A2Z Robo: Project Report

PROJECT REPORT
ON
A2Z RoBo (@2%) ™
SUBMITTED BY
ZATIN GUPTA
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INDEX
 Acknowledgement
 DTMF Signal
 Embedded System
 Microcontroller
 Introduction to Project
 Hardware used
 DTMF Decoder IC
 Microcontroller IC
 ULN IC
 Software used in Project
 Testing
 Hardware testing
 Software testing
 Application of project
 Further work
 Reference
Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my sincere

gratitude and indebtedness to respected Mr. Naveen
for allowing me to undertake this project under his
kind guidance at Emtech Foundation, New Delhi.
I am indebted to the Mr. Naveen for providing expert

guidance, invaluable suggestions, inspirational
support throughout my project without which this
work would not have been in its present shape. They
took care to spare time for discussing the project in
spite of their busy schedule.
I thank everyone who has been linked to this project

in some way and those who have helped me in
presenting this report in the present form.
ZATIN GUPTA
DTMF Signal
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used

for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-
frequency band to the call switching center. The
version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is
known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone, and is
standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. A
different version is used for signaling internal to the
telephone network.
DTMF is an example of a multi-frequency shift keying

(MFSK) system. Today DTMF is used for most call
setup to the telephone exchange, at least in
developed regions of the world, and trunk signaling
is now done out of band using the SS7 signaling
system. The in band trunk signaling tones were
different from the tones known as Touch-Tone with
a triangular matrix being used rather than a square
matrix.
History
DTMF was developed at Bell Labs in order to allow
dialing signals to dial long-distance numbers,
potentially over nonwire links such as microwave
links or satellites. Encoder/decoders were added at
the end offices that would convert the standard
pulse signals into DTMF tones and play them down
the line to the remote end office. At the remote site
another encoder/decoder would decode the tones
and perform pulse dialing. It was as if you were
connected directly to that end office, yet the
signaling would work over any sort of link. This idea
of using the existing network for signaling as well as
the message is known as in-band signaling. DTMF
tones were also used by some cable television
networks to signal the local cable company to insert
a local advertisement. These tones were often heard
during a station ID preceding a local ad inserts.
Terrestrial television stations also used DTMF tones
to shut off and turn on remote transmitters.
Keypad
When you press the buttons on the keypad, a
connection is made that generates two tones at the
same time. A "Row" tone and a "Column" tone. These
two tones identify the key you pressed to any
equipment you are controlling. If the keypad is on
your phone, the telephone company's "Central
Office" equipment knows what numbers you are
dialing by these tones, and will switch your call
accordingly.
1 2 3 697 Hz
4 5 6 770 Hz
7 8 9 852 Hz
* 0 # 941 Hz
1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz
When you press the digit 1 on the keypad, you
generate the tones 1209 Hz and 697 Hz. pressing the
digit 2 will generate the tones 1336 Hz and 697 Hz.
Sure, the tone 697 is the same for both digits, but it
take two tones to make a digit and the telephone
company's equipment knows the difference between
the 1209 Hz that would complete the digit 1, and a
1336 Hz that completes a digit 2.
DTMF Event Frequencies
Low High
Event
frequency frequency
Busy signal 480 Hz 620 Hz
Dial tone 350 Hz 440 Hz
Ring back tone (US) 440 Hz 480 Hz
The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise

Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and
inter-modulation products will not cause an
unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of
another, the difference between any two
frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies,
and the sum of any two frequencies does not equal
any of the frequencies. The frequencies were
initially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which is
slightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies may
not vary more than ±1.5% from their nominal
frequency, or the switching center will ignore the
signal. The high frequencies may be the same
volume or louder as the low frequencies when sent
across the line. The loudness difference between the
high and low frequencies can be as large as 3
decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist".
Why not computer signals instead of DTMF

Radios are a particular animal. They are mostly
analog and they are optimized for voice signals.
DTMF was designed by the engineers to be in the
normal human voice range.
What this means is that DTMF passes transparently
over normal two-way radio channels. It doesn't
require special channel widths, or expensive
equipment. In most instances you can simply attach
a cable to the speaker output of your two-way radio
to a decoder, and it will be ready to go.
It’s straightforward, fast, and easy to understand,
works on most any type of radio, and gives the most
flexible features for the lowest cost!
Embedded system
A hardware system which is designed to perform
a specific task in a particular time period, e.g.
mobile phones
Objectives of embedded system:

Embedded
system is a hardware system which is designed to
perform a specific task in a particular time period.
E.g. mobile phones
Component in an embedded system are as:
Hardware
Input & Output
Software
Input devices are as:

 Sensors
 Keys
 Analog signals
 Pulses
Output devices are:

LED, Relays, 7 segments displays,
LCD, motors, Serial data, Monitor, Opto-couplers.
To design an embedded system following H\W & S\W

are used:
Software’s Hardware’s
Machine language Digital IC’s (driver,
decoder, MUX)
Assembly language linear IC’s (op amp,
ADC, DAC, comparator)
High level language Passive components
(L, C, R’s)
C, C++, java PCB, Relays,
Motors
Characteristics of embedded system:
 Perform a single set of functions.

 It works in a time constraint environment.
 Most of the embedded system avoids mechanical
moving parts because of friction & due to friction
losses are their & hence probability of accuracy
decreases.
 Embedded systems have low cost due to mars
production.
Why I study Embedded System:
 Embedded systems are a rapidly growing field

where growth opportunities are numerous.
 Embedded system plays important roles in our
every day lives even though they might not
necessarily be visible.
 Some of the embedded systems I use every day.
Cell-phone a very common example of embedded
system
Basis components are:

 Keys
 LCD
 Memory Backup
 Some control unit
Applications of Embedded Systems
 Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras,

camcorders,
 Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave
ovens, ...
 Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control,
...)
 Industrial process controllers &
avionics/defense
Applications…
 Computer/Communication products, e.g.,
printers, FAX Machines…
 Emerging multimedia applications & consumer
electronics e.g. cell phones, personal digital
assistants…
Difference between Embedded System & General

Computing Platform
 An embedded system will have very few

resources compared to general purpose computing
systems like a desktop computer.
 The memory capacity and processing power in
an embedded system is limited where as
 It is more challenging to develop an application
in embedded system due to its constricted
environment as compared to developing the same
for a desktop system.
 Some embedded systems run a scaled down
version of operating system called an RTOS (real
time operating system).
Microcontroller
Introduction to Microcontroller and its type
µC 8051
Micro-controller can be of following types
 4 – Bit microcontroller
4 – BIT MICROCONTROLLERS
 Most popular microcontroller made in terms of

production numbers
 Economical
 Application: appliances and toys
 Represent a transition zone between dedicated,

high-volume, 4-bit micro-controllers and the high
performance 16 bit microcontroller
 8 – Bit word size adequate for many computing
tasks and control or monitoring applications.
 Application: simple appliance control, high-
speed machine control, data collection
16 –BIT MICROCONTROLLERS
 Provide faster response and more sophisticated

calculations
 Applications: control of servomechanism like
robot arms
 Design emphasis is more on high speed

computation features and not on chip features like
RAM, ROM, Timers, etc
 Applications: robotics, highly intelligent
instrumentation, avionics, image
 processing, telecommunications, automobiles,
etc
Example: Intel 80960, ARM
Let’s focus on 8051 family of
 Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1981 as

MCS– 51
 Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and
market any version of 8051 depending upon the
speed and on chip ROM
 All versions code compatible
Other members of the 8051 family: 8052, 8031
8052 MICROCONTROLLER
 Has all the features of 8051 along with extra
128 bytes of RAM, a timer and an extra 4K bytes of
on chip ROM
 8051 is upward compatible to 8052
8031 MICROCONTROLLER
 ROM-less 8051 i.e. contains 0 K bytes of on chip
ROM
 An external ROM must be added to make it
functional.
COMPARISON OF 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS
Feature 8051 8031 8052

ROM 4K 0K 8K
RAM(bytes) 128 128 256
Timers 2 2 3
I/O Pins 32 32 32
Serial Port 1 1 1
Interrupt Sources 6 6 8
VERSIONS OF 8051 µC
8751 microcontroller
4K bytes of on chip UV-EPROM require PROM burner,
as Ill as UV-EPROM to erase its contents and takes 20
min erase cycle.
AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation

On chip ROM flash memory, erase cycle in seconds,
furnish fast development.
DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor
On chip ROM in form of NV-RAM form. In NV-RAM has

ability to change the ROM contents one byte at a
time.
OTP (one time programmable) version of the 8051

For mass production, low cost.
8051 family from Philips One of the largest

selections of 8051 microcontrollers, various features
like ADC, DAC, extended I/O, both OTP and flash.
Introduction to Project
Title
“A2Z RoBo”
Hardware used
To design the specified project I require the

following main hardware components.
DTMF decoder IC
One Microcontroller
ULN IC
Four 12V Relays
9-0-9 V transformer for power supply
A PCB on which all the hardware is mounted
A car like structure in which 2 motor are used to

for to & from motion
A 9v battery to provide supply to relays
A 555 timer IC and an amplifier IC
Brief overview of peripherals attached
 DTMF Decoder is used to produce the BCD code

for each key tone.
 ULN IC is used to operate relays.
 Relays are used to control motors.
Subroutine and their working

Delay:
Features
 Keys for entering particular no.
 No. of corresponding key display on LCD
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Power supply
DTMF Decoder
DTMF decoder IC
Pin Description
1 IN+ Non-inverting input Connections to the

front-end differential amplifier.
2 IN- Inverting input
3 GS Gain select. Gives access to output of front-

end amplifier for connection of feedback resistor.
4 VREF Reference voltage output (nominally

VDD/2). May be used to bias the inputs at mid-rail
5 INH* Inhibits detection of tones representing

keys A, B, C, and D
6 PD* Power down. Logic high powers down the

device and inhibits the oscillator. Internal pull down.
7 OSC1 Clock input 3.579545 MHz crystal

connected between these pins completes the
internal oscillator.
8 OSC2 Clock output
9 VSS Negative power supply (normally connected

to 0 V).
10 OE Tri-statable outputs enable (input). Logic high

enables the outputs Q1 - Q4. Internal pull-up
11-14 Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Tri-statable data outputs.
When enabled by OE, provides the code
corresponding to the last valid tone pair Received.
15 StD Delayed steering output. Presents logic
high when a received tone pair has been registered
and the output latch is updated. Returns to logic low
when the voltage on St/GT falls below VTSt
16 ESt Early steering output. Presents logic high

immediately when the digital algorithm detects a
recognizable tone pair (signal condition) any
momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to
return to a logic low.
17 St/GT Steering input/guard time output

(bidirectional). A voltage greater than VTSt detected
at St Causes the device to register the
Detected tone pair and update the output latch. A
voltage less than VTSt free the device to accept a
new tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the
external steering time constant and its state is a
function of ESt and the voltage on St.
18 VDD Positive power supply. (Normally

connected to +5V.)
Microcontroller
Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.
As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can
also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
Address/data bus during accesses to external
Program and data memory in this mode, P0 has
internal Pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes
during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pullups
are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source
four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0
and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter
2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
Timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during
Flash programming and verification.
Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to
Timer/Counter 2), clock-out
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2
capture/reload trigger and direction
control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System
Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System
Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System
Programming)
Port 2
externally being pulled low will source
Current (IIL) because of the internal pullups Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses
to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses
strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of
the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and
some control signals during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 3
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89S52,
as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives
some control signals for Flash programming
And verification
Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory
write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read
strobe)
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine
cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods
after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR
AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this
feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the
RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for
latching the low byte of the address during accesses
to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In
normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate
of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can
be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
Effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to
external program memory. When the AT89S52 is
executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except
that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND
in order to enable the device to fetch code from
external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1
is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal
program executions. This pin also receives the 12-
volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input
to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
ULN 2004A IC
Logic Diagram
Pin Description
The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003A, ULN2004A,

ULQ2003A, and ULQ2004A are high-voltage, high-
current Darlington transistor arrays. Each consists of
seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage
outputs with common -cathode clamp diodes for
switching inductive loads. The collector-current
rating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The
Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current
capability. Applications include relay drivers,
hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED
and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers.
For 100-V (otherwise inter changeable) versions of
the ULN2003A and ULN2004A, see the SN75468 and
SN75469, respectively.
The ULN2001A is a general-
purpose array and can be used with TTL and CMOS
technologies. The ULN2002A is designed specifically
for use with 14-V to 25-V PMOS devices. Each input
of this device has a Zener diode and resistor in series
to control the input current to a safe limit. The
ULN2003A and ULQ2003A have a 2.7-kΩ series base
resistor for each Darlington pair for operation
directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices. The
ULN2004A and ULQ2004A have a 10.5-kΩ series base
resistor to allow operation directly from CMOS
devices that use supply voltages of 6 V to 15 V. The
required input current of the ULN/ULQ2004A is
below that of the ULN/ULQ2003A, and the required
voltage is less than that required by the ULN2002A.
SOFTWARE USED IN THE PROJECT
Software is the main part which performs all the

functions happening in the project i.e. when a key is
pressed then what happens at the back hand is
controlled by only the software & corresponding to
that what the action performed by controller itself
also specified in the software & output taken by user
by just operating it. There is no issue of
programming skills in user because it is only one
time burning process after that, it will continue with
its working.
This project is working on the software
made in “embedded C” language which is compiled
by the keil compiler ‘student version’.
Software of project is as defined below:
;***********************************************************
; NAME OF THE PROGRAMMER: ZATIN GUPTA
; PROGRAM VERSION: 007
; STATUS: DEVELOPING
;******************HARDWARE DECALARATION*************
buzzer bit p2.4

irr bit p2.5
relay1 bit p2.3
relay2 bit p2.2
relay3 bit p2.1
relay4 bit p2.0
signal equ p1
;*******************INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE***********
org 000h ;RESET INTERRUPT

sjmp poweron
org 0003h ;EXTERNAL INT0
reti
org 000bh ;TIMER0
reti
org 0013h ;EXTERNAL INT1
reti
org 001bh ;TIMER1
reti
org 0023h ;SERIAL COM
reti
;**********************POWER ON*****************************
org 0030h ;ORIGIN ADDRESSED BY

0030H
poweron: mov sp,#70h ;MOV 70H data
mov IE,#00h ;DISABLE INTERRUPT
ENABLE
mov IP,#00h ;DISABLE INTERRUPT
PRIORITY
mov P0,#0FFh ;PORT0 SHOULD BE
INTIALLY HIGH
mov P1,#0ffh ;PORT1 SHOULD BE
INTIALLY HIGH
mov P2,#0FFh ;PORT2 SHOULD BE
INTIALLY HIGH
mov P3,#0ffh ;PORT3 SHOULD BE
INTIALLY HIGH
;********************RAM_CLR ROUTINE********************
mov r0,#7fh
ram_clr: mov @R0,#00H
DJNZ R0,ram_clr
;*********************MAIN
PROGRAM***************************
acall delay
main:
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
cjne a,#0001110b,check1
mov p2,#11110001b
acall delay
sjmp main
check1:
acall delay
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
mov p2,#11111000b
acall delay
sjmp main
check2:
acall delay
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
mov p2,#11110010b
acall delay
sjmp main
check3:
acall delay
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
acall delay
sjmp main
check4:
acall delay
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
mov p2,#11110100b
acall delay
sjmp main
check5:
acall delay
mov a,signal
anl a,#00011110b
cjne a,#00000110b,exit
mov p2,#11110000b
acall delay
sjmp main
exit:
acall delay
sjmp main
;**************************DELAY****************************
delay:
mov r1,#100d
again: mov r2,#100d
back: mov r3,#20d
loop: djnz r3,loop
djnz r2,back
djnz r1,again
ret
;*****************************END**************************
HARDWARE TESTING
WITHOUT IC
Power off testing: in this testing module I have

checked continuity to all the peripherals mounted on
the PCB i.e. if there is any loose connection or
breakage in between connections then it must be
repaired.
Continuity in between
 Decoder with controller and LED’s

 Controller with ULN2004A
 ULN & Relays
 All the components connected to IC’s
 Keys must be short on pressing
 When key pressed then it short with
encoder pin
 Signal goes from encoder to decoder also
non distorted
 Output of decoder in BCD form supplied to
LED’s so, that connection also tight
 DTMF signal density does not attenuate by
the interference of supply voltage
Power on testing: in this module all the frequencies,

voltages, ground, +ve, -ve points checked i.e. is all
the requirements are fulfilled or not i.e. voltages &
frequencies supplied or generated by supply & CO is
right or not. In this:
Vcc=5v
Gnd=0v
Reset=0v initial & 5v pressed
EA=5v
WITH IC
With IC testing, power on testing type, in which IC

also mounted on its base & supply connected to
main. In this some parameters are observed which
are mentioned as below:
Vcc=5v
Gnd=0v
Reset= low-high-low
EA=5v
Crystal Oscillator: in this there are 2 parameters as
below
Voltage
Frequency
Voltage at 18 & 19 pin <=2v
Frequency=11.0592MHz
SOFTWARE TESTING
This is that testing module in which the hardware

components are tested by running software on them
to check only the connections and hardware. The
different hardware tested in this module is given as
with their software’s:
RELAYS
Relays are used to control electrical appliances

connected with this project. The relays connected
are SPDT relays hence not control DC motor so to
control DC motor we require DPDT relays hence
these relays can control all appliances except DC
motor. To check this hardware the software is as:
For first relay
relay bit p2.3

main:
mov relay,#0f7h
acall delay
mov relay,#0fbh
acall delay
mov relay,#0fdh
acall delay
mov relay,#0feh
acall delay
sjmp main
delay:
MOV R5,#20d
lp2: MOV R6,#200d
lp1: MOV R7,#250d
lp0: djnz R7,lp0
djnz R6,lp1
djnz R5,lp2
Ret
For Second relay
relay bit p2.2

main:
mov relay,#0f7h
acall delay
mov relay,#0fbh
acall delay
mov relay,#0fdh
acall delay
mov relay,#0feh
acall delay
sjmp main
delay:
MOV R5,#20d
lp2: MOV R6,#200d
lp1: MOV R7,#250d
lp0: djnz R7,lp0
djnz R6,lp1
djnz R5,lp2
Ret
For Third relay
relay bit p2.1

main:
mov relay,#0f7h
acall delay
mov relay,#0fbh
acall delay
mov relay,#0fdh
acall delay
mov relay,#0feh
acall delay
sjmp main
delay:
MOV R5,#20d
lp2: MOV R6,#200d
lp1: MOV R7,#250d
lp0: djnz R7,lp0
djnz R6,lp1
djnz R5,lp2
Ret
For Fourth relay
relay bit p2.0

main:
mov relay,#0f7h
acall delay
mov relay,#0fbh
acall delay
mov relay,#0fdh
acall delay
mov relay,#0feh
acall delay
sjmp main
delay:
MOV R5,#20d
lp2: MOV R6,#200d
lp1: MOV R7,#250d
lp0: djnz R7,lp0
djnz R6,lp1
djnz R5,lp2
Ret
APPLICATION OF PROJECT
As the name suggest this project has many

applications in today life as mentioned below:
Main use of this project may either in an

industry or in home
Controlling home appliances for power saving

operations
It creates automatic controlling the power in

the field of switching the appliances
This is the idea which done the multiplexing of

telecomm with electrical field i.e. Using telecomm
controlling the electrical instruments
FURTHER WORK
There is another 3 steps which are applicable over

this project they are as mentioned as below:
 The next applicable step is: make it reliable

hence no losses of signal takes place.
 Next to next step is: mount the whole circuit

over the car.
 Last but not the least step is: arranging a

battery for power supply so that the robot moves
freely.
REFERENCE
To complete this project successfully I need to refer

with many websites and books some of them are as
mentioned below:
Websites
 www.google.com
 www.emtech.in
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.alldatasheet.com
 www.dogpile.com
 www.electroguys.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.efy.com
Books
 Mazidi
 Programming & customizing the PIC &
microcontrollers ( e-book)

A2Z Robo: Project Report

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A2Z Robo: Project Report

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PROJECT REPORT

A2Z RoBo (@2%) ™

I take this opportunity to express my sincere

I am indebted to the Mr. Naveen for providing expert

I thank everyone who has been linked to this project

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used

DTMF is an example of a multi-frequency shift keying

DTMF Event Frequencies

The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise

Why not computer signals instead of DTMF

Objectives of embedded system:

Component in an embedded system are as:

Input devices are as:

Output devices are:

To design an embedded system following H\W & S\W

Characteristics of embedded system:

 Perform a single set of functions.

Why I study Embedded System:

 Embedded systems are a rapidly growing field

Basis components are:

Applications of Embedded Systems

 Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras,

Difference between Embedded System & General

 An embedded system will have very few

Introduction to Microcontroller and its type

 Most popular microcontroller made in terms of

 Represent a transition zone between dedicated,

 Provide faster response and more sophisticated

 Design emphasis is more on high speed

Example: Intel 80960, ARM

Let’s focus on 8051 family of

 Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1981 as

COMPARISON OF 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS

Feature 8051 8031 8052

AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation

On chip ROM in form of NV-RAM form. In NV-RAM has

OTP (one time programmable) version of the 8051

8051 family from Philips One of the largest

To design the specified project I require the

Four 12V Relays

9-0-9 V transformer for power supply

A PCB on which all the hardware is mounted

A car like structure in which 2 motor are used to

A 9v battery to provide supply to relays

A 555 timer IC and an amplifier IC

 DTMF Decoder is used to produce the BCD code

Subroutine and their working

1 IN+ Non-inverting input Connections to the

2 IN- Inverting input

3 GS Gain select. Gives access to output of front-

4 VREF Reference voltage output (nominally

5 INH* Inhibits detection of tones representing

6 PD* Power down. Logic high powers down the

7 OSC1 Clock input 3.579545 MHz crystal

8 OSC2 Clock output

9 VSS Negative power supply (normally connected

10 OE Tri-statable outputs enable (input). Logic high

16 ESt Early steering output. Presents logic high

17 St/GT Steering input/guard time output

18 VDD Positive power supply. (Normally

Port Pin Alternate Functions

Port Pin Alternate Functions

;*********INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE*