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A new dilatometer for in-situ soil testing has been developed which uses a rigid piston to
load the soil. The new dilatometer µcalled the Newcastle Dilatometer (m
)¶ uses a
Hall effect transducer and a magnet system to measure the penetration of the piston
during loading of the soil. The pressure required to penetrate the piston is recorded
using a pressure transducer. The two transducers together can produce applied
pressure-displacement curves for obtaining soil parameters which can be more reliable
than those obtained based on just one or two contact pressures values as in the
Marchetti dilatometer.

The m
uses displacement and pressure transducers which can record the data
throughout the penetration of its piston into the soil. The stress-strain curve thus
produced can be studied and analysed with more confidence. Furthermore, the test
procedure can be varied easily to suit the nature of the soil parameter required in the
design.
FEATURES:

Them
blade whose geometry is the same as that of the Marchetti Dilatometer. The
membrane of the

is replaced with the piston assembly. The use of the wave
spring washerbetween the piston flange and the retaining ring keeps the piston flush
with the blade until the piston is pressurized using dry N gas and brings the piston back
2
when depressurized. Two O-rings are incorporated in the m
to keep the assembly
air and water tight. The applied gas pressure is recorded using a pressure transducer.
A magnet has been glued inside a hole at the centre of the piston. Anhas been
glued to the blade facing this magnet. This system of a Hall effect transducer  ( ) and
a magnet is used for measuring the displacement of the piston. When the pistonmoves
by internally pressurizing the blade, the produces a change in its output according
to the flux intensity. This output is non-linear but non-hysteretic and a second-degree
curve fits the data (Akbar, 2001). Access to the connections between theand the
cable is via steel cover.

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The 


 
a 
 (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to
provide information on the geotechnical engineering properties of soil. The test procedure is
described in the ‘ritish Standard ‘S EN ISO 22 - and ASTM D1 .
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The test uses a thick-walled sample tube, with an outside diameter of 0 mm and an inside
diameter of mm, and a length of around 0 mm. This is driven into the ground at the
bottom of a borehole by blows from a slide hammer with a weight of . kg (1 0 lb) falling
through a distance of 0 mm ( 0 in). The sample tube is driven 1 0 mm into the ground
and then the number of blows needed for the tube to penetrate each 1 0mm ( in) up to a
depth of 0 mm (1 in) is recorded. The sum of the number of blows required for the
second and third in. of penetration is termed the "standard penetration resistance" or the
"N-value". In cases where 0 blows are insufficient to advance it through a 1 0mm ( in)
interval the penetration after 0 blows is recorded. The blow count provides an indication of
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the density of the ground, and it is used in many empirical geotechnical engineering
formulae.
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The main purpose of the test is to provide an indication of therelative density
of granular deposits, such as sands and gravels from which it is virtually impossible to obtain
undisturbed samples. The great merit of the test, and the main reason for its widespread use
is that it is simple and inexpensive. The soil strength parameters which can be inferred are
approximate, but may give a useful guide in ground conditions where it may not be possible
to obtain borehole samples of adequate quality like gravels, sands,silts, clay containing
sand or gravel and weak rock. In conditions where the quality of the undisturbed sample is
suspect, e.g. very silty or very sandy clays, or hard clays, it is often advantageous to
alternate the sampling with standard penetration tests to check the strength. If the samples
are found to be unacceptably disturbed, it may be necessary to use a different method for
measuring strength like the plate test. When the test is carried out in granular soils below
groundwater level, the soil may become loosened. In certain circumstances, it can be useful
to continue driving the sampler beyond the distance specified, adding further drilling rods as
necessary. Although this is not a standard penetration test, and should not be regarded as
such, it may at least give an indication as to whether the deposit is reallyas loose as the
standard test may indicate.
The usefulness of SPT results depends on the soil type, with fine-grained sands giving the
most useful results, with coarser sands and silty sands giving reasonably useful results, and
clays and gravelly soils yielding results which may be very poorly representative of the true
soil conditions. Soils in arid areas, such as theWestern United States, may exhibit natural
cementation. This condition will often increase the standard penetration value.
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