Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
NOT
BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 3 - Module 2
THE DERIVATIVES
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.
Co-Chairpersons:
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Members
Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief
Jean S. Macasero,PhD,EPS-Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
BASIC
CALCULUS
Quarter 3- Module 2
THE DERIVATIVES
What’s New………………………………………………………………………………...28
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………….42
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………………………44
References................................................................................................................................... ..46
What This Module is About
This Module 2 of Basic Calculus presents the basic theory of differential calculus.
The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of a function, and
their applications. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the rate
of change of the function near that input value and the process of finding a derivative is
called differentiation.
This module shows the concept of the derivative of a function of a single variable
at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function
near that input value while the derivative is often described as the instantaneous rate of
change, the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of the
independent variable. Further, it also presents and illustrates the fundamental rules of
differentiation and finally covers the concept of optimization. Furthermore, the module
provides sufficient examples with discussion and solutions, and exercises for students to
self-assess their learning progress.
Module Content
2
What I Know (Pretest)
Direction: Read the following comprehensively and choose the best answer:
1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, f ( x )=3−2 x at (−1 , 5) .
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
x 2−4
a) f ( x )=
x +2
b) f ( x )=( x +3 ) 4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) f ( x )=¿ IxI
3 , x< 4
b) f ( x )= 1
2
{x+ 3 , x ≥ 4
1
c) f ( x )=
x
ln x , x <0
d) f ( x )= {
0 , x=0
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) f ( x )=¿ IxI
b) f ( x )=( x+ 3)4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
5. Find the derivative of the given function, f ( x )=1966.
a) + ∞
b) 1966
c) −∞
d) 0
e) None of the above
6. Find the derivative of the following function: f ( x )=x 2 +6 x +9
a) f ' ( x )=2 x+ 6+9
b) f ' ( x )=x 2+ 6
c) f ' ( x )=2 x+ 6
d) f ' ( x )=2 x
e) None of the above
3
1
7. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=x 2
' −1
a) f ( x )=
2 √x
' 1
b) f ( x )=
√x
' 1
c) f ( x )=
2 √x
'
d) f ( x )=√ x
e) None of the above
8. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5 x 2 (x+ 47)
a) f ' ( x )=15 x 2+ 470 x
b) f ' ( x )=5 x 2+ 470 x
c) f ' ( x )=10 x
d) f ' ( x )=15 x 2−470 x
e) None of the above
5 x2
9. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=
x +47
' 5 x 2−470 x
a) f ( x )= 2
( x+ 47)
' 10 x 2 +470 x
b) f ( x )=
x +47
'
c) f ( x )=10 x
5 x 2 + 470
d) f ' ( x )= 2
( x + 47)
e) ¿
10. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5 ( x +47 )2
a) f ' ( x )=5 x 2+ 470 x
b) f ' ( x )=10 x−470
c) f ' ( x )=10 x+ 470
d) f ' ( x )=5 x 2−470 x
e) None of the above
II: Read the questions comprehensively and give the correct answers.
1. Given: g(x) = −2 x2 +3 . Determine the slope of the secant lines PR, PS, and PT
to the curve, given the coordinates P(1, 1), R(4, -29), S(3, -15), T(1.1 , 0.58).
2. Using the value from number 1, describe what is happening to the value of the slope
of the secant line from a point (x, y) as the point approaches P.
6. If three sides of a trapezoids are 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be, if the area is
a maximum.
7. A triangle has a base 12 feet long and an altitude of 8 feet high. Find the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that he base of the rectangle falls on the base
of the triangle.
8. Find the dimension of the right circular cone of at least volume that can be circumscribed
about a sphere of radius a.
9. Find the point on the line y = x, nearest to the point (4, 1)
10. Find the area of the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes which can be
inscribed in the area bounded by the two parabolas y=26−x 2∧ y =x2 +2.
Lesson
The Derivative as a Slope of
1 the Tangent Line
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point,
2. applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number, and
3. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.
What’s In
y =f(x)
A
O
Figure 2: Illustration of a tangent line and secant line to the graph of a function at a given
point. (source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)
The graph shows the tangent line (blue line), secant line (green line) at point P(x,y) to
the curve y = f (x). Lines tangent to the graph of a function y = f (x) from a given point (1, 13)
and secant line passing through the two points (1, 13) and (2, 7).
Consider another situation below.
Figure 3 : The difference between tangent line and the secant line.
(source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)
From the graph from previous page (Figure 3) the line is a tangent line at the
indicated point because it touches the graph at one point, P(x,y) and it is also “parallel” to
the graph at that point. While the second point on the graph, the line passes through the
graph, and it is not “parallel” to the graph at that point, thereby it intersects with the graph at
that point and so it’s not a tangent line to the graph at that point, and we call that line a
secant line.
Definition
2. The tangent line to y = f(x) at P is the limiting position of all secant lines
´ as Q
PQ P.
EXAMPLE 1: Observe the graph below, what can you say about the “peaks” and “troughs” of
this smooth curve? .
line,l 1
line, l 2
Notice that on the unit circle, these points correspond to the points (0, 1) and (0,−1), so
whenever the graph is smooth (meaning, there are no sharp corners), the tangent lines at
the “peaks” and “troughs” are always horizontal.
There are two cases in which tangent line of a graph of a function at a point P(x, y)) do not
exist.
Case1. When the function is not continuous at x: It is clear from the definition of
the tangent line that the function must be continuous.
Case2. When the function has a sharp corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending on whether Q is to the left or to
the right of P.
1.
2.
8
From our Analytic Geometry, we define slope as the rise over the run or the change
in y over the change in x.
Slope of a Line
A line passing through distinct points (x0, y0) and (x, y) has slope, m
y− y o
m=
x−x o
Example 2. Find the slope of the line through the points (1,2), and (3, 4).
Solution:
y ❑− y 0 4−2 2
The slope of the line : m= = = =1⟹ m=1
x−x 0 3−1 2
Point-Slope Form
A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation
y− y o=m(x−x o )
Example 3. From example #2, Find the equation of the line.
Solution:
y− y o=m( x−x o )
y−2=1 ( x −1 )
y= ( x −1 )+ 2
y=x +1
1. Get the slope of the tangent line by computing the slope of the line, using the
formula of slope, find the limit as x approaches x o . You may substitute y with f ( x ).
y− y o
m=lim
x →0 x−x o
f (x¿ ¿ o)
m=lim f (x)− ¿
x →0 x−x o
2. Substitute the value of m and the coordinates of the known point P( x o , y o) into the
point-slope form.
y− y o=m(x−x o )
Solution:
To get the equation of the line, we need the point P( x ¿ ¿ 0 , y 0)¿ and the slope m.
Substitute: 2 to y=x 2 ⟹ y=22 to find the value of y.
y− y o x 2−4
m= lim =¿ lim =x+ 2=4
x→ x0 x−x o x→ x x−2 0
Finding the equation of tangent line with slope, m=4 passing through P(2, 4)
10
But with derivatives we use a small difference … then shrink it towards zero.
Definition of Derivative
f ( x ¿¿ o)
f ' ( x o ) =lim f ( x )− .¿
x ⇢ xo x−x o
If this limit exist, that is, the derivative of f at x o , the slope of the tangent line at
( x ¿ ¿ o , f ( x o ) )¿exists.
d d dy
f ' ( x ) , D x [ f (x) ] , f (x ) , ( y ),
dx dx dx
f ( x + Δ x )−f (x )
f ' ( x )= lim
Δ x →0 Δx
Let us Find a Derivative!
change∈ y Δy
Slope = change∈x = Δx
11
1. Changing x to ( x + Δ x )
2. Simplify
3. Subtract f(x), divide by Δx, then find the limit as
Δ x approaches zero .
f’(x)= 2x
d 2
x = 2x
dx
12
d 2
What does x = 2x mean?
dx
It means that, for the function x2, the slope or "rate of change" at any point is 2x.
So when x=2 the slope is 2x = 4, as shown here:
Or when x=5 the slope is 2x = 10, and so on.
Note: sometimes f’(x) is also used for "the derivative of":
f’(x) = 2x
"The derivative of f(x) equals 2x"
Solution: f ( x +h ) =¿
f ( x+ h ) 2 2 (x ¿¿ 2+2) 2 xh+h2
=( x + 2 xh+ h + 2 )− = =2 x+ h=8.001 ¿
h h h
Suppose the car leaves the Cagayan de Oro City at time t=0, and travels due north. Let
s(t) represent the position of the car (its distance from Cagayan de Oro City in km) at
time t, (t 1=4∧t 2=5 , ¿. Suppose s(t) is defined by the equation: s ( t ) =t 2 −5t +6 , find the
average velocity and the instantaneous velocity at t=3 hours .
Solution:
Since velocity gives the rate of change of distance with respect to time, the average rate
of change or average velocity during the fifth hour of driving between, t 1=4∧t 2=5 , is
change∈distance
given by the quotient , .
change∈time
s ( 5 )−s (4)
So then, the average velocity, v ( t )= .
t 2−t 1
s ( 5 )−s (4)
v ( t )=
t 2−t 1
v ( t )=4 kph
13
What’s New
Activity 1
Source: DepEd LM p.130
Copy the graph and construct tangent lines at the labeled points.
14
Activity 2
Find the slope of the tangent line of the given function, f below:
1. f ( x )=2 x +5
2. f ( x )=x 2 +1
3. f ( x )=x 2−1
4. f ( x )=5 x +2
5. f ( x )=2 x 2−2
Activity 3
Adam Ray fired his toy rocket straight up into the air, reaches a height of
s ( t ) =48 t−5 t 2 meters. What is the rocket’s initial velocity, when t=0?
Activity 4
Source: MSA Academic Advancement Institute
Copy the graph and find the x-values where the following do not have derivatives.
15
What Is It
d 3
Example 1: What is x?
dx
Using the Three Step Rule
f’(x) = Δlim
x →0
❑f(x+Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δx¿3 −x3
Δx
2
Step 3: f’(x)= lim 3 x +3 x Δ x +¿
Δ x →0
f’(x)= 3 x 2
f’(x)= 3 x 2
Example 2: A Polynomial. Given the function, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1, find the tangent lines at a
few different points.
Solution:
16
Step #2 Find the derivative of f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1. (Use the three step rule)
dy d
f ‘(x) = = =¿ 3x2 + 6x.
dx dx
Step #3 The function value and derivative value at a few points are shown in the
table below:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1 1 5 3 1 5
f '(x) = 3x2 + 6x 9 0 -3 0 9
Step #4 For the points listed, we can easily find the equation of the tangent line. The
point-slope form and the simplified, or slope-intercept form of the tangent lines are
shown below.
-3 y = 9(x + 3) + 1 y = 9x + 28
-2 y = 0(x + 2) + 5 y=5
-1 y = -3(x + 1) + 3 y = -3x
0 y = 0(x - 0) + 1 y=1
1 y = 9(x - 1) + 5 y = 9x – 4
Step #5 The graph of y = f(x) together with the tangent lines is shown below.
17
Example 3:
Determine where, if anywhere, the function, f(x)= x 3−3 x 2+3x+2, is not changing.
Solution:
Step #1. Find the derivative (Recall: one of the interpretations of the derivative is that it
gives the rate of change of the function. So, the function won’t be changing if its rate of
change is zero)
f ‘(x)=3 x 2- 6 x +3
Step #2. Set the derivative equal to zero to determine where the rate of change is
zero and hence the function will not be changing.
Example 4.
Compute f ' ( 1 ) for the given function , f ( x )=3 x−1
Solution:
f ( x )−f (1)
f ' ( 1 )=lim where: f ( 1 ) =3 (1 ) −1=2
x →1 x−1
(3 x−1)−2
f ' ( 1 )=lim = 3
x →1 x−1
What’s More
Activity 1:
f ( x+ h )−f ( x )
Find the difference quotient for each of the given functions.
h
A. f ( x )=3 x
B. f ( x )=3 x +2
C. f ( x )=−3 x +2
18
Activity 2:
Find the slope of the tangent line to each curve when x has the indicated value.
A. f ( x )=x 2 +8 x+ 16 ; x=3
Activity 3:
Find the equation of the tangent line to each curve when x has a given value.
B. f ( x )=3 x ²+1 ; x = 1
Activity 1
Find the indicated derivative for each of the following functions and evaluate as
indicated:
Activity 2
Find f ' ( x ) , f ' ( 1 ) , f ' ( 0 ) , f ' (−1 ) for each of the following:
A. f ( x )=8 x
B. f ( x )=−3 x
1
C. f ( x )= x
4
D. f ( x )=2 x +5
E. f ( x )=7 x−3
19
What I Can Do
Task 1
Directions: Read comprehensively and choose the best answer and explain why you chose
that specific answer by showing the complete solution sets.
(A) +∞
(B) 1963
(C) −∞
(D) 0
(A) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6x + 9
(B) f ‘(x) = x²+ 6
(C) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6
(D) f ‘(x) = 2x
1
(A) f ‘ (x) = − √x
2
(B) f ‘ (x) = 5 x 4
1 5
(C) f ‘ (x) =
2
√x
(D) f ‘ (x) = 5 x 2 √ x
20
Lesson
Rules of Differentiation
2
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function.
2. Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions.
What’s In
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY
21
Computing the Pearson r
Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a number c if
all of Here are waysconditions
the following on how toare compute the Pearson r:
satisfied:
A. Compute by Hand
Steps:
(i) f(c) is defined;
1. lim
Construct
f ( x ) exista;∧¿table.¿
(ii) 2. x →c Complete the table: x2 in column 4, y2, xy in column 6.
(iii) 3. lim Getf (the
x )=fsum( c ) .or total of all entries.
4. x →c
Substitute the values obtained from Step 3 in the formula and perform the
operations.
If at least one 5. ofInterpret
the these theconditions
result fromisthe
notgiven
satisfied,
table.the function is said to be
discontinuous
atC.c. Compute using
D.
E.
F.
Definition
G. 2 (Continuity on R ). A function f is said to be continuous everywhere if f
isH. continuous at every real number.
I.
J.
K.
Definition 3. A function f is differentiable at the number c if:
L.
M. f ( c +h )−f ( c )
f 'N.
( c )=lim
MS ∃.
h →0 h
Source: DepEd Basic Calculus LM.
21
EXAMPLES:
{
f ( x ) −x
3−x
if x <2,
if x ≥2.
lim ¿
Is not continuous at c = 2 since x→ 2−¿f ( x )= 4 ≠1= lim ¿¿ hence the lim f ( x ) does not
x →2+ ¿f ( x ) ,¿
x →2
exist.
3
3. Consider the function f ( x ) =√ x . By definition ,its derivative is
f ( x+ h )−f ( x )
f ( x ) ¿ lim
h →0 h
3 2 3 3 2
¿ lim
√3 x+ h− √3 x ∙ √ (x +h) + √ ( x+ h ) ( x)+ √ x
h→0 h √3 (x +h)2 +√3 ( x+ h ) ( x)+√3 x 2
( x +h )−x 1 1
¿ lim ¿¿ ¿ lim ¿¿ ¿ 3 2 .
h→0 h¿¿ h→0 h ¿ ¿ 3 √x
1 1
Since f ' ( 1 )= 3 2 = , then f is differentiable at x = 1. On the other hand, f’(0) does
3 √1 3
not exist. Hence f is not differentiable at x = 0.
Since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other, the limit exists and equal 5. So,
lim f ( x )=5=f ( 1 ) .
x →1
22
This shows that f is continuous at x + 1. On the other hand, computing for the derivative,
lim ¿
For x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so x→ 0−¿
5 ( x+h) −(5 x)
=5.¿
h
lim ¿
If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so x→ 0+¿
( 2 ( x+h) + 3)−(2 x+3)
=2.¿
h
Since the one-sided limits at x = 1 do not coincide, the limit at x = 1 does not exist. Since this
limit is the definition of the derivative at x=1, we conclude that f is not differentiable at x=1.
Remarks:
Theorem 1
(a) If f is continuous at x = a, it does not mean that f is differentiable at x = a.
(b) If f is not continuous at xf =isa,
If a function then f is not at
differentiable differentiable at x = a. at a.
a, then f is continuous
(c) If f is not differentiable at x = a, it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = a.
(d) A function f is not differentiable at x = a if one of the following is true:
i. f is not continuous at x = a.
ii. the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = a
23
1 −2
1
Example 5. If f ( x )=x 3 ⟹ f ' ( x )= x 3
3
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the
derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
4
1 1
2
3
Example 12. If f ( x )=( x ¿ ¿ 4)(2 x )¿, then f ' ( x )= x ( 2 ) (6 x )+(2 x ) (2 x )=3 x + 4 x =7 x
2 3 3 6 6 6
24
1 ' x2 ( 0 ) −1(2 x ) −2 x
Example 12. If f ( x )= , then f ( x ) = 2
= 4
x2 [ x2 ] x
Recall the Basic Basic Trigonometric Functions:
DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
sin x, cos x, tan x ,sec x, csc x, cot x.
are continuous on their domains (all values of x where the denominator is non-zero).
Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
d
Example1. From our Trigonometric Identities, we can show that sinx=cosx
dx
cosx
g ( x )=
sinx
Solution:
Recall the quotient rule: the derivative of a quotient is equal to the denominator times
the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of thedenominator
all divided by the square of the denominator.
25
g' ( x )=¿
d 1 du
sin−1 u=
dx √ 1−u2 dx
d −1 du
cos−1 u=
dx √1−u 2 dx
d 1 du
tan −1 u=
dx 1+u 2 dx
d 1 du
cot−1 u=
dx 1+u2 dx
d 1 du
sec −1 u=
dx u √ u −1 dx
2
d 1 du
csc −1 u=
dx u √ u −1 dx
2
26
2 2 x dy
Example 2: if y= √ a −x −aco s
−1
, find .
a dx
Solution:
Rule #10: Derivative of Logarithmic Functions and Natural Logarithmic Functions
dy (−2 x) 1 −x+ a a−x
=
dx d 2 √ a2−x
dx
log a u
log
2
−a
e
a du
−1
[√ ]
u dx 1− a2
x2 a
= 2 2=
√ a −x a+ x √
, for 0< x <a .
dy 1 du
ln u=
dx u dx
dy
Example 1: Given y=log (2 x +1 ) , find
dx
Solution:
dy log e 0.8686
= ( 2 )=
dx 2 x +1 2 x +1
dy
Example 2: Given y=ln sinx , find .
dx
Solution:
dy 1 d cosx
= ( sinx ) = =cotx
dx sinx dx sinx
*Higher Derivatives
The derivative of a function y=f ' ( x ) gives a new function which may in turn be
differentiated. If the derivative of the first derivative exists, it is called the second
derivative of the original function and is represented by the symbols:
d 2 y d2 ( ) } , f ( x), D y , D f ( x)¿
2 2
, f x ,y x x
dx 2 dx 2
Similarly, the derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative,
and so on. In general, the nth derivative is represented by the symbols:
dn y dn ( ) n n n n
n
, n f x , y , f ( x), D x y , D x f ( x)
dx dx
Solution:
dy
=10 x 4 , first derivative
dx
d2 y 3
2
=40 x , second derivative
dx
d3 y 2
3
=120 x , t hird derivative
dx
27
Solution:
dy
=cosx , first derivative
dx
d2 y
=−sinx , second derivative
dx 2
d3 y
=−cosx ,t hird derivative
dx 3
What’s New
Activity 1
Suppose f is a function such that f’ (5) is undefined. Which of the following statements s
always true? Explain your answer.
28
What Is It
Example 2: Suppose that f is a function that is continuous at x=-3. Which of the following
statements are true?
For each statement below, write True if the statement is correct and False, otherwise.
At x=3, the definition is
(a) Undefined
Answer: False
(b) Differentiable but not continuous.
Answer: False
(c) Continuous but not differentiable.
Answer: False
(d) Both continuous and differentiable.
Answer: True
(e) Neither continuous nor differentiable.
Answer: False
Example 4: Viewing Time!
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_niP0JaOgHY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEqCa0U77mc
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8DuUJnQ574
29
What’s More
Find the derivatives of the following functions. Locate the derivative in the table of
answers and color the box of the answer. Keep working until you have colored five
answers in a line horizontally, vertically or diagonally. (BINGO!) You win.
2 x+ 5 2x
e. y= m. f ( x )= 2
3 x−2
3 x +1
f. y=(2 x2 +2)(x 2+3) x
x 2 +1 n. y= 2
g. f ( x )= 2 x +1
x −1 o. f ( x )=(x−2)( x+ 3)
h. y=x −4 x 2−3 x
3
Table of answers
30
a. f ( x )=2 x 3+ 6 x
b. g ( x )=7 x 4−3 x 2
c. y ( x ) =( 4 x)3−18 x 2 +6 x
2/ 3 2
e. h ( x )=9 x +4
√x
Activity 2: Find the derivative of each of the following functions:
a. f ( u )=( 4 u +5 ) ( 7 u3−2 u )
4
h ( t )=
b. 2
t
3
3 1
c. f ( z )=−6 z −
2z
2
3 s−s
d. g ( s )= 2
s +1
f. f(r)=(r^2+2r-3)(3r+4)
g. g(b)=(3b-4)/(b+5)∙(2b+5)
h. h(v)=(3v^2-4v+1)/((3v^2-2v+1)(7v^3-v^2+3v-5))
dy
Activity 3: Find and simply the result, if possible.
dx
1
a. y= √ x−
√x
b. y=x 2 + π 2 + x π
c. y=x 2 sec x
sin x−1
d. y=
cos x
1
e. y= x
e +2
31
What I Can Do
Task 1
1. Find the derivative of f ( x )=x 2−3 x . Use the result to find the slope of the
tangent line to the curve f ( x )=x 2 +3 x at the point where x=2.
1 1
2. If y= , find y’ and use this result to the points on the curve y= where the
x x
tangent line has the slope -4.
3. Find all points on the graph of y=( x +3)2 at which the tangent line is parallel to
the line with equation y−4 x +2=0.
Task 2
Take an on-line Quiz!
Copy the table below and put check (√ ) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2, Quiz #3 and Quiz #4.
32
Lesson
3 Optimization
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
What’s In
The Extreme Value Theorem tells us that we can in fact find an extreme value
provided that a function is continuous. Thus, before we set off to find an absolute
extremum on some interval, make sure that the function is continuous on that interval,
otherwise we may be hunting for something that does not exist.
Here is the procedure for finding the absolute extreme value(s) of a function f on an
interval [ a , b ] .
1. Find all critical points of f(x) that are inside (in the interior) of the interval [a,b]. This
makes sense if you think about it. Since we are only interested in what the function is
doing in this interval we don't care about critical points that fall outside the interval.
2. Evaluate the function at the critical points, that is, where y ' = 0 or where the
derivative fails to exist. (Sharp points).
3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval. That is, find f(b) and f(a).
4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval. Those are the
absolute extrema, meaning the maximum and the minimum values.
33
Definition
Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative f ' ( x) can change the
signs from negative to positive.
Example 1
Solution:
9
Step#3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval: the value x= is not in
4
the interval, [ −2 ,2 ], so the only critical point is at , x=0 which is (0, -1).
Step #4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval, [ −2 ,2 ]: the
function values at the endpoints of the interval are f ( 2 ) =−9∧f (−2 )=39 , therefore the
maximum function value is 39 at x= -2 , and the minimum function value is -9 at x = 2.
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
The Maxima and Minima Problems
Optimization is the action of making the best or most effective use of a situation or
resource. It is define as “the process of finding the most effective or favourable value or
condition” .
Source: https://www.google.com/search?
q=optimization+meaning&oq=OPTIMIZATION&aqs=chrome.1.0l8.8253j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=U
TF-8
Many real-life situations require us to find a value that best suits our needs. If we
are given several options for the value of a variable x, how do we choose the “best
value?” Such as problem is classified as an optimization problem. We now apply our
previous discussion to finding extremum values of a function to solve some optimization
problems.
34
What’s New
Activity 1
Activity 2
Given f ( x )=x 3 +6 x 2+ 9 x
a. Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b. Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal.
c. Graph the function
Activity 3
Activity 4
x +1
Given f ( x )= , find f’(x) using the quotient rule.
x−2
35
What Is It
Example 1
Find two positive real numbers x and y such that their sum is 100 and their product is as
large as possible.
Solution
x + y=100 Domain:[0,100] To find the critical points,
y=100−x set P' ( x )=0 and find x.
Example 2
The product of two positive numbers is 2304. Find the numbers so that their sum is a
maximum.
2304
Solution Let the numbers be x and y. xy = 2304 ⇒ y=
x
S= x+ y
2304
S= x+
x
Domain: (0,2304]
2304
S' ( x )=1− =0
x2
2304
2
=1 ⇒ x 2=2304 ⇒ x=48
x
2304
y= =48
x
36
4608 1
S' ( 48 )= =
( 48)3 24
Since S' ( 48 ) >0 , S has a relative minimum at x = 48. Since x = 48 is the only
critical number of S on (0,2304], then S has an absolute minimum at x = 48.
Therefore, the sim is minimum when x = 48 and y =48.
Example 3.
The difference between two numbers is 18. Find the numbers so that their product is a
minimum.
then
y=x ( x +18)
y=x 2 +18 x
Domain: (-∞ , ∞ ¿
−18
x= =−9
2
x +18=−9+18=9
Find the second derivative: y ' ( x )=2 x +18 ⇒ y ' ' (x)=2
Since y ' ' ( x )> 0 , x =−9 is a relative maximum; and x = -9 is the only critical
number of y. Therefore, the product is minimum when x = -9 and y = 9. The
product is -81.
Example 4
The sum of one number and three time the second number is 48. What numbers should be
selected so that their product is as large as possible?
37
P be the product
The equation y + 3x = 48
y = 48 -3x
Domain: (-∞ , ∞ ¿
To find the critical points, set P’(x) = 0 and find x.
P’(x) = 48 – 6x = 0
x=8
y = 48 – 3(8) = 24
Since P’’(x) < 0 and x = 8 is the only critical number, therefore x = 8 gives the
absolute maximum. Thus, the product is maximum when x = 8 and y = 24.
The maximum product is 192.
Example 5
Given a rectangle with perimeter 864, find the largest possible area.
w be the width
A=l(432−l)
A=432 l−l 2
Domain : (0,432)
A' ( l )=432−2l=0
l=432÷ 2=216
38
w=432−216=216
Since A' ' ( l ) >0∧l=216 is the only critical number, therefore l=216 gives the
absolute maximum. The largest rectangle formed is a square of dimensions 216 by
216. The largest are is 46 656 sq. units.
What’s More
Activity 1: Solve Me!
2. A rectangular box has a square base with edges at least 10 cm long. It has no top,
and the total area of its five sides is 600cm 2. What is the maximum volume of the
box?
3. A rectangle with a fixed perimeter of 64 unit is rotated about one of its sides, thus
sweeping out a figure in the shape of a right circular cylinder. What is the maximum
volume of the cylinder?
4. A commuter train carries 600 passengers each day from a town to a city. A one-way
trip costs P100 per person. Market research reveals that 10 fewer people would ride
the train with every P1 increase in the fare. What fare should be charged to get the
largest possible revenue?
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq7g1nc2MJ8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WdyR5ftUQs
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdCfufivnjI
4. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-applications-new/ab-5-
11/v/optimizing-box-volume-graphically
39
Activity 1
Activity 2
A 10-m wire is cut in two pieces. One Piece is used to form a circle, the other to form
a square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the areas of the circle and the
square is a minimum?
Activity 3
HOPE publishing sells its College Entrance Tests Reviewer books at wholesale price
of P 200 per copy. If the total printing cost (in pesos) for x units is.
C(x) = 500 000 + 80x + 0.003 x 2
And is its production capacity is at most 30 000 copies over a specified time, how many
copies of review books must be sold within that period to maximize profit?
Activity 4
A piece of wire 40-cm long is to be bent to form a right angle. Where should the
vertex be to maximize the distance between two loose ends?
Activity 5
An efficiency study od the morning shift at a factory indicates that the average worker
who arrives on the job at 6:00 am will have produced Q ( t ) =−t 3 + 9t 2 +12t units t hours later.
At what time during the morning is the worker performing most efficiently?
1. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Calculus_-
_Early_Transcendentals_(Stewart)/04%3A_Applications_of_Differentiation/4.07%3A_Optim
ization_Problems
2. https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/applications/optimization-problems.html
40
What I Can Do
11. Find the two positive numbers whose product is 64, and whose sum is a minimum.
12. A rectangular field is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into three lots by fences
parallel to one of the sides. Find the dimensions of the largest field that can be
enclosed with 800 feet of fencing.
13. A closed box, whose length is twice its width, is to have a surface of 192 square
inches. Find the dimensions of the box when the volume is maximum.
14. If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 10, find the lengths of the other
sides when the area is maximum.
15. Find the most economical dimensions for a closed cylindrical can containing a quart.
1. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/optimization.aspx
2. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/moreoptimization.aspx
Copy the table below and put check (√ ) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2.
Summary of my Evaluation , Quiz #1
41
Summary
Module 2 covers the topics of the Derivatives which was divided into three (3)
subtopics: The derivative as the slope of the Tangent line, Rules of Differentiation and
Optimization.
The Derivative as a slope of the Tangent line:
The tangent line to the circle centered at the origin is a line intersect the circle at
exactly one point.
A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation
y− y o=m( x−x o )
2. The Definition of the Derivative
The derivative of the function, y=f (x ) is denoted by
d d dy
f ' ( x ) , D x [ f (x) ] , f ( x ) , ( y ) ,
dx dx dx
f ( x + Δ x )−f (x )
f ' ( x )= lim
Δ x →0 Δx
Rules of Differentiation:
42
The derivative of f ( x )=x nis found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1.
Rule #3: Constant times a Function
Let c be any constant. If g(x) g’(x)= cf(x), then g’(x) = cf’(x).
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative
of the function.
Rule #4: Sum or Difference Rule
If f ( x )=u ( x ) ± v ( x ) ,then f ' ( x ) =u ' (x) ± v ' (x )
The derivative of a sum or difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of
their derivatives.
Rule #5: Product Rule
If f ( x )=u ( x ) ⋅ v ( x ) ,∧if u' ¿
Then f ' ( x )=u ( x ) ⋅ v ' ( x )+ v (x )⋅u '( x)
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times
the derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
Rule #6: Quotient Rule
u( x )
If f ( x )= , if both u ' ( x )∧v ' ( x ) exist ,∧if v '( x)≠ 0 ,
v( x)
v ( x ) ⋅u' ( x )−u(x )∙ v '( x )
then , f ' ( x )= 2
[ v (c) ]
The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator,
all divided by the square of the denominator.
Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions
d /dx sin x = cos x,
d /dx cos x = − sin x,
d /dx tan x = sec 2 x
d /dx csc x = − csc x cot x,
d /dx sec x = sec x tan x,
d /dx cot x = − csc 2 x
Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function
If f(x) = e x , then f’(x) = e x .
Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
d 1 du
sin −1 u=
dx √ 1−u2 dx
d −1 du
cos−1 u=
dx √1−u 2 dx
d 1 du
tan −1 u=
dx 1+u 2 dx
d 1 du
cot −1 u=
dx 1+u2 dx
d 1 du
sec −1 u=
dx u √ u −1 dx
2
d 1 du
csc −1 u=
dx u √ u −1 dx
2
Optimization
43
(1) Draw a diagram depicting the problem scenario, but show only the essentials.
(2) Give the diagram symbols.
(3) Analyze the diagram, relating the "knowns" to the "unknowns".
(4) Find the extreme values using the Calculus.
Assessment (Posttest)
Direction: Read the following comprehensively and choose the best answer:
1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, f ( x )=3−2 x at (−1 , 5) .
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
x 2−4
a) f ( x )=
x +2
b) f ( x )=( x +3 ) 4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) f ( x )=¿ IxI
3 , x< 4
b) f ( x )= 1
2
{x+ 3 , x ≥ 4
1
c) f ( x )=
x
ln x , x <0
d) f ( x )= {
0 , x=0
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) f ( x )=¿ IxI
b) f ( x )=( x+ 3)4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
44
II: Read the questions comprehensively and give the correct answers.
1. Given: g(x) = −2 x2 +3 . Determine the slope of the secant lines PR, PS, and
PT to the curve, given the coordinates P(1, 1), R(4, -29), S(3, -15),
T(1.1 , 0.58).
45
2. Using the value from number 1, describe what is happening to the value of the
slope of the secant line from a point (x, y) as the point approaches P.
4. Determine the derivative of g(x)=−2 x2 +3 at x=1, using the limit definition of the
g ( 1+h )−g (1)
derivative and the difference quotient, g’(1)=lim .
h→ 0 h
6. If three sides of a trapezoids are 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be, if the
area is a maximum.
7. A triangle has a base 12 feet long and an altitude of 8 feet high. Find the area of the
largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that he base of the rectangle falls
on the base of the triangle.
8. Find the dimension of the right circular cone of at least volume that can be circumscribed
about a sphere of radius a.
9. Find the point on the line y = x, nearest to the point (4, 1)
10. Find the area of the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes which can
be inscribed in the area bounded by the two parabolas y=26−x 2∧ y =x2 +2.
References
Alferez. (2017). MSA Academic Advancement Institute.
46
Finding Equations of Tangent Line. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?
q=tangent+line+to+the+graph+of+a+function+at+a+point&oq=tang&aqs=chrome.0.
69i59j69i57j0l6.4313j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#kpvalbx=_Rg4DX9TNK9P6-
Qb_w5SQBQ90. Accessed on July 8, 2020.
48