American Language

Course
Book 11
 The Present Perfect Tense

Book 11
Lesson 1A
We use the present perfect tense to talk
about three kinds of actions:
1. Those that began in the past and are still
happening.
2. Those that just ended, and
3. Those that occurred at an indefinite time.
 Subject + have, has + past participle.
They have been here for a month.
(They got here a month ago, and they’re
still here.)
Ed has already had dinner.
( He just finished eating.)
He has been to Europe before.
( I’m not sure when he went.)
For: refers to a period of time.
Since: refers to a point in time.
Jim has been in the Army for 5 years.
Has the baby had that cold since last
week?
 Contractions
I have I’ve
You have You’ve
He has He’s
She’s
She has
It has
= It’s
We have We’ve
They have They’ve
have + not= haven’t, has+not=hasn’t
 Questions with
How Long
Book 11
Lesson 1B
The phrase how long is used to
introduce questions about length
of time.

How long did you stay at the party?

How long will they be on vacation?
How long is the flight to New York?
 The Present Perfect
Progressive Tense
Book 11
Lesson 1C
Like the present perfect tense, the present
perfect progressive tense is used to refer to
actions or events that began in the past and
continue into the present.
There is a difference between the two tenses.
The present perfect progressive is closer to
the present than the present perfect is. The
present perfect progressive stresses that an
action or event is not finished. It also
suggests that it will continue into the future.
They’ve been talking on the phone
for an hour.
(They’re talking now and may talk
for another hour.)
Ken has been studying since 4:30.
 Indefinite Pronouns

someone, somebody, no one,

nobody, anyone, anybody

Book 11
Lesson 2A
Someone and somebody are used in
affirmative statements.
Someone wants to speak to you.
Somebody forgot to put gas in the car.
Can someone please take this book to the
library?
Has somebody been using my pen without
asking?
No one and nobody are used in
affirmative statements.
No one wants to leave before
the general does.
The weather was awful;
nobody got to work on time
Anybody and anyone are usually used in
negative statements and in affirmative and
negative questions. They are sometimes
used in affirmative statements.
I didn’t know anyone at the party.
Can anybody give me a ride home after
class?
Anybody can learn another language.
 BECOME AND GET

Book 11
Lesson 2 B
Become and Get are used as linking
verbs to show a change in state or
condition.

Subject Linking Verb Subject Complement

Peter became a doctor after 10 years.
Kevin got lost on his way to my house.

They became / got tired of sightseeing.

Book 11
Lesson 2C
An adjective clause is group of words
that describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjective clauses begin with”
Who : refers to people.
Which: refers to things.
That: refers to both people and
things.
 Adjective Clause
Mr. Smith is the one who teaches Spanish.

Roper’s is the store which sells tires.

This is the watch that broke last week.

Mr. Dial is the man that fixed my car.

Too + Predicate Adjective
To + Simple Verb Form

Book 11
Lesson 3A
One of the meanings of too is “more
than enough”. Too followed by an
adjective and a to + infinitive means
“more than is necessary for a particular
purpose.”
The test was too long for us to finish.
(We couldn’t finish the test because it
was longer than necessary.)
 Too + Adjective (for+noun/ INFINITIVE
Pronoun
Candy is too sweet.
Coffee is too bitter for me to drink.
Carol is too tired for the children to drive.
It’ll too early to get up.
 INFINITIVE PHRASE OF
PURPOSE

Book 11
Lesson 3 B
An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after
a verb tells the reason for which something is
done.

Jim didn’t have any news. He just called to talk.

( He only called because he wanted to talk.)
Beth stopped at the store to buy some milk.
( She stopped because she needed to buy some
milk.)
 Prepositions
of Time
Book 11
Lesson 4 A
The following prepositions indicate time:
At, in, on, after, before, from, until, till, to,
for, and since.
At: it is used with the time of the day, age,
and with the words night, first, last,
beginning, and end.
at noon, at midnight, at 7:30, at the age of
12, at night, at first, at last, at the end, at
the beginning.
On: is used with days and dates.
It can also be used with parts of
certain day and the words time
and schedule.
on Monday, on your birthday, on
October 18, on the evening of
June 8, on time, on schedule.
In: is used with quantities of time and
with the words beginning and end.
in ten minutes, in an hour, in a week, in
two years, in the beginning, in the end
Before and After are used with time of day,
with dates, and with nouns that name events
or occurrences.
before noon, after 5:00 p.m. before
December 31, after April 14, before the
game, after dinner
From is used with To
from 1995 to 1993
Till / until are used to indicate periods of time
from May 1 until June 15
from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30 p.m.
Until / till can also be used alone with days, dates,
and times.
until next Friday, till next week, till midnight
For is used with periods of time.
for half an hour, for three weeks, for one
year
Since: is used with definite time.
since Sunday, since 6:00 this morning, since
1988
American Language
Course
Book 11