THE GLOBAL FILIPINO

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BECOME GLOBAL FILIPINO?

THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL INCOME

1. The Philippine economy depends largely on

incomes from jobs with global connections.
THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL INCOME

2. The business process outsourcing (BPO)

that the Philippines provides for foreign
clients.
THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL INCOME

3. The third source of national income is

comprised of exports.
THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL INCOME

4. The fourth largest source of income is tourism, which

reached about $6.05 billion by the end of 2016.
Filipinos really have very little choice but to accept
this globalized state as a country and a people.
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. discuss the relationship between population and economic welfare;
2. identify the effects of aging and overpopulation; and
3. differentiate between contrasting positions over reproductive
health.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Demography refers to the study of human populations – their size, composition and
distribution across space – and the process through which populations change.
Births, deaths and migration are the 'big three' of demography, jointly producing
population stability or change.
Mortality refers to the level of death within a population as measured by the
number of deaths and the death rates characterizing that population during a
particular time period. Death is defined as the complete cessation of life after a
live birth has taken place.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

NATALITY. MORTALITY. 1) The birth rate in a given population is called Natality.

2) Birth rate refers to the total number of live births per 1000 in a given population
during a given time period or a year. 1) The death rate in a given population is
called Mortality.

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. As a measure, fertility rate is

the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population.
WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT OVERPOPULATION?
 WATCH THIS VIDEO

https://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=VUTP93qWV7I
What are the “perils” of
overpopulation?
THOMAS MALTHUS
THO,MAS MALTHUS’ ESSAY
PAUL R. EHRLICH
PAUL R. EHRLICH

They proposed to reduce the growth rate to zero.

They recommended the following:
1. Chemical castration – bizarre suggestion
2.Taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child-related products – policy
oriented suggestion
3. Paying off men who would agree to be sterilized after two children – monetary
incentives
4. Creation of a powerful Department of Population and Environment – institution
building
IT’S THE ECONOMY, NOT THE BABIES!

Betsy Hartmann
 She accused governments of using population control as a
“substitute for social justice and much needed reforms- such as
land distribution, employment creation, provision of mass
education and health care, and emancipation.”
IT’S THE ECONOMY, NOT THE BABIES!

Other Views
 Population did grow fast in many countries in the 1960s, and
this growth “aided economic development by spurring
technological and institutional innovation and increasing the
supply of human ingenuity.”
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

 Women – often the subject of population measures.

 Reproductive rights supporters – women must have control over whether they will have
children or not.
 Most countries implement health laws because they worry about the health of the
mother.
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

Feminists approach the issue of reproductive rights

from another angle. They are, foremost, against any form of
population control because they are compulsory by nature,
resorting to a carrot-and-stick approach (punitive
mechanism co-exist alongside benefits) that actually does
not empower women.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY

• Today's global population has reached 7.4 billion. it is estimated to increase to 9.5
billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100.
• Demographers predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion,
although they warn that feeding this population will be an immense challenge.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY

 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that in order for
countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food
production must increase by 70%.
 The FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in
agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty, and
invest in research and development.
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. discuss the origins and manifestations of global environmental crises;
2. relate everyday encounters with pollution, global warming, desertification, ozone
depletion, and many others with a larger picture of environmental degradation; and
3. examine the policies and programs of governments around the world that address the
environmental crisis.
SOMETHING TO PONDER

The world is better without human beings.

The world is better with human beings.
Which one is appropriate to say?
10 MAJOR CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Watch this video that tells about 10 major environmental

problems. Be able to narrate your thoughts about the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0pB1qw8SMs
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

1. The depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and plastic

in the ground; the defiling of the sea, rivers, and water beds by oil spills and
acid rain; the dumping of urban waste.
2. Changes in global weather patterns (flash floods, extreme snowstorms,
and the spread of deserts) and the surge in ocean and land temperatures
leading to a rise in sea levels, plus the flooding of many lowland areas across
the world.
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

3. Overpopulation
4. The exhaustion of the world's natural non-renewable
resources from oil reserves to minerals to potable
water.
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

5. A waste disposal catastrophe due to the excessive amount of waste unloaded by

communities in landfills as well as on the ocean; and the dumping of nuclear waste.
6.The destruction of million-year-old ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity that have led
to the extinction of particular species and the decline in the number of others.
7.The reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because
of deforestation, resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent in the last
250 years.
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

8. The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from

the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays to due to chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) in the atmosphere.
9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic
chemicals from erupting volcanoes, and the massive rotting
vegetables filling up garbage dumps or left on the streets.
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

10.Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste

residues seeping into underground water tables, rivers , and seas.
11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a
megapolis, destroying farmlands, increasing traffic gridlock, and
making smog cloud a permanent urban fixture.
THE WORLD'S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

12. Pandemics and other threats to public health arising from

wastes mixing with drinking water, polluted environments that
become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and disease-carrying
rodents, and pollution.
13. A radical alteration of food systems because of genetic
modification in food production.
MAN-MADE POLLUTION
MAN-MADE POLLUTION

• It has been the poor who are most severely affected by these environmental problems.
Their low income and poverty already put them at a disadvantage by not having the
resources to afford goof health care, to live in unpolluted areas, to eat healthy food, etc.
• In Metropolitan Manila, 37 percent (4 million people) of the population live in slum
communities, areas where "the effects of urban environmental problems and threats of
climate change are also most pronounced.... due to their hazardous location, poor air
pollution and solid waste management, weak disaster risk management, and limiting
coping strategies of household
CATCHING UP AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• The massive environmental problems are difficult to resolve because governments believe
that for their countries to become fully developed, they must be industrialized, urbanized
and inhabited by a robust middle class with access to the best of modern amenities.
• A developed society, accordingly, must also have provisions for the poor - jobs in the
industrial sector, public transport system, and cheap food. Food depends on a country's
free trade with other food producers. It also relies on a "modernized" agricultural sector
in which toxic technologies (such as fertilizers or pesticides) and modified crops (e.g.,
high-yielding varieties of rice) ensure maximized productivity.
COMBATING GLOBAL WARMING

• Governments have their own environmental problems to deal with, but these states'
ecological concerns become worldwide due to global warming, which transcends national
boundaries. Global warming is the result of billions to tons on carbon dioxide, various air
pollutants, and other gases accumulating in the atmosphere.
• These pollutants trap the sun's radiation causing the warming of the earth's surface.With the
current amount of carbon dioxide and other gases, this "greenhouse effect" has sped up the
rise in the world' temperature.
• The greenhouse effect is responsible for recurring heat waves and long droughts in certain
places, as well as for heavier rainfall and devastating hurricanes and typhoons in others.
COMBATING GLOBAL WARMING

• Combating global warming

• More countries are now recognizing the perils of global warming. In 1997, 192 countries
signed the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases, following the 1992 United Nations
Earth Summit where a Framework Convention for Climate Change was finalized.
• Social movements have had success working together, with some pressure on their
governments to regulate global warming. When local alliances between the state, schools, and
communities are replicated at thee national level, the success becomes doubly significant.
•
GLOBAL MIGRATION
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1.identify the reasons for the migration of people;
2.explain why states regulate migration; and
3.discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states.
WHAT IS MIGRATION?

• It refers to the movement from one part of

something to another.
• Human migration refers to the movement of
people from one place to another with the
intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily
at a new location
 Why do people migrate?
Explain the various reasons why people move
from one place to another.
 TYPES OF MIGRATION

Internal migration refers to people moving from one area to

another within one country
International migration refers to people who cross borders of
one country to another.
TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

1. Immigrants
2. Workers
3. Illegal migrants
4. Migrants
5. Refugees or Asylum-seekers
ABOUT MIGRANTS

• 247 million people – living outside their countries

• 90% - moved for economic reasons, 10% refugees or asylum-
seekers
• Top 3 regions of origins – Latin America (18%), Eastern Europe
and Central Asia (16%), Middle East and North Africa (14%)
ABOUT MIGRANTS

• Per Country – India, Mexico, and China were leading while the Philippines
and Afghan rank 6th
• Top 10 Destinations – West, Middle East, US at the top of the list
• 50% of global migrants moved from developing to the developed zones of
the world; they contribute from 40-80% of their work force
Are migrants assets or liabilities to national
development?
MIGRANT CONTRIBUTION TO DESTINATION
COUNTRY IN 2015
Country Contribution Percentage of GDP

United States $2 trillion 11 percent

Germany $550 billion 17 percent

United Kingdom $390 billion 14 percent

Australia $330 billion 25 percent

Canada $320 billion 21 percent

ANTI-IMMIGRANTS

Anti-immigrants and nationalists argue that government must

control legal immigrants and put a stop of illegal entry of
foreigners
Pres. Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister Theresa May –
reverse existing pro-immigration and refugee-sympathetic
policies
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING
COUNTRIES
• 90% generated by migrant workers remains in the host country. However,
migrants sent billions back to their countries
• In 2014, remittance totaled $580 billion. India- $70 billion, China - $62
billion, Philippines - $28 billion, Mexico - $25 billion
• Remittances –change economic and social standing of migrants’ family,
purchasing power of migrants’ family double
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING
COUNTRIES
• ADB – remittances help lifting household poverty but not in
rebalancing growth especially in the long run.
• Global migration is siphoning qualified personnel, removing
dynamic workers. This process is known as brain drain
THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

• US Federal Bureau of Investigation lists human trafficking third criminal

activity worldwide
• 2012 – 21 million men, women, children are victims of forced labor
• Human trafficking – very profitable earning syndicates, smugglers, and
corrupt officials profits $150 billion a year in 2014
Global migration entails the globalization of
people and like the broader globalization it is
uneven.
 1. 3.1 Learning Activity
Presentation: What Religion are
You in? – submission until
Saturday, Oct. 24, 2020@ 11:59
PM
Reminder
2. 3.2 Quiz 2: Edpuzzel Video on 5
Major World Religions -
submission until Saturday, Oct
24, 2020@ 11:59 PM
The Globalization of
Religion
 At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain how globalization affects religious
practices and beliefs;
Intended 2. identify the various religious responses to
Learning globalization; and
3. discuss the future of religion in a globalized
Outcomes world .
 How does religion
influence a person’s
way of life?
 the belief in and worship of a
superhuman controlling power,
especially a personal God or gods.
a particular system of faith and
worship.
Religion
a pursuit or interest to which someone
ascribes supreme importance
 Much more than culture, it has the most
difficult relationship with globalism.
It is more concerned with the sacred;
globalism places value on material wealth.
It follows divine commandments; globalism
abides by human-made laws.
Religion In religion, God, Allah, or Yahweh defines
and judges human actions in moral terms.
In globalism, human actions will lead to the
highest material satisfaction.
 It regards identities associated with
globalism (citizenship, language, and
race) as inferior and narrow because
they are earthly categories.
Membership to a religious group,
Religion organizations, or cult represents a
superior affiliation that connects
humans directly to the divine and the
supernatural.
How would you
describe a
religious person?
 Someone less concern with wealth and all that
comes along with it.
Someone who shuns anything material for
complete simplicity.
His main duty is to live a virtuous life, sin-less
Religious life such that when he dies, he is assured of a
person place in the other world (i.e., heaven).
He is someone who aspires to become a saint.
He detests politics and the quest for power
for they are evidence of humanity’s weakness.
 He is concerned with spreading holy
ideas globally.
Example:
American Born-Again Christians, Sufi
Religious and Shiite Muslim order, Buddhist
person monasteries, Catholic, Protestant, and
Mormon churches – they are into
spreading the word of God.
 Religious groups
The religious and philosophical differences explain why certain groups flee
their communities to create sanctuaries where they can practice their religion
without the meddling and control of state authorities.
Example:
1. Followers of Dalai Lama – established Tibet
2. Buddhist monasteries – located away from civilization so that hermits can
devote themselves to prayer and contemplation.
 Religious groups

3. Rizalistas in Mount Banahaw – they isolated

themselves.
4. Israel – believers in One God
5. Mormons in Utah
 In actuality, the relationship between
religion and globalization is much more
complicated.
Peter Burger argues that far from being
secularized, the "contemporary world is...
Realities furiously religious.
about In most of the world, there are veritable
explosions of religious fervor, occurring
Religion in one form of another in all major
religious traditions – Christianity,
Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
and even Confucianism.
 Religions become the foundations of modern
republics.
Example:
1. Malaysian government – places religion at
Realities the center of political system.
2. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini – “there is no
about fundamental distinction among
Religion constitutional, despotic, dictatorial, and
communistic regimes. All secular ideologies
were the same – they were flawed – and
Islamic rule was the superior form of
government because it was spiritual.
  Religious movements do not hesitate to
appropriate secular themes and practices.
Example:
Muslim association Nahdlatul Ulama in Indonesia –
it has Islamic school; students were also taught
modern science, banking, education, democracy, etc.
Realities
 In other cases, religion was the result of a shift in
about state policy.
Example:
Religion Church in England – shaped by the rationality of
democratic and bureaucratic culture. King Henry
VIII broke away from Catholicism, established his
own church to bolster his power.
 Example:
In the US, religion and law fused to
Realities help build modern secular society
about Jose Casanova – “historically,
religion has always been the center
Religion of all great political conflicts and
movements of social reforms.”
 Religion for and against Globalization

There is hardly a religious movement today that does not use religion to
oppose "profane" globalization. Yet, two of the so-called "old world
religions" - Christianity and Islam - see globalization less as an obstacle and
more as an opportunity to expand their reach all over the world.
Religious fundamentalism may dislike globalization's materialism, but it
continues to use "the full range of modern means of communication and
organization" that is associated with this economic transformation.
 Religion for and against Globalization

 Some Muslims view globalization as a Trojan horse hiding supporters of

Western Values like secularism, liberalism, or even communism ready to
spread these ideas in their areas to eventually displace Islam.
The World Council of Churches – an association of different Protestant
congregations – criticized economic globalization’s negative effects.
The Catholic church and its leader, Pope Francis, condemned globalization’s
“throw-away culture” that is fatally destined to suffocate hope and increase
risks and threats.
THE GLOBAL CITY
 THE GLOBAL CITY

What makes a city a global city?

SASKIA SASSEN
THE GLOBAL CITIES

1. New York 2. London 3.Tokyo

GLOBAL CITIES

1. Los Angeles – movie-making mecca can now rival the Big Apple’s cultural influence
2. San Francisco – the home of the most powerful internet companies – Facebook,
Twitter, and Google
3. Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou – centers of trade and finance.The Shanghai Stock
Exchange in the late 1990’s become the fifth largest stock market in the world.
Shanghai plays a critical role in the global economic supply chain. It has the world’s
busiest container port, moving over 33 million units in 2013.
4. In Australia, Sydney – commands the greatest proportion of capital
5. Melbourne – described by many magazines as the world’s “most livable city”
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

1. Economic Opportunities
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

2.To measure the economic competitiveness of a city,The Economist Intelligence Unit has
added other criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class,
and potential for growth.
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

3.Global cities are centers of authority.

INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

4. The cities that house major international organizations may also be

considered centers of political influence.
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

5. Global cities are centers of higher learning and culture.

THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY

Global cities conjure up images of fast-paced, exciting,

cosmopolitan lifestyles. However, global cities also have
undersides.
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY

Because of the sheer size of city populations across the world, it is not surprising that
urban areas consume most of the world’s energy.
Cities consume 2 percent of the world’s landmass, but they consume 78 percent of global
energy.
Cities like Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense – their lack of public transportation and
the inability to regulate car industries have made the cities extremely polluted.
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY

Cities, especially those with global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their
high populations and their role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR

Many cities in the developing countries are sites of contradiction. In places like Mumbai,
Jakarta, and Manila, it common to find gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns.
Media and
Globalization
Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1.analyze how various media drive different forms of global integration;
2.compare the social impacts of different media on the processes of globalization;
3.explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production; and
4.define responsible media consumption.
What do you think is the important
role of Media in Globalization?
Media and Globalization
Globalization entails the spread of various cultures.
Example: A film made in Hollywood is shown in cities across the globe
Globalization also involves the spread of ideas.
Example: The notion on the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender (LGBT) is spreading across the globe and becoming more
widely accepted.
Today, TV programs, social media groups, books, movies, magazines, and
the like have made easier for advocates to reach larger audiences.
Media and Globalization

Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global
culture and ideas.
Media and its functions

Jack Lule describes media as "a means of conveying something such as a

channel of communication." When commentators refer to "media" they
mean the technologies of mass communication.
Marshall McLuhan once declared that "the medium is the message." His
statement was an attempt to draw attention to how media, as a form of
technology, reshape societies.
Example:
1. Television is not only a simple bearer of messages; it also shapes the
social behavior of users and reorient family behavior.
Media and its functions
2. Smart phones allows users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people
at the same time.
Marshall McLuhan asked whether how media, as a form of
communication, reshape the society. Media has both positive and
negatives effects. On one hand, one of the positive effects of media is to
expand the reach of communication. On the other hand, one of the
negative effects of media is to amputate and limit human senses.
Example: The medium of writing – before people wrote things on
parchment, they had to have retentive memories. When papyrus
introduced after the fourth BCE, storytellers no longer had to rely
completely on their memories.
Media and Its Functions

Three types media;

1. Print media – books, magazines, and newspapers
2. Broadcast media – radio, film, and television
3. Digital media – internet and mobile mass communication. In
internet media, there are e-mail, internet sites, social media,
and internet-based video and audio.
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

• McLuhan used his analysis of technology to examine the impact of

electronic media. He analyzed the social changes brought about by
television.
• He declared that TV was turning the world into a “global village.” It means
the perception of the world would be the same.
• In the years after McLuhan, media scholars grappled with the challenges
of a global media culture. They assumed that global media had a
tendency to homogenize culture.
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

• Commentators believed that media globalization coupled

with American hegemony would create a form of cultural
imperialism whereby American values and culture would
overwhelm all others.
• In 1976, media critic Herbert Schiller argued that not only was
the world being Americanized, but this process also led to the
spread of "American" capitalist values like consumerism.
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

• Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism ignored the fact that media
messages are not just made by producers, they are also consumed by
audiences.
• Apart from the challenge of audience studies, the cultural imperialism
thesis has been belied by the renewed strength of regional trends in the
globalization process.
Example: Asian culture proliferated worldwide through the globalization of
media.
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

• Japanese brands – hello kitty, Mario Brothers, Pokémon are now indelible
part of global popular culture.
• Korean pop (K-pop) and Korean telenovelas are widely successful
regionally and globally.
• Sushi - the most obvious case of globalized Asian cuisine
• McDonalds – continued to spread across Asia
• Philippine Jollibee – the number choice for fast food in Brunie
Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes

• As with all new media, social media have both beneficial and negative
effects. These form of communication have democratized access.
Anyone with an internet connection or a smart phone can use Facebook
and Twitter for free. These media have enabled users to be consumers and
producers of information simultaneously.
• The dark side of social media shows that even a seemingly open and
democratic media may be co-opted towards undemocratic means.
Global online propaganda will be the biggest threat to face a the
globalization of media deepens.
Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes

• As consumers of media, users must remain vigilant and learn how to

distinguish fact from falsehood in a global media landscape that allows
politicians to peddle what President Trump’s senior advisers now call
“alternative facts.”
• Though people must be critical of mainstream media and traditional
journalism that may also operate based on vested interest, we must also
insist that some sources are more credible than others.
 Take the PRELIM EXAM – the exam is
Take available until Today only, Monday, Oct.
19, 2020@ 11:59PM.

Answer the Edpuzzel Video on the Most

Underrated Region – submission due on
Reminder: Answer
Wednesday, Oct. 21, 2020@11:59PM

Answer 3.1 Quiz 1 A World of Regions –

Submit submission due date Wednesday, Oct.
21, 2020@ 11:59PM
A World
of Regions
  At the end of this lesson, you should be
A World of able to:

Regions 1. differentiate between regionalization and

globalization;
2. identify the factors leading to a greater
integration of the Asian region;
3. explain how regions are formed and kept
together; and
4. discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of regionalism

 Regions are “a group of countries
located in the same geographically
specified are.”

Regions They are “an amalgamation of two

regions or combination of more than two
regions” organized to regulate and
oversee flows and policy choices.
What is the difference between
regionalism and regionalization?

 Regionalization refers to the regional

concentration of economic flows.

 Regionalism is a process characterized by

economic policy cooperation and coordination
among countries.

 Regionalism

Regionalism  It is often seen as a political and

economic phenomenon.
 It can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological
sustainability and health.
 It is also a process, and must be
treated as an “emergent, socially
constituted phenomenon.”
 It means regions are not natural or
given; rather, they are constructed
and defined by policymakers,
economic actors, and even social
movements.
How do countries in the region
respond economically and
politically to globalization?
 China offers its cheap and huge workforce to attract
How do foreign businesses and expand trade with countries it
countries in once considered its enemies but now sees as
markets for its goods (e.g., the Us and Japan)
the region
respond Singapore and Switzerland developed their countries
into financial and banking hubs.
economically
and politically Singapore developed its harbor facilities and made
them a first class transit port for ships carrying
to different commodities from Africa, Europe, Middle
East, and mainland Southeast Asia to countries in the
globalization? Asia-Pacific.


A World of Why do countries form regional
Regions organizations?
 It is a way of coping with the
challenges of globalization.
 Globalization has made
people aware of the world in
general; it has also made
Filipinos more cognizant of
specific areas such as
Southeast Asia.
 1. Military defense
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Why do (NATO) was founded by the Western
countries form European countries and United States of
America during the Cold War to protect
regional Europe against the Soviet Union.
organizations?
While, the Soviet Union created a
regional alliance known as Warsaw Pact
alliance composed of Eastern European
countries under Soviet domination.
The Soviet Union imploded in 1991, but
NATO remains in place.
 2. To pool their resources, get better returns for their
exports as well as expand their leverage against
Why do trading partners.

countries form  The organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 by Iran,
regional Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to
regulate the production and sale of oil.
organizations?
 The OPEC power was felt in 1970s when the
production and price of oil was controlled by the
said organization.
 OPEC’s success convinced nine other oil-
producing countries to join it.
 3. To protect their independence from the
pressure of the super politics.
Why do
 The Non-Align Movement was founded in
countries form 1961 by the presidents of Egypt, Ghana,
regional India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia to
organizations? establish world peace, international
cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality,
non-intervention and peaceful conflict
resolution.
 At its peak, the NAM had 120 members.
 Why do 4. Economic crisis compels countries to come
together.
countries form
regional  The Thai economic crisis made the ASEAN
countries along with China, Japan and South
organizations? Korea more unified and coordinated in saving
the economy of Thailand that collapsed in
1996.

 The crisis made ASEAN more “unified and

coordinated.”
Non-State Regionalism

 Although state regionalism is very popular in advancing

regional economic and political stability, non state
regionalism nowadays are also gaining its presence in
addressing the common problems confronted by the
region in term of economic, politics, health, culture,
environment and ect.
 Claudio and Abinales identified some forms and
examples of Non State Regionalism;

 1. Non State regionalism varies in forms.

Non-State First, There are tiny associations that focus

on a single issue or huge intercontinental
Regionalism unions that address a multitude of
common problems.
Second, organizations representing the
non state regionalism rely on the power
of individuals, NGOs, Non-Government
Organizations and other associations.
Third, non-state regionalism is identified
with reformists who shared the values.
  2. Non State regionalism has different
strategies and tactics.
Non-State  Some organizations partner with
Regionalism governments to social change. For
examples, Citizen Diplomacy Forum
(CDF) tries to influence the policies
and programs of the organizations of
American States.
 AsianParliamentarianforHumanRightw
asinispushingtopreventdiscrimination,u
phold political freedom, promote
democracy and human rights through
out the region.

 3. Regional organizations dedicate
themselves to specialized causes.
Non-State Examples:
Regionalism 1. Rain forest Foundation was established
to protect the indigenous people and
the forest in Brazil, Guyana, Panama and
Peru.
2. Regional Interfaith Youth Networks was
formed to promote conflict prevention,
resolution, peace education and
sustainable development.
3. Migrant Forum in Asia is committed to
protect and promote the rights and
welfare of migrant workers.

 4. Non state regionalism differs from state
regionalism in identifying social
Non-State problems.

Regionalism For instance, states treat poverty or

environmental degradation as technical
or economic issues that can be resolved
by refining the existing programs of the
state agencies, making minor changes in
economic policies and creating offices
that address these issues. While non state
regionalism advocated these issues as
reflections of flawed development and
environmental models.

Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism

 1. Regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most

serious of which is the resurgence of militant nationalism
and populism.
 2. ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent
to which member countries should sacrifice their
sovereignty for the sake of regional stability.
 3. A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what
regionalism should be for.
Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism

 4. Western governments may see regional organizations

not simply as economic formations but also as
instruments of political democratization.
 5. Singapore, China, and Russia see democracy as an
obstacle to the implementation and deepening of
economic globalization because constant public inquiry
about economic projects and lengthy debate slow
down implementation or lead to unclear outcomes.
REMINDER

1. Please answer the 2.1 Edpuzzel Video on History and Functions of the
United Nations – due date on Saturday, October 17, 2020, 11:59PM.
2. Please take the 2.1 Quiz 2 United Nations – due on Saturday, October
17, 2020, 11:59PM.
3. Prepare for your individual graded recitation today – One-minute
recitation later.
THE UNITED NATIONS
AND CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define global governance;
2. identify the roles and functions of the United Nations; and
3. determine the challenges of global governance in the 21st
century;
THE UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

What does global governance refer to?

THE UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The fact that states in an international order continue to adhere to
certain global norms means that there is a semblance of world order
despite the lack of a single world government.
Global governance refers to the various intersecting processes that
create this order.
THE UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global governance or world governance is a movement
towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed
at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one
state or region. Wikipedia
THE UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Is there already an existing Global Government?

Let’s have a poll survey of your answer.

WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (IO)?

It refers to international intergovernmental organizations or groups

that are primarily made up of member-states.
It is not merely an amalgamations of various state interests.
It can thus become influential as independent organizations.
WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

International relations scholars Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore

listed the following powers of IOs.
1. IOs have the power of classification.
They create powerful standard. Example: UN High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) defines what a refugee is. And since states are
required to accept refugees entering their borders, this power to establish
identity has concrete effects.
WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

2. IOs have the power to fix meanings.

This is a broader function related to the first. Terms like “security”
or “development” need to be well-defined. States, organizations and
individual view IOs as legitimate sources of information. Example: UN
defined security as not just safety from military violence, but also safety
from environmental harm.
WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

3. IOs have the power to diffuse norms.

Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict law, but
produce regularity in behavior. IOs do not only classify and fix meanings;
they also spread their ideas across the world, thereby establishing global
standards.
 THE UNITED NATIONS

What does UN do?

Mechanics:
1. Watch and enjoy the video.
2. Explain the important function of the United Nations according to the
video clip.
3. Prepare for a-minute presentation of your output.
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XucDIQXMp2c
THE UNITED NATIONS

After the collapse of the League of Nations at the end of World War
II, countries that worried about another global war to push for the
formation of a more lasting international league. The result was the creation
of the UN. Its primary goal is to avert another global war"
THE UNITED NATIONS

Five active Organs of UN

1. General Assembly (GA)
2. Security Council (SC)
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
5. Secretariat -UN Admin
THE UNITED NATIONS

1. General Assembly (GA)

- The main deliberative policymaking and representative organ.
- Decisions on important questions require two-thirds majority of the GA.
- Annually, the assembly elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of
office.
- There are 193 member-states.
- Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from 1949-
1950.
THE UNITED NATIONS

2. Security Council (SC)

- Considered as the most powerful organ
- The permanent 5 members (P5) are – China, France, Russia, United
Kingdom, and United States
- The GA elects 10 other members for a two-year term.
THE UNITED NATIONS

3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

- The principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and
recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed development goals.
- It has 54 members elected for three-year terms.
- It is the UN’s central platform for discussion on sustainable development.
THE UNITED NATIONS

4. International Court of Justice

- The task is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes
submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by
authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
THE UNITED NATIONS

5. The Secretariat
- It consists of the “Secretary-General” and tens of thousands of
international members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as
mandated by the General Assembly and the organization’s other principal
organs.
CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The biggest challenge of the United Nations is related to issues of security.

The need to respect state sovereignty.
UN security Council is tasked with authorizing international acts of military
intervention.
• Kosovo War in late 90s
• Civil war in Syria
• 2001 War in Iraq
FRIENDLY REMINDER

1. 2.1 Discussion on History of Global Politics - In 3-5 sentences, provide

a comprehensive presentation and/ or answer to the question you have
chosen. Write your answer in the reply box below.
2. Submit 2.1 Learning Activity: Imaginary Interview – Due Wednesday,
Oct. 14, 2020@ 11:59PM
3. Answer 2.2 Puzzel.Org Quiz 1 - Due Wednesday, Oct. 14, 2020@
11:59PM
HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the key events in the development of international relations;
2. differentiate internationalization from globalization;
3. define state and nation; and
4. distinguish between the competing conceptions of internationalism.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

What does the word politics mean?

HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Politics
- the activities associated with the governance of a country or other
area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties
having or hoping to achieve power.
- the activities of governments concerning the political relations
between countries.
- the academic study of government and the state.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER
The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having different forms
of government.
Different political scholars have different interests in studying states.
- There are interested in states and examine the internal politics of these countries.
- Others are interested in the interactions between states rather than their internal
politics.
International relations refers to the study of the political, military, and other
diplomatic engagements between two or more states.
Internationalization refers to the deepening interactions between or among states.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Question:
Is internationalization just the same with globalization?
Is it equal with globalization?

Let’s have a poll survey of your answer.

HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER
HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Internationalization does not equal globalization; it is rather a major

part of globalization since it encompasses a multitude of connections
and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between
governments.
Internationalization is one window to view the globalization of politics.
The international relations of states today can be largely defined by the
events as far as 400 years ago.
THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM

World politics today has four key attributes:

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern
themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like United Nations (UN) that
facilitate these interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international
organizations also take on lives of their own.
THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM

What is the difference between nation and state?

The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms.
Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.
- E.g. Scotland has its own flag and national culture; however, it belongs to a state
called the United Kingdom.
 There are states with multiple nations, there are also single nations with multiple
states.
- E.g. Korea as a nation is divided into North and South, Chinese nation refers to both
the People’s Republic of China (Mainland) and Taiwan.
THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM
 State refers to a country and its government. E.g. Philippine government
 Nation is an “imagined community” according to Benedict Anderson.

 A state has four attributes:

1. It exercises authority over a specific population.
2. It governs a specific territory.
3. It has a structure of government and crafts various rules that people (society) follow.
4. It has sovereignty over its territory. Sovereignty refers to internal and external
authority.
THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM

 Nation is limited; it does not go beyond a given “official boundary.” Its rights
and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that
nation.
 Nation allows one to feel a connection with a community of people even if
he will never meet all of them in his lifetime. E.g. Catholic nation
 Nation and state are closely related because it is internationalism that
facilitates state formation.
 Sovereignty is one of the fundamental principles of the modern state politics.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
 The Treaty of Westphalia
- The origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty
- It was a set of agreement signed in 1648 to end the thirty years war
among the major continental powers of Europe.
- It was a system designed or agreed upon by its members – Holy Roman
Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and Dutch Republic in order to avert wars in
the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control
over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affair.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
The one who challenged the Treaty of Westphalia
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
 Napoleon Bonaparte
- He challenged the Westphalian system.
- He spread the principles of the French Revolution – liberty, fraternity, and equality –
to the rest of Europe and thus challenged the power of kings, nobility, and religion in
Europe.
- Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his armies
marching all over much of Europe.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

- In every country they conquered, they implemented the Napoleonic

Code that forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of religion,
and promoted meritocracy in government service.
- Finally, Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815 and thus, ending Napoleon’s spread of liberal code
across Europe.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
 The Concert of Europe System

- It was an alliance of great powers – The United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia.
- They sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious
privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
- Austrian diplomat Klemens von Metternich was the system’s main architect.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

- The Concert of Europe’s power and authority lasted from 1815-1915

at the dawn of World War I.
- Present-day international system has traces of history. Until now,
states enjoy sovereignty.
- Concert of Europe’s great powers still hold significant influence over
world politics.
INTERNATIONALISM
Internationalism
- A system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and
people.
- Its principle is divided into two broad categories: (1.) Liberal
Internationalism (2.) Socialist Internationalism
INTERNATIONALISM

Liberal Internationalism
- Immanuel Kant, the 18 th century German philosopher, was the first major thinker of
liberal internationalism.
- Kant likened states in a global system of people living in a given territory.
- He believed that without a form of world government, the international system would be
chaotic.Therefore, states must give up some freedoms and establish a continuously growing
states consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world. In
short, Kant imagined a form of global government.
INTERNATIONALISM

Giuseppe Mazzini
- The 19th century Italian Patriot.The first thinker to reconcile nationalism
with liberal internationalism.
- He was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking
mini-states and a major critic of the Matternich system.
- He believed in a Republican government (without kings, queens, and
hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an international system.
INTERNATIONALISM

- For Mazzini, free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free,
cooperative international system. He was a nationalist internationalist who
believes that free, unified nation-states should be the basis of global
cooperation.
- He influenced the thinking of the US President Woodrow Wilson (1913-
1921) who became one of the 20th century’s most prominent
internationalist.
INTERNATIONALISM
 Wilson Woodrow
-The 20th century’s most prominent internationalist.
- He saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism.
- Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self-determination, the
belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government.
- He became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations.
- At the end of World War 1 in 1918, he pushed to transform the League into a venue for
conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.
- For his efforts,Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.
INTERNATIONALISM
 League of Nations
- It came into being in 1919.
- Unfortunately, President Wilson and the US was not able to join the
organization due to the strong opposition from the US Senate.
- The League was unable to hinder another war from breaking out. It was
practically helpless to prevent the onset and intensification of World War II.
On one side of the war were the Axis Powers – Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s
Italy and Hirohito of Japan.
INTERNATIONALISM

- On the other the Allied Powers composed of the US, UK, France, Holland,
and Belgium.
- Despite its failure, it gave birth to international organizations like World
Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO).
- The League was the concretization of the concepts of liberal
internationalism.
INTERNATIONALISM

Kant emphasized the need to form common international principles.

 Mazzini enshrined the principle of cooperation and respect among
nation-states.
Wilson called for democracy and self-determination.
 These ideas would re-asserts themselves in the creation of the
United Nations.
 INTERNATIONALISM
Karl Max
- He was a German socialist philosopher; one of Mazzini’s biggest critic.
- He was an internationalist who did not believe in nationalism.
- He placed premium on economic equality; he did not divide the world into countries, but into
classes.
- The capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, companies, and other “means of
production.”
- The proletariat class included those who did not own the means of production, but instead,
worked for the capitalists.
INTERNATIONALISM
 The Socialist International
- Marx died in 1883. His follwers concretized his vision by establishing international
organization.
- The Socialist International (SI) was a union of European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris in 1889.Although short-lived, the SI’s achievements included the
declaration of May 1 as Labor Day and the creation of an International Women’s Day.
- It campaigned for an 8-hour workday.
- Vladimir Lenin established the Communist International (Comintern)
- Joseph Stalin re-established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau
(Cominform)
Thank You!
Friendly Reminder:

Take 1.1 Quiz 2 The Globalization of

World Economics – due Sunday, Oct.
11, 2020@ 11:59PM
The Globalization
of World
Economics
The Effects of COVID-19 to World Economy

Watch the video. Be able to explain the effects

of COVID 19 to World Economy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9v6givfTE
A&t=6s
What are the effects or impacts of
COVID-19 to world economy?
The Globalization of World Economics

What is Economic Globalization?

What is Economic Globalization?
Economic globalization is an Irreversible Trend

Economic globalization refers to the increasing

interdependence of world economies as a result of the
growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid
spread of technologies.

Economic Globalization - the United Nations

www.un.org › policy › cdp › cdp_background_papers
Economic Globalization

 International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards it as a historical process

representing the result of human innovation and technological
progress.
 It is characterized by the increasing integration of economies
around the world through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders.
 There is a drastic economic change that is occurring throughout
the world.
 IMF – the value of trade (goods and service) increased as
percentage of world GDP.
Economic Globalization
Example:
World’s GDP in 1980 is 42.1%. In 2007, 62.1%
What does it mean?

1. There is an increase in trading system.

2. It means investments are moving all over the world at faster speeds.

 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

- Foreign investments increased
- 57 Billion US Dollars in 1982. In 2015, the number increased to 1.76
Trillion Dollars
Economic Globalization

 There is also an increased in speed and

frequency of trading. At present,
supercomputers execute millions of stock
purchases and sales between different cities in a
matter of seconds through a process called high
frequency trading.
Historical Background of Economic
Globalization

How did economic globalization start?

Historical Background of Economic
Globalization

To trace the historical background of

economic globalization would start
with the earliest known international
trading system.
International Trading System

The oldest known international trade route was the Silk Road – a
network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China
to Middle East and Europe".
The most profitable products traded through this network was Silk.
Traders used the Silk Road regularly from 130 BCE when the Chinese
Han dynasty opened trade to the West until 153 BCE when the
Ottoman Empire closed it.
International Trading System

Was the international route,

Silk Road, truly global?
Why? Why not?
International Trading System
 No. It had no ocean routes that could reach the American continent.

When did full economic globalization

begin?
International Trading System

Galleon Trade

Historians Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez claimed that the "age
of globalization began when all important populated continents
began to exchange products continuously - both with each other
directly and indirectly via other continents and in values sufficient to
generate crucial impact on all trading partners"
International Trading System
1571 – Galleon was established. It connected Manila,
Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico. That was the first time
that the Americans were directly connected to Asian
trading routes.

Galleon Trade is considered as the first trading system that

connects Asian countries to America in general and the
Philippines and Mexico in particular.
The Galleon trade was part of the age of mercantilism.
International Trading System
16th-18th Century

Period of Mercantilism – a system of global trade with

multiple restrictions.
Countries in Europe with one another to sell more goods
as a means to boost their country’s income called
monetary reserves.
To defend their products, regimes (mainly monarchies)
imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade with other
nations, restricted trade routes, and subsidized exports.
International Trading System
19th Century
 1867 – an open trade system emerged.
 United States and United Kingdom adopted the gold standard at international
monetary conference in Paris.

 Gold Trade - The United Kingdom, United states and

other European nations adopted the gold standard as a
common basis for currency prices and fixed exchange-
rate system -all based on the value of gold.
 The goal was to create a common system that would allow for more efficient trade
and prevent the isolationism of the mercantilist era.

 This compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves.
International Trading System
 Many countries abandon the gold standard system when countries depleted
their gold reserves to fund their armies during World War 1.
 The global economic crisis called the Great Depression started in 1920 up to
1930 was considered the worst and longest recession ever experienced by the
Western world. Economist blamed the gold standard system as the caused of
depression since it limited the amount of circulating money and therefore
reduced demand and consumption.
 The US recovered from economic crisis when it abandoned gold standard
system according to Economist historian Barry Eichengreen.

20th Century
The world economy operates based on what are called fiat currencies –
currencies that are not backed by precious metals and whose value is
determined by their cost relative to other countries.
International Trading System

Fiat currencies – a system in 20th

century that "allows governments
to freely and actively manage their
economies by increasing or
decreasing the amount of money
in circulation as they see fit.
The Bretton Woods System
 The Bretton Woods system was inaugurated in 1944 during the
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference.
 The Bretton Woods System was "largely influenced by the ideas of
British Economist John Maynard Keynes who assumed three things:

1) Economic crisis occurs when a country does not have enough

money, but when money is not being spent and, thereby, not
moving.
2) If the economies slow down then government should infuse
money to reinvigorate the market.
3) As prices of commodities increased, companies would earn
more, and would have more money to hire workers .
The Bretton Woods System
2 Financial Institutions created by delegates of Bretton Woods Conference:

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBRD or World Bank) –

responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects.

2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – the global lender of last resort to prevent
individual countries from spiraling into credit crises.
To this day, both institutions remain key players in economic globalization
Shortly after Bretton Woods, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was
created in 1947. The main purpose was to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to
free trade.
Neoliberalism and Its Discontents
 Keynesianism is an economic theory that assumed three things 1) Economic
crisis occur when a country does not have enough money, but when money is
not being spent and, thereby, not moving 2) If the economies slow down then
government should infuse money to reinvigorate the market 3) Proponent
argued that as prices increased, companies would earn more, and would have
more money to hire workers.
 In early 1970s, the “oil embargo” by OAPEC and the crashed of the stock
markets affected the Western economies.
 The result was phenomenon that Keynesian economic predicted a
phenomenon called stagflation in which a decline in economic growth and
employment (stagnation) takes place alongside a sharp increase in prices
(inflation).
Neoliberalism and Its Discontents
 Neoliberalism emerged as a new form of economic thinking. The policies
forwarded came to be called Washington Consensus
 Economists Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman challenged the Keynesian theory
and argued that government intervention in economies distort the proper
functioning of the market.
 The Washington consensus advocates for minimal government spending to
reduce government debt. They also called for the privatization of government-
controlled services like water, power, communications and transport, believing
that the free market can produce the best result.
 The appeal of Neoliberalism was in its simplicity. Its advocates like US President
Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher justified reduction of
government spending by comparing national economies to households.
The Global Financial Crisis and the Challenge to Neoliberalism

 Neo-liberalism came under significant strain during the global financial crisis 2007-
2008 when the world experienced the greatest economic downturn since the great
depression. The crisis can be traced back to the 1980s when the United State
systematically removed various banking and investment restrictions.
 Financial experts wrongly assumed that even if many of the borrowers were
individuals and families who would struggle to pay, a majority would not default.
 The crisis spread beyond the United States since many investors were foreign
governments, corporations and individuals. The loss of their money spread like
wildfire back to their countries.
 The challenges are countries like Spain and Greece are heavily indebted (almost
like Third World countries). (1) Learn from Greece has been forced by Germany to
and the IMF to cut back their social and public spending.
 The reduction in government spending has showed down growth and ensured high
levels of unemployment.
 In Europe, the continuing economic crisis has sparked a political upheaval.
Economic Globalization Today
 The world has become too integrated. Whatever one's opinion about the
Washington Consensus is, it is undeniable that some form of international trade
remains essential for countries to develop in the contemporary world...
 Export, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies
grow at present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were
the advanced nations that were producing and selling industrial and agricultural
products...
 In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increased export, economic
globalization has ushered in an unprecedented spike in global growth rates...
 Economic globalization remains an uneven process, with some countries,
corporations and individual benefiting a lot more that others". (Claudio et al.
2018)
 The beneficiaries of global commerce have been mainly transnational
corporations (TNCs) and not government.
FRIENDLY REMINDER:

1. Take 1.1 Quiz 1 Multiple Choice – due Friday, Oct. 9, 2020@

11:59PM
2. Answer 1.2 Learning Activity Presentation – due Friday, Oct. 9,
2020@ 11:59 PM
THE STRUCTURES OF
GLOBALIZATION
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
2. explain the structure of globalization; and
3. narrate personal experience of globalization.
GLOBALIZATION MEANING

Watch the Edpuzzel Video on globalization. Answer the

questions inside. Write your answer in the reply box.
GLOBALIZATION MEANING

How does the video describe globalization?

What word can you give to describe globalization?
MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION

Let’s start with the story of Gio and Latif and the Laksa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AS65cI0pJA
GLOBALIZATION IN THE STORY

It was through such friendship that one was able to appreciate the
meaning and impact of globalization.
 The story of Gio and Latif shows how globalization operates at multiple,
intersecting levels through mass media. The spread of Filipino TV into
Malaysia suggests how fast this popular culture has proliferated and
crisscrossed all over Asia.
GLOBALIZATION IN THE STORY

 The Model UN activity is an international competition about

international politics.
The competition was held in Sydney – a global city that derives in wealth
and influence from the global capital that flows through it. Sydney is also a
metropolis of families of international immigrants or foreigners working in
the industries that also sell their products abroad.
GLOBALIZATION IN THE STORY

After the competition, the two kept in touch through Facebook, a global
social networking site that provides instantaneous communication across
countries and continents.
They preserved their friendship online and then rekindled this face-to-
face in Singapore, another hub for global commerce.
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION

Gio's story is a very privileged way of experiencing global flows,

but for other people, the shrinking of the world may not be as
exciting and edifying.
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION

Example:
Governments that decide to welcome the foreign investments on the belief
that they provide jobs and capital for the country offer public lands as
factory or industrial sites. In the process, poor people living in these lands,
also called “urban poor communities,” are being evicted by the government.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

1. Is globalization good or bad? What do you think?

2. Is it beneficial or detrimental? What do you
think?
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

• Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,

companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven
by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems,
on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.

https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing

interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations,
brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services,
technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Manfred Steger describes globalization as a process.

It refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world-space.
Expansion refers to both the creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional, political,
economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Connections occur at different levels.

Example:
1. Social media established new global connections between people.
2. International groups of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are networks that
connect a more specific group – social activists and workers form different corners of
the globe.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching and acceleration of

these networks. Not only are global connections multiplying, they also
become more closely-knit and expanding their reach.
Example:
There is a strong financial market connecting London and New York.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Manfred Steger notes that “globalization processes do not occur

merely at an objective, material level but they also involve the
subjective plane of human consciousness.”
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Manfred Steger posits that his definition of globalization must be

differentiated with an ideology he calls globalism.
Globalization represents the many processes that allow for the expansion
and intensification of global connections.
Globalism is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone , since it spreads
freedom and democracy across the world.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

Arjun Appadurai describes globalization as 'scapes" manifests into" different

kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration .
There are different kinds of scapes – ethnoscape, technoscape, mediascape,
financescape and ideoscape.
1. Ethnoscape refers to the global movement of people.
2. Technoscape refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

3. Mediascape refers to the flow of culture.

4. Financescape denotes the global circulation of money.
5. Ideoscape refers to the realm where political ideas move around.
These various scapes are thus distinct windows into the broader phenomenon of
globalization.
Appadurai’s argument is simple: there are multiple globalizations.