General Instructions:

1. Write your answers in Handwritten and in Long Bond paper.

2. You can search the answers in the internet or in any book in ethics.
3. Make a title page with your name, course/program and section.
4. You can use any design for your title page.
5. Do not put inside envelop or folder. Make sure the pages are clipped together with iron clip or
staple.

Questions:

1. Differentiate “value as concept” from “value as value”.

When we hear the word value, we automatically think of its shallow definition that is “worth” of
something. It’s about how we care for someone or something that is important to us. We also
think of value as a worth of money. It is merely about estimating or appraising something’s
importance and worth. But when we try to think deeper, there is more about values, value as
concept is I believe the broader and deeper definition of value. In philosophical viewpoint, value
is a conception of what is considered as good, desirable, and proper or what is bad, improper
and undesirable in a culture. It influences the way of living of an individual or a community
which makes the different from other communities.
2. Differentiate between
a. Moral values and economic values
Moral values are personal values that influence an individual’s acts. These are principles
that are set within a man that guides him in making good judgment of what is right and
what is wrong. On the other hand, economic values pertain to the measurement of the
value of goods that are traded in the economy whether it is beneficial to the buyer. If a
moral values guide a man in making a good decision that involves morality, economic
values benefit mostly the economists in making economic decision that usually involves
giving up something in order to obtain goods or services; whether he would gain
benefits from such goods.
b. Religious values and worldly values
Religious values are principles that were conceptualized in the context of religious ideas,
beliefs and traditions. These values involved our beliefs of our Heavenly Father’s words.
Most of the time, religious values are one of those standards in considering whether
something is socially acceptable. It has also become our basis of morality. On the other
hand, worldly values are merely concern on the physiological needs of a human being. It
is the value of an individual for financial capability not only to provide for the basics but
also for indulgence. Many people make it a top priority because such things are
important for our every day’s survival but sometimes, we value things that are not really
necessary but for personal wants. These are the things that our grandparents pertain to
as “the things that we cannot bring with us when we die”.
c. Absolute and relative values
The main difference between absolute and relative values is its constancy. Absolute
values are those values that are unchanging despite of different experiences of an
individual. Absolute values remain unchanged and independent from the individual and
cultural views. While absolute value is constant, relative values are those that vary
between different individuals and community. These values are diverse and dependent
of different experience and cultural beliefs of different people.
3. Education is highly valued by us, Filipinos, and we believe that it is a means of progress. Why is it
that the country remains economically stagnant despite of many colleges and universities?
Philippines remains economically stagnant simply because many of Filipinos, especially our
youth, strives hard to study with a thinking that the purpose of their education is to be able to
work abroad and be rich. We are drawn to the fact that working abroad will benefit us
financially and that working here in the Philippines cannot satisfy even the basic needs of a
family because of low salary. Also, there is only very few job opportunities here compare to the
population that the Philippines has. We can also observe that unemployment rate is still a
problem in the Philippines. The percentage of out of school youth is also pretty high and is
alarming. As of the latest statistical report, 9% of Filipinos aging 6-24 years old are out of school.
Despite of the continuous effort of our government in providing free and quality education, it
fails to cure the problems because as they give solution to the problems, our population also
continue to increase day-by-day.

4. Explain why work is basic to man’s life.

Work is basic to a man’s life because work is the basic source of income of an individual.
Without working, we will not be able to obtain financial capability and therefore depriving
ourselves of our physiological needs such as foods, clothes and shelter. A man’s survival is
dependent upon his financial status that is why work is a necessity to a man’s life.

5. What is the evil effect on the worker if the employer considers the worker a tool for production
of goods? Explain your answer.
When an employer thinks of a worker as a tool for production, there is a tendency of
indifference of the employer towards his employees. Many employees experience and receive
poor treatment from their employers and only see their employees as mere workers that
deserve no rest. They sometimes only give importance to their business and forget about the
needs of their workers. They tend to only think about their profits and therefore put the
employees’ health at risk and worse, they give unjust wage to their workers.

6. Define minimum wage.

Minimum wage is the lowest amount of wage permitted by the law that an employer can give to
his employees considering the hours and work performed by the wage earners. It protects
employees against employers who give unjust and low wage.

7. Define family wage.

Family wage is the amount of wage sufficient to raise and support a family. This considers the
dependent people on the wage earner and not only the employee.

8. Is the present wage of workers in the Philippines a just wage? Family wage? Explain your
answer.
According to the Department of Labor and Employment, in determining and setting the
minimum wage in the Philippines, one of the factors they consider is the needs of workers and
their families. This means, the capacity of the minimum wage to support family needs is being
considered, but is the minimum wage set really enough to raise a family? In my opinion,
Philippines is more concerned on providing only a just wage. Many enterprises consider only a
single individual and the work being performed by the employee when it comes to setting the
 amount of wage. If we have a family wage in the Philippines that can support a family, Overseas
Filipino Workers will not need to work abroad and endure being away from their loved ones.

9. When artificial insemination is morally allowed? When is it morally evil?

Artificial Insemination is a procedure recommended by the doctors to couples who cannot
conceive a child in a natural way. This involves direct insertion of semen into the woman’s
woman to achieve pregnancy. Personally, I don’t think there is wrong with desiring to have your
own child. We cannot deny the fact that science is currently playing a major role in our lives and
it seems to give solution to many of our problems and this is one. There are couples who suffer
from infertility and impotency and wish to have a child of their own. I don’t think can condemn
two persons who only hope to have a child. Perhaps, it is morally evil because of the fact that
we are raised with a thinking that we can only reproduce through natural way.

10. Define body organ transplants. Do you think kidney transplant is morally good? Why? Explain.
Organ transplantation is medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body (the
donor) and placed into someone else’s body (the recipient) in order to replace a damaged or
missing organ of the recipient. In my opinion, this procedure is morally good if the donor’s
desire to help the recipient to survive and live is pure. Yes, there are people who undergo this
procedure in order to earn money but, can we blame them? We all know that many people
struggle financially and they only want to survive a day and there are people who will do
anything in all means just to provide for their family. After all, it is the donor’s choice to help. For
as long as there is pure willingness, I think it is alright.

11. Do you think sex change is evil? Why? Or is it alright to do it? Why? Explain.
Considering the opinion of majority and considering religious viewpoint in this issue, we can
immediately say that sex change is evil. But, who are we to judge these people? Who are we to
make judgment on whether they made an evil or good decision? Sometimes, we forget how
people we are judging feel. Sex change prevents procreation and in the eyes of many people and
the natural law, it is morally evil. But don’t they have choice? If that will make them happy, let
them be. After all, they are not hurting or aggravating someone upon undergoing such
procedure. Also, we are not being affected to interfere with their decisions.

12. What are the natural methods of contraception? Do you think these are morally evil? Or morally
good? Explain your answer.
Natural methods of contraception or birth control are methods to prevent pregnancy without
using any medications or physical devices. These concepts are based on awareness and
observations about a woman’s body and menstrual cycle. Withdrawal and rhythm method are
good examples of these. For me, it is morally good because it is better to prevent pregnancy if
you know to yourselves that you cannot raise a child yet. The child will be the one to suffer if the
couple will be careless. If you cannot abstain sex, the least you can do is to be responsible and
not let a child live knowing that you do not have the capability to support his needs. It may be a
violation to the natural law, let’s just be practical because in the end, the child is the one who
will suffer. Who would want to live knowing that you are just an accident and wasn’t prayed
hard for?

13. In a problematic childbirth where the life of the mother and the life of the child are both
endangered, that one has to die in order to save the other, are you to choose who will die?
Why? Explain.
 Yes. If it is impossible to save both the mother and child, there’s no more option but to choose
who will die. If I were to choose, I will choose to let the child live because he deserves to
experience the life that is waiting for him. His mother have already experienced the bittersweet
journey of life and it is now his time to go through with it.

14. What should the doctor do during the operation in which the child or the mother has to die so
that the other will be saved?
The doctor must have the husband or the family of the mother asked in a less painful way
whether which of the two he should save. If he can still change the fate of the two, he must do
everything that he can to save the both of them but if not, he will just have to face fact that not
all the time a doctor can save people’s lives that were trusted to them.

15. What is meant by ecological conscience?

An ecological consciousness is a way of being that respects the natural world -- plants, trees,
animals, and insects. Individuals with this form of intelligence feel directly related to and
engaged with the natural world. Children with an ecological consciousness often are very
sensitive to animals and ardently interested in nature. These children like to spend time outside,
doing anything from picking flowers and leaves and examining worms and insects in the dirt to
simply rambling.

16. In your own thinking, how do you solve the problem of deforestation?
Seeing how high-tech the world is nowadays, it seems like our environment is really losing its
hope. Our trees are starting to be devoured by the industrialization because of the eagerness of
these industrialists to expand its businesses. I think it is due time to educate them on how they
can expand their businesses without exhausting our nature. They must be taught how to
preserve our environment or how to replace the trees. Number one solution to deforestation is
to plan trees. By now, it should be a must to plant trees. Industrialists must have an ecological
responsibility to protect and preserve our nature. We must also start to minimize the use of
papers which requires a really great number of trees to produce it.

17. How do you solve air pollution?

If only the government gives enough attention to environmental problems, I believe that we can
solve these. We can solve air pollution through enforcement of law in which each family must
be required to plant trees outside their houses. We know that trees are the provider of oxygen,
the fresh air that we breathe in every day. If there will be a lot of trees, it will help big time in
maintaining fresh air. It may also help if we invent something that will minimize our carbon
footprint. We also should minimize the use of vehicles, which really contribute a lot to our
carbon footprint, to lessen the carbon dioxide that we emit every day. Like in Japan, many of the
citizens there are using bicycles in going to their destination. As we know, bicycles do not
produce any carbon dioxide. In fact, it may also help your physical health. If we only learn how
to be practical and give some care to our environment, our environment that gives us life but we
just take for granted.
18. How do you solve the problem of water pollution?

19. Explain how the population affect the environment air.

As demographic population increases, it also implies more emission of carbon dioxide. Second
by second, each one of the global citizens inhales (oxygen) and exhales (carbon dioxide). Not
 only that, this also means that more people will lead to more consumption of fossil fuels and
electricity that contribute to the carbon footprint. To sum it all up, population affects our
environment air because we are the primary source and contributor of carbon dioxide to our
environment.

20. What are the different heinous crimes in the Philippines in which death penalty is imposable?
“Art. 114. Treason. – Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her
enemies giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by
reclusion perpetua to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 100,000 pesos.”
Art. 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters. – The penalty of
reclusion perpetua shall be inflicted upon any person who, on the high seas, or in Philippine
waters, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its complement nor a passenger,
shall seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or passengers.

“Art. 211-A. Qualified Bribery. – If any public officer is entrusted with law enforcement and he
refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime punishable by
reclusion perpetua and/or death in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present, he shall
suffer the penalty for the offense which was not prosecuted.

“Art. 246. Parricide. – Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate
of illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of
parricide and shall be punished by the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death.”

“Art. 248. Murder. – Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246 shall kill
another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua, to death if
committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:
1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men, or
employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity.
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise.
3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment
or assault upon a railroad, fall of an airship, or by means of motor vehicles, or with the use of
any other means involving great waste and ruin.
4. On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an
earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity.
5. With evident premeditation.
6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.”

21. Describe the situation in the Philippines that prompted Congress to pass the Death Penalty Law.
In today’s Philippine administration, headed by President Rodrigo Duterte, one of their priorities
is to stop the trading and usage of prohibited drugs in the country. We all know that drugs affect
the mentality of those who use it that most of the times lead to another crime such as rape.
Nowadays, we can observe that the crimes are getting more inhumane day-by-day and these
crimes mostly involve usage of prohibited drugs. This therefore prompted the Congress, with
the president’s strong approval, to pass the Death Penalty Law.
22. Do you think the Death Penalty is effective in deterring criminality in the country? Explain your
answer.
Death Penalty may be effective but there are many risks here if the Death Penalty Law. This
penalty might somehow prevent crimes for the fear that will be caused to people or it may just
teach the criminals to be more strategic in committing such crimes. The risk here is what if the
person was falsely accused of something he did not do? There is a tendency that we will kill
innocent people. It may be effective but it is unbearable to kill someone.
23. Do you agree with Max Scheler that Death Penalty is immoral? Why? Explain.
Indeed. Death penalty is immoral. Very simple, killing someone whether criminal or not is an
immoral act. We wish to eliminate crimes in our country but I don’t think it is reasonable to
perform crime in order to stop another crime. Yes, these criminals did something immoral too
but I don’t think we are entitled to take away their lives. It is already enough to let them pay for
their sins inside the jail. Maybe we could just do something that would at least make their
punishment more unbearable for them but not death. After all, it is better to let them live while
their conscience haunts them.
24. Do you agree with Barzun and Hook that death penalty is favourable for society? Why? Explain
your answer.
For me, it is not favourable to the society to pass the death penalty. Many innocent people will
be affected by this if it happens. Imagine being a family of a criminal who will be subject to
death penalty, do you think you deserve that pain? I don’t think it is healthy for the family to see
their loved ones die. Yes, the family of the victims suffer from pain too, but let’s not make things
worse. It is awful to see a country killing criminals. What if they can change? What if the can still
make things right? Let’s not take away that chance from them. The justice system we have now
does not need to be changed but improved without being immoral.