23
- 22 0.005512 0.01739 47294 47294 - 168.99 1220.4 3 1051.45 -0.3467 2.7885 2.4418 - 22
- 21 0.005839 0.01740 44745 44745 - 168.54 1220.4 3 1051.89 -0.3457 2.7821 2.4364 - 21
- 20 0.006184 0.0 [740 42345 42345 - 168.09 1220.4 2 1052.33 -0.3447 2.7758 2.431 [ - 20
- 19 0.006548 0.01740 40084 40084 - 167.64 1220.4 1 1052.77 -0.3436 2.7694 2.4258 - 19
- 18 0.006932 0.01740 37953 37953 - 167.19 1220.4 0 1053.21 -0.3426 2.7632 2.4205 - IS
- 17 0.007335 0.01740 35944 35944 - 166.73 1220.39 1053.65 -0.34 16 2. 7569 2.4153 - 17
- I. 0.00 776 1 0.01740 34050 34050 - 166.28 1220.38 1054.10 -0.3406 2.7506 2.4101 - I.
- IS 0.008209 0.0 1740 32264 32264 - 165.82 1220.36 1054.54 -0.3396 2.7444 2.4049 - IS
- 14 0.008681 0.01741 30580 30580 - 165.37 1220.35 1054.98 -0.3385 2.7382 2.3997 - 14
No/e: Subscript i denotes ,·alues for I "; 32"F and subscripl j denole< valuc< for' ;" J2"F.
- 13 0.009177 0.01741 28990 28990 - 164.91 1220.33 1055.42 -0.3375 2.7321 2. 3946 - 13
- 12 0.009700 0.01741 27490 27490 - 164.46 1220.32 1055.86 -0.3365 2.7259 2.3895 - 12
- II 0.010249 0.01741 26073 26073 - 164.00 1220.30 1056.30 -0.3355 2.7198 2.3844 - II
- 10 0.010827 0.01741 24736 24736 - 163.54 1220.28 1056.74 -0.3344 2.7137 2.3793 - 10
-9 om 1435 0.01741 23473 23473 - 163.08 1220.26 1057.18 -0.3334 2.7077 2.3743 -9
-8 0.0[2075 0.01741 22279 22279 - 162.62 1220.24 1057.63 -0.3324 2.7016 2.3692 -8
-.
-7
-5
-4
0.012 747
0.013453
U.U14194
0.014974
0.01 742
0.01742
0.01741
0.01742
21151
20086
1907H
18125
21152
20086
1907H
181Z5
- 162.15
- 161.69
- 161.23
- 160.76
1220.22
1220.20
1Z20.17
1Z20.15
1058.07
1058.51
1058.95
1059.39
-0.3314
-0.3303
-0.3293
-0.3283
2.6956
2.6896
2.6H37
2.6777
2.3642
2.3593
2.3543
2.3494
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3 0.015792 0.0 1742 17223 17223 - 160.29 1220.12 1059.83 -0.3 273 2.6718 2.3445 -3
-2 0.016651 0.01742 16370 16370 - 159.83 1220.1 0 1060.27 -0.3263 2.6659 2.3396 -2
-I 0.017553 0.01742 15563 15563 - 159.36 1220.07 1060.71 -0.3252 2.6600 2.3348 -I
0 0.018499 0.01743 14799 14799 - 158.89 1220.04 1061.15 -0.3242 2.6542 2.3300 0
1 0.019492 0.01743 14076 14076 - 158.42 1220.01 1061.59 -0.3232 2.6483 2.3251 1
2 0.020533 0.01743 13391 13391 - 157.95 1219.98 1062.03 -0.3222 2.6425 2.3204 2
3 0.021625 0.01743 12742 12742 - 157.48 1219.95 1062.47 -0.3212 2.6368 2.3156 3
4 0.022770 0.01743 12127 12127 - 157.00 1219.92 1062.91 -0.3201 2.6310 2.3109 4
5 0.02397 1 0.01743 11545 11545 - 156.53 1219.88 1063.35 -0.3191 2.6253 2.3062 5
6
7
8
0.02 5229
0.02654 7
0.027929
0.01743
0.01744
0.01744
10992
10469
10992
10.+69
- 156.05
- 155.58
- 155.10
1219.85
1219.81
1219.77
1063.79
1064.23
1064.67
-0.3181
-0.3171
-0.3160
2.6196
2.6139
2.6082
2.3015
2.2968
2.2921
•
7
8
9 0.0293 75 0.01744 "'''
9501 "'''
9501 - 154.62 1219.74 1065.11 -0.3150 2.6025 2.2875 9
10 0.030890 0.01744 9055 9055 - 154.15 1219.70 1065.55 -0.3140 2.5969 2.2829 10
II 0.032476 0.0 1744 8631 8631 - 153.67 1219.66 1065.99 -0.3130 2.5913 2.2783 II
12 0.034136 0.01744 8228 8228 - 153.18 1219.61 1066.43 -0.3120 2.5857 2.2738 12
13 0.035874 0.01744 7846 7846 - 152.70 1219.57 1066.87 -0.3109 2.5802 2.2692 13
14 0.037692 0.01745 7484 7484 - 152.22 1219.53 1067.31 -0.3099 2.5746 2.2647 14
IS 0.039593 0.01 745 7139 7139 - 151.74 1219.48 1067.75 -0.3089 2.5691 2.2602 15
16 0.041582 0.01 745 6812 6812 - 151.25 1219.4 4 1068.19 -0.3079 2.5636 2.2557 I.
17 0.043662 0.01745 6501 6501 - 150.77 1219.39 1068.63 -0.3069 2.5581 2.2513 17
18
19
20
0.04583 7
0.048109
0.050485
0.01745
0.01745
0.01746
6205
5925
5658
6205
5925
5658
- 150.28
- 149.79
- 149.30
1219.34
1219.29
1219.24
1069.06
1069.50
1069.94
-0.3058
-0.3048
-0.3038
2.5527
2.5473
2.5418
2.2468
2.2424
2.2380
"
19
20
21 0.052967 0.01746 5404 5404 - 148.81 1219.19 1070.38 -0.3 028 2.5364 2.233 7 21
22 0.055560 0.01746 5162 5162 - 148.32 1219.14 1070.82 -0.3018 2.5311 2.2293 22
23 0.058268 0.01746 4932 4932 - 147.83 1219.09 1071.26 -0.3007 2.5257 2.2250 23
24 0.06 1096 0.01746 4714 4714 - 147.34 1219.03 1071.69 -0.2997 2.5204 2.2207 24
25 0.064048 0.01746 4506 4506 - 146.85 1218.98 1072.13 -0.2987 2.5151 2.2164 25
26 0.067 130 0.01746 4308 4 308 - 146.35 1218.92 1072.57 -0.2977 2.5098 2.2121 2.
27 0.070347 0.0174 7 4119 4119 - 145.86 1218.86 1073.01 -0.296 7 2.5045 2.20 78 27
28 0.073704 0.01747 3939 3939 - 145.36 1218.80 1073.44 -0.2957 2.4992 2.2036 28
29 0.077206 0.01747 3768 3768 - 144.86 1218.74 1073.88 -0.2946 2.4940 2.1994 29
30 0.Og0ll58 0.01747 3605 3605 - 144.36 1218.68 1074.32 -0.2936 2.4888 2.1952 30
31 0.084668 0.01747 3450 3450 - 143.86 1218.62 1074.76 -0.2926 2.4836 2.1910 31
32 0.088640 0.01747 3302 3302 - 143.36 1218.56 1075.19 -0.2916 2.4784 2.1868 32
Tab le 0- 1 T h e rmodyna m ic Properties of Water at Sat u ration (Comilll/cd)
.,
Temp., Absolute
Prt'Ss ure
Specific Volume, fI ]/lb ...
Sat. Solid E,·a p. Sal. Vapo r
Spce ific En thal py, Btu/lb",
Sat. Solid E,·a p . Sa t. Vapo r
Specifi c Entropy, Bt u/lb" .. oF
Sat. Solid E,·ap. Sat. Va po r .,
Temp.,
P ..... , psia "jll'! Vjll/vIII

" " j'''1 " ;II/"fll ", 1>;1.'1 "';II/'~/II
"
TransiliOl' from S<lmrulml solid 10 s,,,,,raled liquid
32 0.08865 0.01602 3302.02 3302.04 -0.02 1075.21 1075.19 0.0000 2.1869 2.1868 J2
33 0.09229 0.01602 3178.06 3178.08 0.99 1074.64 1075.63 0.0020 2.1813 2.1833 33
34 0.09607 0.01602 3059.30 3059.32 2.00 1074.07 1076.07 0.0041 2. 1757 2.1797 l4
35 0.09998 0.01602 2945.51 2945.52 3.00 1073.5 0 1076.51 0.0061 2.1701 2.1762 J5
36 0.10403 0.01602 2836.45 2836.46 4.01 1072.93 1076.95 0.0081 2.1646 2.1727 3.
37 0.10823 0.01602 2731.91 2731.92 5.02 1072.37 1077.38 0.0102 2.1591 2.1693 J7
38 0.11258 0.01602 2631.68 2631.70 6.02 107 1.80 1077.82 0.0122 2.1536 2.1658 38
39 0.11708 0.01602 2535.57 2535.59 7.03 107l.23 1078.26 0.0142 2. 1482 2.1624 39
40 0.12173 0.01602 2443.39 2443.41 8m 1070.67 1078.70 0.0162 2. 1427 2.1590 40
41 0.12656 0.01602 2354.97 2354.98 904 1070.10 1079.14 0.0182 2.1373 2.1556 41
42 0.13155 0.01602 2270.13 2270.15 10.04 1069.53 1079.57 0.0202 2.1319 2.1522 42
43 0.13671 0.01602 2188.72 2188.74 11 .05 1068.97 1080.01 0.0222 2.1266 2.1488 43
44 0.14205 0.0 1602 2110.58 2110.60 12.05 1068.40 1080.45 0.0242 2.1212 2.1454 44
45 0.14757 0.01602 2035.58 2035.59 13.05 1067.84 1080.89 0.0262 2.1159 2.1421 45
46 0.15328 0.01602 1963.56 1963.58 14.06 1067.27 1081.33 0.0282 2.1106 2.1388 46
47 0.15919 0.01602 1894.41 1894.42 15.06 1066.70 1081.76 0.0302 2.1053 2.1355 47
48 0.16530 0.01602 1827.99 1828.00 16.06 1066.14 1082.20 0.0321 2.1001 2.1322 48
49 0.1 7 161 0.01602 1764.19 1764.20 17.06 1065.57 1082.64 0.0341 2.0948 2.1289 49
50 0.17813 0.01602 1702.88 1702.90 18.07 1065.01 1083.07 0.0361 2.0896 2.1257 50
51 0.18487 0.01602 1643.98 1643.99 19.07 1064.44 1083.51 0.0381 2.0844 2.1225 51
I I II
iii
(Source: ASIlRA£ lIa",lbook- FlImJ<lmem<lls. Chapter I. Table 3)

Skill Development
Exercises
To receive full continuing education credit, all questions must be answered
and submitted at www.as hrae.org/sd lo nl ine. Please log in using your student
10 number and the SOL number. Your student 10 number is composed of the
last fi ve digits of your Soc ial Security Number or another un ique fi ve-digit
number you create when first registering online. The SOL number for this
course can be located near the top of the copyright page of this book.
Skill Development Exercises Chapter I
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I
Total number of questions: 4

~
C I-I How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
QJ
E
C-
a) Two
o b) Three
~ 1-2
c) Four
Wh ich combination process will increase both the temperature and the moi s-
ture content?
. a) Cooling and dehumidification
i. b) Heating and dehumidification

c) Heating and humidification
J:.
U 1-3 Enthalpy is the total heat contcnt of the air.
a) True
b) False
14 Change in elevat ion has no effect on the air density.
a) True
b) False
Fundamentals of Psychrometries (I-P), Second Edition
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 n

.
::r
Total number of questions: 8 1...

2-1 Dry-bu lb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bu lb.
....
a) True
b) False o
2-2 Saturation temperature of air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and ~
dew-point temperatures are equa l. o
a) True "3
CD
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b) Fa lse rl
m
x
2-3 Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes. CD
a) True ri
~.
b) Fa lse ~
2-4 The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

a) True
b) False
2-5 According to Append ix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs of saturated air at
40°F?
a) 15.23
b) 9.6
e) 5.8
what is the specific volume v?
a) 12.69
b) 12.59
e) 0.105
2·7 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy of dry air h(l at 100°F?
a) 29.27
b) 47.73
e) 24.03
Skill Development Exercises Chapter 2
~ what is the specific volume v?
QI
·e
~
a) 19.15
QI b) 19.80
x
W c) 15.45
~
C
QI d) None of the above
E
c-
O
QI
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QI
0
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Vl
.
N
...
QI
D-
IU
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U

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w
3-1 On a psychrometric chart, the y-ax is is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
V>
a) Re lative humidity io.
b) Dew-point temperature o
c) Dry-bu lb temperature ~
d) Wet-bu lb temperature o
3-2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity of
"3
CD
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an air parcel with W = 0.0 10 and 'db = 60°F. rl
m
a) 60% rh x
CD
b) 70% rh ri
~.
c) 80% rh ~
d) 90% rh
3-3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera-
ture of an air parce l with ldb = 70°F a nd 4t = 50% rho
a) 52° F
b) 59° F
c) 70° F
d) 85° F
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio Wof
an air parcel with a saturation temperature of 'db = 40°F.
a) 0.003
b) 0.005
c) 50%
d) 40° F
3-5 Using the psychrometri c chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific vo lume v
of an air parcel with ldb = 70°F and W = 0.0 I O.
a) 13.40
b) 13.55
c) 14.05
d) 14.40
Skill Deve lopm ent Exercises Chapter 3
3-6 According to the psychrometric cha rt in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of
70°F dry a ir?
'db =
a) 45
b) 35
~
c) 26
C
QJ d) 17
E
C-
o 3-7 According to th e psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is th e wet-bulb tem-
perature of a mo ist air parce l with tdb = 70°F and $ = 50% rh air?
~ a) 70° F
b) 58° F
.>£
Vl c) 50° F
M
. d) 38° F
i. 3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is th e dew point of
' db = 50°F saturated air?
J:.
U a) 50° F
b) 40° F
c) 30° F
d) 20° F
3·9 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem-
pe rature of tdb = 70°F dry air?
a) OaF
b) 22° F
c) 33° F
d) 44° F
3-10 Using the psychrometri c chart in Figure 3-4, plot the poi nts 'db = 70°F, h = 30,
and ' wb = 50°F, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigati on of the
line, which of the fo ll owing is the best descripti on?
a) The li ne is almost ve rtical.
b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angJe).
c) The line almost horizonta l.

.
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4-1 Moist air that is heated without humidi fication has the following change in relative
...
humidity:
a) Increase o
b) Decrease
~
c) Stays the same o
d) Depends on the type of humidifier "3
CD
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4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capaci ty (Btu/h)? rl
m
a) 1.085 x cfm x (I, - I, ) x
CD
b) 4.5 x cfm x (hi - h,) ri
~.
c) 4840 x cfm x (W, - W, ) ~
4-3 Which of the follo wing is true concerning humidification by steam versus by
(cold water) atomization?
a) Atomi zation always maintains a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidifi cat ion adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the stea m humidifi er comes from the air
entering the humidifi er.
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
entering the humidifi er.
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidifi cation .
a) True
b) Fa lse
4-5 A cooling co il can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in entha lpy when dry air is heated from 50°F to 74°F?
a) 4.5
b) 5.5
c) 6.5
d) 7.2
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 50°F is conditioned to be
saturated air at 74° F?
a) 17
b) 21
~
c) 25
C
QJ d) 32
E
C-
o 4-8 One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches JOSo F with 20% rh o
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be
~ when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?

a) 87"F
.>£
Vl b) 95°F
....
. c) 105°F
i. 4-9
d) 115°F
If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 70°F db and the leaving air is 110°F,
J:.
U how many Btulh are supplied by the coil at 5000 cfm if the fan is located at the
coil inlet?
a) 200,000
b) 205,000
c) 209,000
d) 217,000
4-10 Air enters a cooling coi l at lOOoF and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tem-
perature of 45°F. What is the total Bluth of cooling required if a 5000 cfm fan
is located at the in let of the coo ling coil?
a) 565,000
b) 511,600
c) 460,600
d) 440,600

.
::r
Total number of questions: II 1...

In
5-1 The definition of sensib le heat ratio (SHR) is the:
V>
a) Ratio of sensib le to latent load io.
b) Ratio of latent to sensible load o
c) Ratio of tota l load to sensible load ~
d) Ratio of sensib le load to total load o
5-2 If the sensible load on a building is equa l to the latent load, the value ofSHR is;
"3
CD
::J
rl
a) 2 m
b) I
x
CD
c) 0.5
ri
~.
d) - 2 ~
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of
a room depends on:
a) The amount of outdoor air needed
b) The des ired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All of the above
e) Answers band con ly
5-4 Why is it poss ible to satisfy a room w ith a variety of "assumptions" about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Be cause there is a corresponding cfm w ith every IJJ.
b) Be cause the heatlcoo lload calculation is never accurate.
c) Be cause the comfort zone is large.
d) Be cause there is a wide vari ety of methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5 Wh ich condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart?
a) tdb ~ 76' F, h ~ 30
b) ldb = 89°F, twb = 78°F
c) I l1'b = 78°F, h = 44
d) tdb ~ 76' F, ~ ~ 50%
Skill Deve lopm ent Exercises Chapter 5
5-6 In a system, 200 cfm of air at 60°F and 30% rh is mixed with 800 cfm air at
80°F and 80% rho Find the mixed-air temperature using the mi xing equation.
a) 74° F
b) 76° F
~
c) 78° F
C
QJ d) 79° F
E
C-
o 5-7 In Exercise 5-6. what is the mixed-air relative humidity?
~
a) 60% rh
b) 76% rh
.>£
c) 70% rh
Vl
d) None of these
.
1ft
5-8 In a system , 200 cfm of air at 40°F and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with
[
.
J:.
moi st air at 80°F but unknown relative humidity. The fina l mixture is at 72 °F
and 50% rhoWhat is the relative humidity and airflow rate (cfrn) of the second
U airstream?
a) 40% rh, 800 cfm
b) 40% rh, 50 cfm
c) 80% rh, 800 cfm
d) 80% rh, 50 cfm
5-9 If the sensible load is 600,000 Btulh and the latent load is 300,000 Btuih, what
is the SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is ldb = 75°F and 4J = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor ai r
at Idb = 115°F and ~ = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 83°F
b) 85°F
c) IOsoF
d) Not poss ible
5-11 From Exercise 5-10, what is the mi xed-air re lati ve humidity?
a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 38% rh
d) 40% rh

.
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6-1 Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera-
...
ture rise capacity of a heating co il ?
a) Water spray o
b) Steam
~
c) Both the same o
d) Ne ither has an impact "3
CD
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6-2 From the discussion of the psychrometrics of cooling coils, wh ich "rule of rl
m
thumb" will best se lect the coo li ng coil conditions? x
CD
a) Temperature drop across a coo ling coil should be about 20°F. ri
~.
b) Relati ve humidity off the coil should be 90%. ~
c) Volume of air (cfm) across a coolin g coi l should be kept to a

min imum.
d) Co il temperatures shou ld be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3 Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate form s.
b) Cooling coils will free ze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling co il s tend to dehumidify first, then drop the ai r
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4 Consider a room heating load with a 700,000 Btu/ h sensib le loss and 100,000
Btulh latent loss, with room design conditions of tdh = 72°F and approximately
q, = 40% rh o The air handler ha s an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a
heating coil without any outdoor air. I f the leavi ng air temperature is 'db =
100°F after the hum idifier, what is the cfm required to satisfy the load?
a) 20,000
b) 23,040
c) 25,200
d) None of these
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions
a) 98° F
b) 104°F
~
c) lOO°F
C
QJ d) None of these
E
C-
o 6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity 4J from the heating coil for the conditions
~ a) 15% rh
b) 12%rh
.>£
..,.
Vl c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
i. 6-7 What is the leaving relati ve humidity $ from the adiaba tic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exerc ise 6-4?
J:.
U a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19%rh
d) 28% rh
6.8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 23,040 cfrn , adding a cooling co il to
satisfy a room sensib le heat ga in of 500,000 Btulh and a room latent heat gain
of50,000 BtU/h , and room conditions of tdb = 75°F and q. = 40% rh and without
outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature (db and $ from the
cooling coil ?
a) 55° F 'db, $ ~ 90% rh
b) 5r F ' db, $ ~ 80% rh
c) 55 of ' db, $ ~ 75 % rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions li sted in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leav ing airstream for the conditions
li sted in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) N o
c) Not sure

.
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Total numbe r of que stions: II 1...

....
For all of the Ski ll Development Exercises for Chapter 7, cons ider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows: o
Zone Sensible Cooling Latent Coolin g Heati ngSensibl e
~
o
36,000 Btulh 5,000B tuih 20,000 Btulh "3
CD
2 48 ,000 Btulh 6,000Btuih 25,000 Btuih ::J
rl
3 60,000 Btulh 10,000 Btulh 30,000 Btuih m
x
CD
Assume room design conditions of the following: ri
~.
Cooling [db ~ 75°F and $ ~ 50% rli ~
Heating Idb = 70°F and.p = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7·1 What is the sensib le heat ratio for all three zones in order I, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0,88,0,89, 0.86
b) 0.87,0.85, 0.89
c) 0.85,0.84, 0.87
7·2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed ai r condition in the summer if th e outdoor air is 'db = 100°F
and .p = 25% rh?
a) [db ~ 79°F and $ ~ 48% rh
b) [db ~ 85°F and $ ~ 40% rh
c) [db ~ 81.2°F and $ ~ 42% rh
7·3 For Zone I only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone , what is the
required supp ly airflow?
a) airflow = 1600 cfm
b) airflow ~ 1750 cfm
c) airflow = 2000 cfm
7-4 For Zone I on ly, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling co il
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply
cfm?
aj tdb ~ 54' F and ~~ 90% rh
bj tdb ~ 56' F and ~~ 88% rh
~
C
QJ cj tdb ~ 60' F and ~ ~ 80% rh
E
C- 7·5 For Zone 1 on ly, what is the tota l cooling capacity, q" of the coo ling coi l with
o the correct cfm and leaving air conditions?
~ aj 41 ,000 Btu/h
bj 52,300 Btuth
.>£
Vl cj 48,825 Btuth
.
.... 7.6 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant- volume ter-
i. minal reheat system, what would the cfm of all three zones be, in order 1,2, 3?
(Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
J:.
U aj 1750, 2000, 2500
bj 1600, 1800,2200
cj 1750, 2460,2765
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VA V box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi-
tions from thi s air handler?
aj tdb ~ 55"Fand~ ~ 91%rh
bj tdb ~ 57' F and ~~ 88% rh
cj tdb ~ 60' F and ~~ 82% rh
7·8 With the system in Exerci se 7-7, what are the new required ai rflows by zone in
order 1, 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
aj 1660, 2110,2765
bj 1750, 2460,2750
cj 1700, 2300,2600
7·9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the tota l reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use 'db = 70°F for room conditi on.)
aj 49,000 Btu/h, 61 ,000 Btu/h, 79,000 Btuth
bj 47,000 Btu/h, 59,300 Btu/h, 75,000 Btuth
cj 56,000 Btu/h, 73,000 Btu/h, 90,000 Btu/h
7-10 From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and cfm, what is the
total cooling capacity of the central ai r-handl er coo ling coi l? n
a) 180,000 Btulh .
::r
b) 167,000 Btu/h
c) 194,100 Btulh
1...
....
7-11 I f the system in Exe rcise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coi l used in the central air handler?
(Room at ' db ~ 7SO F.) o
a) 219,000Btulh ~
b) 199,000 Btulh o
c) 212,500Btulh "3
CD
::J
rl
m
x
CD
ri
~.
~

~
C 8-1 A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:
QJ
E
c- a) Sensible heat recovery device
o b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device
~ c) Sensible-to-total heat re covery device

d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
.>£
Vl 8-2 When is preheat ing of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery
'"i. device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below O°F.
tIS b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 32°F.
J:.
U c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew pOint above 32°F and the
leaving air temperature is below 32°F.
d) All of the above.
8-3 Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount of hea t transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4 Energy recovery involves the transfer of sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer shou ld be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem-
perature below 60°F and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-wa ter system with all termi-
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between equa l outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix , Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb 11 5°F n
.
0=
and q, 10% rho If the effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the
0= ::r
exhaust ai rstream is tdb 75 °F and q, 40% rh , w hat are the dry-bulb tempera-
0= 0=
ture and relative humidity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery 1...
device?
a) Idb = 90°F and ~ = 15% rh ""
b) Idb = 95 °F and ~ = 12% rh
c) Idb = 700F and ~ = 25% rh
o
d) Idb = 85 °F and ~ = 20% rh ~
o
8-8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
"3
CD
::J
rl
a) Idb = 85 °F and ~ = 30% rh m
x
b) IdV 95 °F and ~ = 25% rh CD
ri
c) Idb = IOooF and ~ = 20% rh ~.
~
d) Idb = I05°F and ~ = 16% rh
8·9 If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb 11 5°F and t wb 65 °F
=0 0=
and the cooling tower has a full -load approach tempera ture of SOF, w hat is the
leaving water from cooling towe r (at full load)?
a) IOrF
b) 95 °F
c) 73 °F
d) 84 °F
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems , any
time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the ambie nt air condi-
tions.
a) True
b) False

~
C 9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heal from 1200 gpm of water entering at 95°F
QJ
E
C-
and leaving a185°F. What is the total heat required to be rej ected?
o a) 6,000,000 Btulh
~
b) 600,000 Btu/h
c) 5,400,000 Btulh
.>£ d) 4,500,000 Btu/h
....
Vl
9-2 From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow of 100,000 cfm and
ambient air conditions of 'db = 85 °F and twb:=O 75°F, what are the leaving air
i. conditions of th e tower?
J:. a) tdb = 85°F, twb = 84.8°F
U
b) tdb = 89°F, twb = 88°F
c) tdb = 87°F, twb = 86.8°F
d) tdb = 86°F, t wb = 84 of
9-3 W hat is the coo ling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exer-
cise 9-27
a) r F
b) 12°F
c) SOF
d) 10°F
9-4 In the design of an indoor swimmi ng pool , it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possi-
ble.
a) True
b) False
9·5 In a cleanroom w ith design conditions of (db = 68"F and q, = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to w hat dry- bulb temperature or the relative humid -
ity w ill not be met?
a) tdb = 55°F
b) tdb = 68 °F
c) tdb = 43°F
d) tdb = 40°F
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from (db = 110°F and q, =
2% rho what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve? n
a) (db = 62°F .
::r
b)
c)
(db =
(db =
6SOF
64°F
1...
d) (db = 55°F '"
9-7 In Exercise 9-6 . if our eva porative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving ai r
conditions? o
a) (db = 6SOF and ~ = 70% rh ~
o
b) 70°F and ~ = 70% rh
c)
(db =
(db = 71.5°F and ~ = 58% rh
"3
CD
::J
rl
d) (db = 79°F and ~ = 50% rh m
x
CD
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7. if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9 . what is the
expected room relative hum idity if the room is at (db = 75 °F?
ri
~.
a) ~= 53% rh ~
b) ~ = 60% rh
c) ~ = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at {db = 75 °F w ith this leaving condition
9·9 If we use the same outdoor conditions of (db = 110°F and q, = 2% rh from Exer-
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooli ng section of 40% efficiency , w hat are
the leaving air cond itions from this section?
a) (db = 91°F and ~= 3% rh
b) (db = 88°F and ~= 20% rh
c) (db = 95°F and ~= 5% rh
d) (db = 85°F and ~= 5% rh
9-10 If we add a direct evaporative cooli ng section in series downstream of the indi -
rect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency of 70%.
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) (db = 61°F and ~ = 95% rh
b) (db = 60°F and ~= 65% rh
c) (db = 65°F and ~= 60% rh
d) (db = 65°F and ~= 52% rh
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Fundamentals of

A Course Book for

A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning

For course information or to order additional matuials, pif.'ase contact:

ASHRAE Learning Institute Telephone: 404/636-8400

Updates and errata for this publication will be posted on the

Karen M. Murray kmurray@ashr ae.org

We hope your educational ex perience is satisfying and successfu l.

Each course book includes the followi ng:

Chapter 5: HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart .. 35

Direct Evaporative Cooling .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 93

Psyc hrometries is a tool HV AC designers use to determine the

I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first

o understand the basic processes of psychrometries,

Cooling- Lowering the air temperature

Note that HV AC processes can also be a combination of the above four

Heating and humidification- Increasing the temperature and moisture con-

Heating and dehumidification- Increasing the temperature and decreas ing

These combination processes provide an infinite number of potential

hda enthalpy of dry air at 0% relative humidity

Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations

qs = 1.085 >< cfm >< (I) - (2) temperature (1·1 )

where the constant 1.085 is deri ved from the following:

0.075 Iblft3 x 0.24 Btullb ·oF x 60 mi nlh ~ 1.08

where 0.24 Btullb ·oF is the specific heat of air.

q, = 4.5 x cfm x (h. - "2) enthalpy (1-2)

where the constant 4.5 is deri ved from the following:

0.075 Ib!ft3 x 60 minlh ~ 4.5

qf=4840 x cfm x (W1 - W 2) humidity ratio (1-3)

where the constant 4840 is derived from the following:

0.075 Ib/ft3 x 1075 Btullb x 60 minlh ~ 4837.5 ~ 4840

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I

1-3 Enthalpy is the tota l heat content of the air.

o define some fundam ental properties used in psyc hrometries and

Dry-bulb temperature: The measure of the surrounding air temperature

Dew-point temperature: The measure of the dry-bulb temperature at the

Humidi ty ratio at saturation

Specific entropy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions (not used in

We will use this table as we go through the text.

Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometries

For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2

2-4 The dry-bu lb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

o describe how the psychrometric chart was developed,

The Modern Age of Psychrometries

'db dry-bu lb temperature

Creating the Psychrometrie Chart

Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values

Figure 3- 1 Beginning the psychrom etric chart.

Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities

Problem Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3- 1.

Figure 3-4 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. I.

Climatic Design Information

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

San Juan, Puerto Rico

The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.

Psychrometric Chart for

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3

o understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric

The Power of the Psychrometric Chart

q, (Btulh) ~ 1.085 x cfm x (II - I,) (4-1)

q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (I, - 12)

q, ~ 1.085 x cfm x (i, - /2)