Department of Education

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1
Hydrometeorological Phenomena
and Hazards
Module 7

Barbie M. Kibasen
Writer

Armida S. Oblinada
Louie M. Valdez
Validators

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave.,
Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City (02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
demonstrate an understanding of:
1. The different hazards caused by geological processes (earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides)
2. The different hazards caused by hydrometeorological phenomena
(tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes or ipo-ipo)
3. The different hazards caused by coastal processes (waves, tides, sea-level
changes, crustal movement, and storm surges)

The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. use hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, and (S11/12ES-If-31)
2. identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides. (S11/12ES-
If-33)

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answers.
1. What is the system gives a list of natural phenomena considered as?
A. Geologic hazards C. Atmospheric hazards
B. Volcanic hazards D. Biological hazards
2. What is a sudden, fast movement of a cohesive mass of soil, rocks, or regolith?
A. Earthquake C. Tsunami
B. Landslide D. Volcanic eruption
3. It refers to the sudden movement or vibration of Earth caused by the release of
energy in rocks.
A. Earthquake C. Tsunami
B. Landslide D. Volcanic eruption
4. It refers to the release of gases, liquids, and solid from the volcano’s vent.
A. Earthquake C. Tsunami
B. Landslide D. Volcanic eruption
5. What does the DENR stand for?
A. Department of Energy and Natural Resources
B. Department of Environment and National Resources
C. Department of Energy and National Resources
D. Department of Environment and Natural Resources

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Lesson
Hydrometeorological Phenomena
7 and Hazards

A hazard is a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of

life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption
or environmental degradation. Hazards may be natural, anthropogenic or socio-
natural in origin.

We had already learned about the geological history of Earth follows the major
events in Earth's past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological
measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers.

Let us begin the lesson with this activity!

RECALL
Activity #1: Earth History
Direction: Write the definition of the geologic time scale. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
 Eons
_____________________________________________________________________________
 Eras
____________________________________________________________________________
 Periods
____________________________________________________________________________
 Epochs
____________________________________________________________________________

A hazard is any agent that can cause harm, or damage to humans, property,
or the environment. Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard will
lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no
exposure to that hazard.

Activity #2: Hazards

Direction: Describe the picture below.

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 What can you see in the picture? Describe the picture.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

The Philippines is a large archipelago consisting of more than 7100 islands. It

is located along the Western Pacific Basin and lies between two tectonic plates whose
interactions give rise to geologic processes like tectonic earthquakes, volcanism, and
mass movement. It is also part of the circum-Pacific seismic belt and is within the
subduction zones called the ring of fire.

Because of its geographical and geophysical characteristics, the Philippines is

at risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that have adverse effects on lives,
properties, and the environment.

For example, the earthquake in Bohol in 2013, the landslide in Leyte in 2006,
and the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 brought about numerous
deaths, destruction of properties, dislocation of people, and irreparable damage to
the environment.

In general, geologic hazards are natural processes or phenomena that may

cause the loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihood and services, social, and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
The Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment (EGGA) system gives a list of
natural phenomena considered as geologic hazards.

You cannot stop natural hazards but you can lessen their impacts. Policies,
plans, and programs to reduce the risks are embodied in RA 10121. Specifically, the
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) conducted the geologic mapping program to
identify geologic hazard-prone areas in the country and disseminate information to
minimize the impacts of the geologic processes.

The geologic mapping program consists of three main activities. First is the
rapid assessment survey to generate geohazard maps. The maps indicate areas prone
to natural dangers like landslides, ground subsidence, and flooding. Second is the
priority and reproduction of maps, manuals, and information materials for public
dissemination. Third is the information and education campaign through different
media and modes like print, television, radio, social media, seminars and workshops.

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 Hazard maps for different regions can be accessed online from the homepages
of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Mines and
Geosciences Bureau.

PREVENTION AND MITIGATION, PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND

REHABILITATION

From the previous lesson, you learned that the vision of the NDRRMF is a
safer, adaptive, and disaster-resilient Filipino community toward sustainable
development. In line with this, the National Risk Reduction Management Council
(NDRRMC) described the priority areas on how to achieve the vision of the NDRRMF.
The priority areas include disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness,
disaster response, and disaster rehabilitation and recovery.

Even before the enactment of RA 10121 of 2010, different public and private
organizations have initiated programs or projects in the school setting to educate
students and school personnel on how to prepare and cope with hazards caused by
natural phenomena.

In 2005, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO), in partnership with the University of the Philippines National Institute
for Science and Mathematics Education Development (UP NISMED), published
Primer on Natural Disaster Preparedness and Coping Mechanisms. The primer is
limited to three natural hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Its
primary objective is to equip students with knowledge and skills toward disaster
preparedness and hazard mitigation. The materials are supposed to be integrated in
science, social science, and other relevant subjects. The topic includes:
 Basic understanding of the phenomena/event
 What to do before the event
 What to do during the event
 What to do after the event
 How to cope with traumatic experiences during and after the disaster

In 2008, the Department of Education, in partnership with the United Nations

Children’s Fund (UNICEF), produced a Disaster Risk Reduction Manual (Safer
Schools Manual). The manual serves as a guide to education officials, school
administrations, teachers, and students on what to do before, during, and after the
onslaught, if there are any hazards, to reduce its impact and damages. The manual
describes the strategies which include preparedness and mitigation (what to do
before), response (what to do during), and rehabilitation (what to do after) that a
school may employ to make the school safer. It is based on the Hyogo Framework for
Action, a 10-year plan endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2005 to
make the world safer from natural hazards.

PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE GUIDELINES

In mitigating hazards, you must know what to do before, during, and after a
disaster. Aside from the guidelines presented herein, there are several materials you
can access online for information.

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Earthquakes
Earthquake refers to the sudden movement or vibration of Earth caused by
the release of energy in rocks. Earthquake may be described in terms of its
magnitude and intensity.

A. What to do before
 Avail of a seismic map to locate active faults.
 Evaluate soundness or the ability to withstand force or stress of the
structure of the house or building.
 Check potential sources of hazards at home like heavy furniture,
hanging objects, electrical wiring, flammable materials, and cracks on
the walls, among others.
 Have a communication plan among family members where to meet and
whom to call.
 Have a disaster supply ready that includes a flashlight with extra
batteries, nonperishable food, and water, medicine, cash, whistle, etc.
 Practice evacuation drills.

B. What to do during
If indoors:
 Drop to the floor, cover your face and head with your arms. Proceed to
a safe place like under a study table.
 Stay away from glass, windows, and anything that can fall.
 Stay inside until shaking stops and then move to an open area.
 Do not use the elevators
If outdoors:
 Stay where you are
 Move away from power lines, street light posts, walls, and other
structures that may fall.
If in a moving vehicle:
 Stop and stay in the vehicle; avoid stopping near or under trees,
buildings, and overpasses.
 Do not light a match.
 Cover your mouth with clothing and handkerchief.
 Tap a pipe/wall or use a whistle so that rescuers can locate you. Shout
only as last resort. Shouting can exhaust you and cause you to inhale
dust.

C. What to do after
 Check yourself for injuries and apply first aid.
 After you have taken care of yourself, help the people who may have
been injured or trapped. Do not move seriously injured persons.
 Use a flashlight if needed to inspect your home for damages.
 Get everyone out if your place is unsafe.
 Expect aftershocks. Each time you feel one, drop, cover, and hold on.
 Listen to battery-operated radio or television for updates and
government advisories.
 Use your emergency or communication plan if necessary. Use the
telephone only during life-threatening emergencies.
 Help neighbors who may require special assistance like elderly people
and children.

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Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruption refers to the release of gases (water, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and sulfur dioxide), liquids (lava), and solid (pyroclastic, ash, and dust)
from the volcano’s vent. Volcanic eruptions may cause loss of lives, damage to
agriculture and properties, and climate change.

A. What to do before
 Be aware of warning signs indicating that a volcano is about to erupt.
These signs include rumbling sounds, volcanic tremors, change in color
of stream emission, crater glow, ground swelling, localized landslide,
increased temperature of springs, wells, or drying up of springs/wells
as well as plants.
 Listen to government warnings.
 Prepare emergency kits that include nonperishable food, water,
battery-operated radio, light sources, batteries, medicines, and masks,
among others.
 Disconnect electrical appliances.
 Leave the permanent danger zone immediately. Avoid low-lying areas
because lava flows and mudflows are most likely to pass here.
 Transfer immediately to higher places or government-designated
evacuation areas.
 Secure your pets/livestock in a safe and enclosed area.

B. What to do during
 Close doors and windows.
 Cover your nose with wet cloth or pants. Use goggles and eyeglasses
instead of outdoor lenses.
 Stay inside the house or evacuation center.
 Cover electrical devices, food, and water containers with cloth or
plastic.
 Covering your face with a protective mask, remove ashes from roofs. Do
not let ashes accumulate on roofs.
 Avoid driving, unless necessary.

C. What to do after
 Go back to your homes only if advised by the local government or
agencies.
 Remove accumulated ash on the roof and plants.
 Listen to government advisories for the latest information.
 Help in the clean-up of the place.
 Assist injured persons.

Landslide
Landslide is a sudden, fast movement of a cohesive mass of soil, rocks, or
regolith. Landslides cause death and damage to property by burying structures and
communities. It also changes the landscape.

A. What to do before
 Check if your area is a risk for landslides. Get information such as
geohazard map from the local government. Seek assistance from the
local government.

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  Look for warning signs which include the following:
- Changes in your landscape (leaning trees and small slides or flows)
- Jammed door and windows for the first time
- New cracks in walls and foundations
- Widening cracks on the ground or in the streets
- Rumbling sound, trees cracking, and moving debris
 Inform the neighbors of any incoming landslide or landslide threats.

B. What to do during
 Get out of the house or building when you hear rumbling sounds.
 If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and protect your head.
 Seek refuge behind a study tree.
 Stay away from the path of debris fall.

C. What to do after
 Listen to the radio for the latest information.
 Check the site or building and assess the damage before returning
home.
 Stay away from the landslide area.
 Check yourself if injured. Apply first aid. Seek for and help injured
persons.
 Look for and report the damage to concerned people.

Activity #3: Hazard Map

Direction: List down at least 5 locations in the Philippines that has very high, high,
medium, low and very low prone to volcanic eruption.

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Activity #4: Land Disaster
Direction: Identify the three land disaster that you learn.

Activity #5: His Understanding

Directions: Write your own understanding on how the prevention, preparedness,
and response guidelines of the following terms.

1. Earthquake
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Volcanic Eruption
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Landslide
__________________________________________________________________________________

Learner’s Signature: ___________ Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature: _______________

Teacher’s Comments:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following kind of disaster will you apply after this happens, check
you for injuries and apply first aid?
A. Earthquake B. Landslide C. Volcanic eruption D. Tsunami

2. Which of the following kind of disaster will you apply during this happens; get
out of the house or building when you hear rumbling sounds?
A. Earthquake B. Landslide C. Volcanic eruption D. Tsunami

3. Which of the following kind of disaster will you apply during this happens, close
doors and windows?
A. Earthquake B. Landslide C. Volcanic eruption D. Tsunami

4. Which of the following kind of disaster will you apply after this happens; listen
to the radio for the latest information?
A. Earthquake B. Landslide C. Volcanic eruption D. Tsunami

5. Which of the following kind of disaster will you apply before this happens; avail
of a seismic map to locate active faults?
A. Earthquake B. Landslide C. Volcanic eruption D. Tsunami

Activity #6: His Idea

Directions: Read and understand the geological disaster. Answer the given
questions below.
 As a student, how can you help the victims of geological disasters cope with
hazards?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

 How would a volcanic eruption affect your family and community

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Learner’s Signature: ___________ Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature: _______________

Teacher’s Comments:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Answer may vary
Additional Activities
5. A 4. B 3. C 1. A 2. B
Assessment
 Answer may vary
What I can do
 Volcanic eruption
 Earthquake
 Landslide
What Have I Learned
 Answer may vary
What’s More
 Answer may vary
What’s New
 Answer may vary
What’s In
5. D 4. D 3. A 1. A 2. B
What I know

 Salandanan, Gloria et al., Earth and Life Science, For Senior High School
(Core Subject), 2016, LORIMAR Publishing Inc.
 Religioso, Teresita et al., You and the Natural World, Earth and life Science ,
2016, Phoenix, Publishing House.
 https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/landslide-volcano.html
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=hazard+disaster&source=lmns&bih=608&biw=1366&
hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjmtvjH76bqAhVI3pQKHUd_DioQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA

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