College of information Engineering

Computer Networks Department

2nd Year /1st Semester
Lecture 1

Review

1 Intro
"Much of the success of the Japanese has been attributed to the use of statistical methods and
statistical thinking among management personnel."

- Channel modeling (wire and wireless)

- User distribution, movement and traffic modeling
- Equipment failure assessment.

2 Sets Theory
A set is a collection (unordered) of objects. These objects are called elements or members. We refer
to an element by small case letter a, and to the set (group of elements) by upper case letter A.

The Set can be represented by listing or definition.

notation Meaning Note

∈ Element a belongs to (is a part of ) group ( set) A
∉ Element a dose not belong to set A
| | the cardinality of set A The number of elements in set A
⊆ℬ A is a subset of B If and only if for ∈ then ∈
= ∪ℬ Set C equals the union of set A and set B For ∈ then either for ∈ or ∈ℬ
or both is/are true
= ∩ℬ Set C equals the intersection of set A and set B
\ Except
ℕ
ℤ
ℝ
ℂ

3 Venn diagram
It is a representation of sets to illustrate the logical relationships between them. The sets are
represented as a circle or other shapes while the elements are represented by points.
 Prob. & Stats./ 2nd Year/ 1st Sem. Lec1

4 Permutation and Combination

The number of permutations of n objects is !

The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is

!
=
( − )!

In many problems, we are interested in the number of ways of selecting r objects from n without
regard to order. These selections are called combinations. A combination is actually a partition with
two cells, the one cell containing the r objects selected and the other cell containing the (n − r)
objects that are left.

!
=
! ( − )!

Permutation is used for order and combinations

5 Frequency distribution
In statistical applications, we often encounter large quantities of messy data. To gain insight into the
nature of the data, we often organize and summarize the data by constructing a table called a
frequency distribution table.

5.1 Qualitative

5.2 Quantitative
= −

Number of classes =√