Students Book

Breakthrough
Student’s Book
The British Council’s Peacekeeping English Project (PEP)

Breakthrough
Student’s Book
An audio CD with Ss book in electronic format is included.
The British Council’s Peacekeeping English Project (PEP)

Project funded by the Ministry of Defence UK and Foreign and Commonwealth Office UK
Authors: Zuzana Košalková (SK), Ľubomir Ondruš (SK), Lída Koláčková (CZ),
Vítek Šobaň (CZ), Adrienne Pasztelyak (H), Judit Olah-Toth (H),
Tadeja Hafner (SLO) and Vasyl Krasovsky (UA)
Edited by: Julie Mezera (CZ), Gavin Floater (SK), Terence Bradley (SLO),
David Pardoe (UA), Charles Boyle (H) and Barrie Lister (H).
Published by the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic

Military Information and Service Agency (AVIS)
Address: Rooseveltova 23, 161 05 Praha 6, Czech Republic
http://www.army.cz
Special Purpose Publications Editorial Office
Editor in Chief: Jaroslav Roušar
Editor: Jaroslav Furmánek
Design and layout: Libora Schulzová
Photos: AVIS Files, Soldier Magazine
Dispatched to printer: March 2005
Printed by: AVIS, Order no 95/05
Copying, translating or duplicating this publication without the publisher’s consent is prohibited.
NOT FOR SALE
© Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic - Military Information and Service Agency 2005
ISBN 80-7278-238-X Student’s Book

ISBN 80-7278-234-7 Teacher’s Book
CONTENTS
1 LIFE ON BASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 COMMANDS AND ORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5 WEAPONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 BRANCHES OF THE ARMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8 STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9 RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
10 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
BREAKTHROUGH TAPESCRIPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1
Warm-up Task
LIFE ON BASE
In pairs discuss the following questions.
How big is the base you work on?

What facilities can you find on the base?
What facilities would you add to your base?
Have you ever visited a military base abroad? If so, what were the main differences between that base
and yours?
Task 1
A Work with a partner and complete the chart below with as many words associated with a military
base as you can. The words can be people, places or activities.
buildings
spare time security
activities
BASE
accommodation work
people
B Match the facilities on the left with the activities on the right you associate with them. There is
one more activity than you need. An example is given.
FACILITIES ACTIVITIES ANSWERS

1 assault course a have a regular check up 1 b
2 HQ b jump, crawl, climb, run 2
3 married quarters c make plans, issue orders 3
4 gate d work out, lift weights 4
5 mess hall e march, do parade drills 5
6 fitness centre f spend time with your family 6
7 firing range g do recce, build shelters 7
8 NAAFI h have meals when at work 8
9 parade ground i go to the bar, shop, restaurant 9
10 infirmary j shoot at the target, load weapons 10
k show your ID, sign in
4 UNIT 1 LIFE ON BASE

Task 2
Read the letters quickly and answer the questions below. Your teacher will tell you when to stop.
1 Write down any five or six of the sports mentioned in the letters.
2 Write down three facilities mentioned in the letters.
3 What extra qualifications have some soldiers achieved?
It’s just so good...

A recent letter in Soldier, from a soldier in Kabul, questioned the welfare
provision in Northern Ireland. Troops stationed in the province have nothing
but praise for the ‘excellent’ facilities
Cpl Lee Baxter B of, so I’m happy with things. better than I have
Coy, 2 R Anglian The gym facilities are excellent, seen and so is
There’s a lot with football, tennis, multi-gym, the NAAFI. The
put on for the free weights, and a swimming pool. welfare car, which
guys, obviously, my mates have
because they can’t used, is very good.
go home. They Pte David Green, B Coy, You just give them
get away to do 2 R Anglian a day’s notice and,
paintballing and It’s great to if it‘s available, off
watersports such be able to go you go.
as jet-skiing. I have done some sea to the activity
fishing at minimum cost which centre then
the company and the battalion chill out with Sgt John Brewer B Coy,
subsidise. A lot of the guys have a couple of 2 R Anglian
passed their driving tests and beers. I don’t Welfare facilities
the motor-cycle test is cheaper here know how they here are top-rate.
as well. could improve The gym has
things really, short of shipping us received some
LCpl Roy Masters, off to Ibiza. I suppose they could new equipment
B Coy, 2 R Anglian help us out a bit more with the and people are
There’s a good cost, but then we do get paid quite on the machines
internet suite, which well here anyway. from seven in
is free. There’s jet- the morning
skiing and kayaking, until eight at
which is cheap. All Pte Daniel McDonald, B Coy, night. Things are looking good.
the facilities are 2 R Anglian What do I think of the NAAFI
there for you to use Facilities are very good compared and the bar? I don’t know, I’m never
and take advantage with the mainland. The gym is far in them to tell you the truth.
(Adapted from Soldier Magazine 2002)
Note: Coy = company, R Anglian = Royal Anglian Regiment, Cpl = corporal, LCpl = lance corporal,
Pte = private, Sgt = sergeant.
Read the letters again and check your answers with your partner. Check any unfamiliar vocabulary
with your partner, in a dictionary or with the teacher.
LIFE ON BASE UNIT 1 5

Task 3
Look at the maps below. Ask your partner to give you directions from the point marked X.
Follow the arrows in the diagrams. Take turns to start the conversations. Two possible examples are
given below.
Example:
A: Excuse me, where’s the café?
B: You have to turn right and the café is
on your left.
or
A: Excuse me, how do I get to the café?
B: Turn right and you’ll see the café on
your left
X
Map 1 Map 2
X X
Map 3 Map 4
X X
Map 5 Map 6
X X

Task 4 – 5 Track 1
I Look at the map of Hutton Base. Listen and follow the directions to different places on
the map. Write down the names of the places. An example is given.
HUTTON BASE
Example: parade ground
a b c
II Listen to the example which your teacher will read out and follow the directions on the map.
Listen again and note any useful expressions. Work in pairs.Take turns in starting the dialogues
using the prompts below.
A You are at home in the married quarters. Your 4-year-old son is going to his new kindergarten
for the first time tomorrow. Your wife/husband will take him there. Give directions to your spouse.
B You are in your office in the HQ building. In 20 minutes you have a meeting with the NCO responsible
for delivering ammunition for your unit’s field training next week. The NCO is in the Weapons Storage
building. You don’t know how to get there. Ask your partner for directions.
C There is a ‘Happy Hour’ in the Officers’ Club between 19.00 and 20.00 tonight. A captain you work
with has invited you to meet him there. You work in the hospital and don’t know where the club is.
Ask your partner for directions.
D You have parked your car by the garages in Black Sea Street. Your spouse is in the fitness centre
and wants to go shopping. She/he needs the car. Give her/him directions how to get to the car
park.

Task 6
Read the article about new improvements to be made to British Army housing.
Service home of the future goes on show

A model house which incorporates the many improvements
to be made to family accommodation has opened. The class
B soldier’s quarter, with two bedrooms, was unveiled by Maj
Gen John Moore-Bick, GOC UKSC(G).
Under project Puma - Programme to Upgrade and
Modernise Accommodation - the house was upgraded to
the quality of a show house on a new British estate.
The interior is light and airy, with modern heating and
light fittings and contrasting carpet colours. Old kitchen
surfaces have been replaced by fitted units, with a fridge-
freezer, new cooker and extraction fan, and a plumbed-in
location for a dishwasher.
Other new features include a curved bath with shower
attachment and fitted shower guard; wiring for TV and
telephone in the main bedroom, which has an enormous
built-in wardrobe; an insulated attic with easy access for
storage; washing machine fittings and tumble-dryer vent
in the cellar; plenty of power points; an outside tap for
Nice kitchen: Gen Moore Bick ticks off a Puma watering the garden; and mains-wired fire alarm systems
check-list. Soldiers and families are being asked with battery back-up.
to comment (Adapted from Soldier Magazine 2003)
Note: GOC - General Officer Commanding; UKSC(G) - UK Support Company (Germany)
Write down words from the article in the five columns. Some words have already been added as
an example.
Furniture and
Verbs Adjectives Fittings Rooms
equipment
to incorporate new fridge-freezer power points bedroom

Furniture and
Verbs Adjectives Fittings Rooms
equipment
Think of more words which you could use to describe a house or flat and add them to the list above.
Compare your list with your partner and the rest of the class.
Task 7
A friend is coming to visit you in the married quarters on Hutton Base

this evening at 6 pm. Unfortunately, you will still be busy at work at
that time. He has never visited you before and will need to find his own
way to where you live. Write an email telling him how to find your
quarters from the main gate and where he should wait.
HOME INBOX COMPOSE ADDRESS BOOK

From:
To: John.Smith@yahoo.com
Subject: Your visit
Dear John,
I’m really pleased you’re coming later. To get to the married quarters you need to . . . . . . .
....
SEND FORWARD DELETE SAVE CANCEL
Homework:
Write a letter to an English-speaking friend who is coming to visit you describing your accommodation
and explaining how they could get to it from the station. Use the language you have learnt in the unit.

2
Task 1
DAILY ROUTINES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
Write down activities that you usually do in your free time and at work. Look at the example below.
Example: play football
Example: check tanks
10 UNIT 2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Task 2
Read the article and guess the rank of the soldier from his daily routines.
A typical day …
I usually start my day at 6 o‘clock. First, I get up and have a wash and a shave. Then I put on my
battle dress uniform and my combat boots. I have to make my bed too, in case there is a room
inspection in the afternoon. We normally have breakfast at 6.30. We have all our meals in the
mess hall. At 7 o‘clock there is a parade on the square where we have roll call and morning roster.
In the morning we usually have drill. We practice different marching routines on the parade
ground. Sometimes we also do rifle drill, but that is only once a month. We have lunch at 1 pm.
Then we have another roster and after that I go to the armoury. I take my personal weapon
and go on duty. It is usually a 24-hour duty. If I am not on duty I work until 3.15 pm and after
I finish I request an afternoon pass, leave the barracks and go for a walk or do what I want. I have
to be back in the barracks by 9.30 pm. I have half an hour for my evening routine and after lights
out, at 10.00 pm, I usually go to bed and fall asleep immediately.
Find the words in the article that mean the following. An example (0) is given.
Example:
0 A room where soldiers eat and drink mess hall
1 A place where soldiers parade, march

2 Checking if everybody is present
3 Assignment of jobs
4 Learning how to do something by repeating it several times
5 A place where weapons are stored
6 A document that shows that you can leave the barracks
7 The time when soldiers have to go to sleep
DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES UNIT 2 11

Task 3
Work in groups. List the activities you normally do during a typical working day.
Group A: morning activities.

Group B: afternoon activities.
Use the cards from your teacher and your own ideas.
Task 4
Fill in your daily routine. Look at the example below.
5.00
6.00 - wake up
21.00
Now work in pairs and compare your daily schedules.

Report to the class about similarities and differences.
Example:
We both start work at 7.00 but I have a briefing at 7.15 and my partner has a briefing at 7.30.
12 UNIT 2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Task 5 Track 2
Listen to an officer talking about his daily routine. Below is a list of activities. Tick the ones
he mentions. An example is given.
attending morning roster supervising subordinates

doing physical training attend a press conference
organise sport activities organising exercises
writing reports call the duty officer
go to the General Staff going on duty trips
completing applications issuing orders
Task 6 Track 2
Now listen again and fill in the missing information.
STUDENT A STUDENT B
Activities Times Times Activities
morning roster 0700
physical training 0810-1200
shower 1445
lunch 1515
Ask questions to get your neighbour’s information.
Example:
What time does he take a shower?
What does he do at 0700?
Task 7 Track 3 Telling the time – military style
Task 8
You are an adjutant and you are planning a half hour meeting for your commander with
the commander of another unit. Call your counterpart and discuss the most suitable time for
the meeting. Your teacher will give you your commander’s daily schedule.
DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES UNIT 2 13

3
Warm-up Task
MILITARY CAREERS
AND TRAINING – Part I
Work in pairs. Write down three words you relate to a military career but you think your partner does
not know. Discuss the words with your partner. Take turns.
MILITARY VOCABULARY QUIZ

Choose the correct answer from a, b and c. An example (0) has been done for you.
Example:
0 A captain is a .
a a rank above lieutenant
b an NCO rank
c a general officer’s rank
Test your military vocabulary
1 WO1 Jones was commissioned. She was .

a made an officer
b transferred to another unit
c given an award
2 Lt Brown graduated in 2000. This means that he university.

a started
b changed
c finished
3 Sgt Hall got a posting to London. He will there for some time.
a live and work there
b deliver packages
c train other soldiers
4 Lt Barry served with RAF Coastal Command. This means that he the RAF.
a provided special services for
b performed official duties in
c organised outside catering for
14 UNIT 3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I

5 Sgt Penn did specialist training to get this job. This means that he a training course.
a completed
b developed
c trained soldiers on
6 Lt Black became a platoon commander. He is now in command of a group of .

a soldiers
b officers
c commanders
7 Col Hill talked about his appointment. He talked about his .

a accommodation
b position
c working hours
8 Capt Moore was promoted. She now has a .

a lower salary
b week’s leave
c higher rank
9 Officers usually in the Officers’ Mess.

a have meals
b do some chores
c mess around
10 When soldiers operate in field conditions they are .

a in a combat environment
b at the military hospital
c on the parade ground
Task 1 Track 4
Listen to Capt Norton talking about his military career. Fill in the missing information.
An example (0) has been done for you.
Example:
0 Capt Norton finished his studies with a degree in mechanical engineering.
1 He joined the British in 1995.

2 When he joined his regiment, he did training.
3 He was in charge of the servicing and maintenance of platoon , vehicles and
equipment.
4 He served as an officer in Cyprus.
5 Next month he is going to Shrivenham to attend the Army Course.
MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I UNIT 3 15

Task 2 Track 4
Listen to the recording again. Fill in the missing information in the table below. Check your answers
with the class.
Details Year Capt Norton’s military career

initial training 1995

1996 on the job specialist training
first posting in/as ... 1996

servicing and maintenance of weapons, vehicles and
1996-2000
equipment
captain, Germany
foreign service as / in ... 2000-2003

Army Staff Course, Shrivenham
Married Quarters in London, detached house, three

place of residence
bedrooms; 10-minute drive to work
Task 3
Work in groups of three. Your teacher will give you a set of cards with accounts of different military
careers.
A Choose a card and fill out the table below with information about the soldier on your card.
B Ask and answer your partners about the military careers on their cards. Complete the table below.
Name:
Rank:
Initial training:
Training and development:
First posting:
Foreign service - rank and appointment:
Other:
16 UNIT 3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I

Task 4
Study Capt Norton’s CV. The information has been put in the wrong order and there are no headings.
In your group you have two tasks:
A Match the headings below with the information on the CV.
B Discuss with your partner and put the information into the most suitable order.
Headings for CV:

Education; professional experience; referees; skills; activities; personal details
1 Ski Instructor (grade I)

Junior League Football Club Manager
2 Andrew W. Norton
52 Christ Church Road
London LW3 5LM
England
Phone: 0326 667 9821
E-mail: a.norton@hotmail.com
3 IT European Computer Driving Licence

Languages STANAG 6001 3333 German, conversational Greek
Private Pilot’s Licence
4 on request
5 1995-1996 RMA Sandhurst

Commissioning Course
1990-1994 University of Glasgow

B. Eng. (1st Class Honours) in Mechanical Engineering
1982-1990 Eton College

A Levels in Mathematics (A), Science (B), History (B)
6 2003 to date Military Advisor to P.M. (Central + Eastern Europe), HQ London
2000-2003 Regimental Signals Officer, Germany

Operations Officer, Cyprus
Note: IT - Information Technology; P.M. - Prime Minister; RMA - Royal Military Academy
C Your teacher will show you a typical CV and explain the format. Discuss the differences between
the British format and one used in your own country.
Task 5 or Homework:
Imagine you are applying for an assignment or a specialist training course abroad. Write your own
CV for that purpose.
MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I UNIT 3 17

MILITARY CAREERS
AND TRAINING – Part II
Task 1 Track 5
BASIC MILITARY TRAINING

Below are some of the areas that are covered during basic training. Listen to Sgt Hill and tick the ones
he talks about. An example has been done for you.
Then guess what the other areas might be about, discuss it with the class.
fieldcraft administration
military education weapons handling
endurance, adventure and initiative training map reading
physical fitness and recreation drill
Task 2 Track 6
INITIAL OFFICER TRAINING, RAF ACADEMY CRANWELL

Listen to two cadets talking about initial officer training at the Royal
Air Force Academy.
Answer the questions below. An example (0) has been done for you.
Example:
0 This conversation is taking place a the course.
a before
b during
c after
1 During the first phase of the training Peter had a hard time with .
a weapons handling
b physical training
c drilling
2 During leadership training Peter realized the importance of .

a kit and room inspections
b performance assessment
c team work
3 At the end of the course they participate in war-gaming, which is .

a visiting front line stations
b exercising in a simulated environment
c carrying out official challenges
18 UNIT 3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II

Task 3 Promotional and Specialist Courses
Study the following flyer with the promotional and specialist courses available for officers of the British
Army. Answer the questions below. An example (0) has been done for you.
The Battery Commanders Course

Captains Course
Commanding Officer Artillery Tactics Course
BE THE BEST!
Gunnery Careers Course (Air Defence)
Gunnery Careers Course (Close Support)
Gunnery Careers Course (General Support)
Army School of Ammunition Gunnery Instructors Course (Air Defence)
Army School of Catering AFV Commanders Courses
School of Logistics RAC Instructors Course
Defence School of Transport
Construction Engineer School
Royal Signals Regular Army Command Courses Combat Engineer School
Joint Service and All Arms Courses Defence Explosives Ordnance School
Infantry Dismounted Close Combat Skills Training Aviation Command and Tactics Trainer Course
Jungle Warfare Training Night Vision Goggle Course
All Arms Drill Training Aviation Flight Commanders Course
Example:
0 Who can choose jungle warfare training?
Infantry officers
1 How many courses are there for infantry officers?

2 Which three instructor courses are available?
3 For which services and arms does the Signal Corps provide specialist training?
4 What course can a first lieutenant in the artillery take before his next position?
5 Which school teaches you about preparing the army’s meals?
Task 4
Work in small groups. Discuss:
which of the courses above you would like to take

what courses you can take in your country
what career training and development is like in your military
what career training and development is like in your country
what kind of training you have received so far
what kinds of promotional and/or specialist training courses you have taken so far
what kinds of promotional and/or specialist training courses you have been selected for in the near
future
MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II UNIT 3 19

Task 5
Read the article about an exchange exercise in the USA. Together with your partner answer
the questions below and report to the class.
In a nest of eagles
Royal Irish find out that the
101st Airborne Division does
things on a grand scale
Report: Andrea Frazer
Pictures: Sgt Paul Brownbridge
Soldiers serving with the 1st

Battalion of The Royal Irish
Regiment had the chance
to work and play inside one
of the best military bases in
America during an exchange
exercise with the 2nd Battalion
502 Infantry Regiment.
Throughout the month-long
Exercise Mill Race, 120
soldiers from C Company,
1 R Irish were based at Fort
Campbell, Kentucky, home
of the Screaming Eagles
– the US Army’s distinguished
101st Airborne Division. your average town or city. soldiers to get a better idea
In keeping with the general Its training facilities are of how they would fare side-by-
perception that everything the answer to an infantryman’s side in a battle, and how well
in America is bigger, Fort prayers and include 48 ranges, we would perform in combat
Campbell did not disappoint. five major drop zones, an assault with each other. From my
The camp, or post as the landing strip, a bayonet assault observations they are looking
Americans call it, ranks as course, a rappel tower, a demo good.”
the fifth largest in the US, spans area, 48 manoeuvre areas and Maj Colin Marks, OC C
two states and covers an area 340 artillery firing points. Company, added: “It makes
of 105,000 acres. They operated as a fully- sense for us to train alongside
The statistics are seriously integrated air assault company, them tactically. This exercise
impressive: Fort Campbell has using US weapons, radios and has shown that at any level
ten entrance gates, a workforce helicopters, during a week-long, we can learn from each other
of 23,000 military and 4,000 6,000-strong brigade-level field to provide the best service to our
civilian personnel, one hospital, training exercise. countries in the event of a war.
4,000 family living quarters, Sgt 1st Class Gerado Rodriguez The experience has definitely
eight schools, eight churches of 502 Infantry Regiment said: had a motivating and cohesing
and more fast food outlets than “This form of training enables influence on the soldiers.”
Note: OC - Officer Commanding
Answer the following questions:

1 How long was the exchange exercise?
2 What was impressive about the base or camp?
3 What reasons are given why this kind of exchange is good for soldiers?
20 UNIT 3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II

Task 6
Together with your partner read the letters written by British soldiers discussing training
opportunities in the British Army.
What is the general opinion stated by the soldiers?

a Do they think the Army provides enough training?
b Do they think it’s the right kind of training?
c What kind of training do they think is best?
Find sentences in the texts to justify your answers and report back to the class.
Training time
Over-exercised or fit to fight? We asked soldiers deployed on Exercise Iron Anvil
at Batus in Canada whether they thought the British Army dedicated the right
amount of time to field training and operational exercises
LBdr Steve Riley, 137 Bty, 40 Gnr Richard Sheldon, LCpl Paddy Hilson,
Regt RA 137 Bty 40 Regt RA Joint NBC Regt
We could do with a lot more I am new to my regiment As far as the Joint NBC
training like Exercise Iron and Iron Anvil has been Regiment goes we have too
Anvil. Our secondary role is my first line firing exercise. much training and go on too
as an infantry unit, but Batus The guns fascinate me and many exercises – we are never
is the only place we get to getting the opportunity to at home and don’t get to see our wives and
fire live section attacks. The only other actually fire them is one of children as often as we would like. Part of
training area I have used is Salisbury Plain the reasons I joined up. It would be great the problem is that every brigade wants to
and Batus is much better, because there is if soldiers got to come to Batus once a year exercise with the Joint NBC Regiment.
far more space. –it is a massive area and there is not a lot
you can’t do here. Cpl Gary Etherington,
Cfn Richard Haswell, 5 Bn 5 Bn REME
REME JUO Edwin Kelly, The REME needs to
The Army has got it spot-on Leeds University OTC undertake more trade
–it is not until you come on Getting to go on exercises training so that if there
an exercise like this that you in places like Canada is is a conflict we have
realise how much the British one of the reasons I want the necessary expertise
Army actually spends on to join up. I think exercises to support it. More exercises like Batus
our training. I have been on six exercises are quite well rewarded would be great – it is a perfect training
this year and I think they get the amount when there is adventurous environment.
about right every year. training or R and R attached to them.
Capt Robert Driver,
Sgt Paul Smythe, Pte Adam Spooner, 1 Kings
Joint NBC Regiment RAMC The British Army has
Exercises on the scale of Iron Exercises offer medics got the balance right.
Anvil are very few and far excellent training –so the I personally enjoy going
between. It would be nice more the better. As well as on exercise and it is, after
to do brigade-level exercises dealing with play casualties all, what we are paid to do.
more often as they offer the you often have to treat real- I am aware that there are a lot of cost
best training a soldier can get. life injuries in the field and constraints, but it would be nice to do
However, I realise that commitments make you learn more from doing that than you more overseas exercises as these allow
it very difficult to have such a large number ever would sitting in a classroom. soldiers to train in varied environments.
of troops available at any one time.
Task 7
Work in groups. Your teacher will give you a fact sheet about a training course in Germany. One
or two of you will play the part of the applicants for the course. The rest of the group will act as
the panel interviewing the applicants. Take turns. Spend time preparing the roleplay together and
use the CVs you prepared in Part I.
Homework:
Write a letter of application for the course.
MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II UNIT 3 21

4 COMMANDS
AND ORDERS
Warm-up Task
Look at the picture and write

a one-line caption for it.
Example:
“Last one in buys the drinks.”
Task 1 (From Soldier Magazine 2002)
Put the following signs and commands into the correct column. Where would you find them on
a military base? An example is given. Add other examples if you can.
cease fire at ease quick march

dangerous chemical no trespassing eyes left
mind your step take a deep breath dead slow
authorised personnel only no weapons beyond this point
Sign Commands Location

Cease fire! a firing range
Which commands and signs do you most often see or hear in your everyday work?
22 UNIT 4 COMMANDS AND ORDERS

Task 2
Match the verbs below with their synonyms. The verbs are used with the words ‘command’ or ‘order’.
An example is given. There is also one more word which means ‘obey’.
issue
receive
obey
carry out
disobey
give a/an command/order

get an order
follow a/an command/order obey
ignore an order
Task 3
Read part of an interview with a camp commander on a peacekeeping mission. Fill in the gaps using
the words given below. The first gap has been completed. More than one word can be correct.
issue
receive
obey
carry out
disobey
Interviewer: What was the most dangerous order that you have ever had to follow?
Commander: I think it was when we got, received an order to de-mine a road on the Eritrean-
Ethiopian border. We were followed by quite a big group of armed and hopped up* soldiers
capable of starting shooting any minute. That was rather dangerous.
Interviewer: What was the most difficult order that you have ever had to give?
Commander: Well, I would say that it is always difficult to orders
when you have to punish soldiers. Here, in the mission, we have to repatriate soldiers from
time to time. It doesn’t happen a lot but when it does it’s not an easy thing to do. The reasons
we have to repatriate soldiers are different, like health problems, breaking the rules,
orders and so on.
Interviewer: Is there any order that you have received and wanted to disobey?
Commander: The one that I really wanted to protest about was the order to accompany the mission
Force commander in the sector and take care of all safety precautions while transporting him
in the area of operation. I don’t think it was a job for us engineers. It is the responsibility of
security units. However, as a soldier you may never orders
so I had to this order anyway.
Note: * hopped up = stimulated with a narcotic/drugged
COMMANDS AND ORDERS UNIT 4 23

Task 4
Using the three questions in task 3, interview your partner. Make notes and report back to the class.
Task 5 Track 7
You will listen to an interview with a retired lieutenant colonel. Write down the three questions you
think the interviewer has asked.
1
2
3
Task 6 Track 7
Listen to the interview again and choose the correct answer (a, b or c).
1 The lieutenant colonel’s friend was killed in a/an .

a car accident
b explosion
c gunfight
2 The checkpoint reported a/an .

a group of riders
b attack on the checkpoint
c attack on the command post
3 The lieutenant colonel didn’t want to leave his post with his men because .
a his unit was not ready
b he couldn’t contact his commander
c the new team was not ready to operate

Task 7
Pre-reading task: Have you ever been involved in an international parade? What are the problems
likely to be? How can you deal with such problems?
Now read the article below and answer the questions.
Drilled to perfection
A military parade involving soldiers from 30 countries
and very little time to rehearse. It’s a good thing there
was a British RSM on hand.
Ask troops from 30 nations to take part at short Security was provided by a Turkish company, military
notice in a high-profile parade and the potential police from Ireland and Spain and carabinieri from
for disaster looms large. Italy.
The resulting concoction of confused languages and Soldiers for the parade were drawn from units serving
variable standards of drill could be enough to make even with Multi-National Divisions South-East and South-
the hardiest sergeant major quake at the knees. West.
Step forward WO1 (RSM) Graham Highet of With a shake of the head he relived one horror.
the Royal Scots, who is obviously made of sturdy stuff. “When we finished the first parade rehearsal I got them
When Lt Gen Michael Dodson, US Army, handed to go through a bit of marching as well,” he said. WO1
command of NATO’s Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Highet wasn’t impressed.
Bosnia to fellow countryman Lt Gen John Sylvester, “So the watchword was KISS – Keep It Simple,
a ceremony had to be organised. Stupid. All I asked them to do was to march into position
But HQ SFOR had no worries because running the and I would do the rest.”
show was WO1 Highet, who brought to the event a level Adding to the mix was a colour party of seven
of expertise second to none. involving five nationalities and a just-arrived US Army
Not the least of his problems was the language band.
barrier. “It’s a bit different marching to a band and as soon
“We have more than 30 nations in Camp Butimer, as they started, everyone was out of step so we had to
all with different disciplines, different dress, different start again.”
languages and different military standards,” he told In the event the parade passed off smoothly and
Soldier. WO1 Highet was delighted.
Note: Carabinieri - Italian soldiers in a corps serving as a police force; colour party - soldiers carrying
national flags; RSM - Regimental Sergeant Major; WO1 - Warrant Officer 1st Class.

Match the meanings 1-10 with the phrases taken from the text a-j. An example has been done for you.
Example:
1 high-profile = e something that is of great interest to the media
1 high-profile a to be frightened 1e
2 disaster looms b to be taken from 2
3 concoction c to be brave 3
4 quake at the knees d mixture 4
5 made of sturdy stuff e something that is of great interest to the media 5
6 running the show f to be completed without problems 6
7 second to none g problems understanding each other 7
8 language barrier h the best 8
9 to be drawn from i trouble is coming 9
10 passed off smoothly j to be in charge of the event 10
Task 8
Your teacher will give you some cards. Match the commands with their definitions.
Task 9
In pairs take turns to ask and answer questions from the commands in task 7. See the example
below.
A: What do you have to do when you hear the command ‘Attention’?

B: You have to stand properly, you mustn’t move. You must listen to your commander.
Task 10 Track 8
Read the following situations and discuss with your partner what orders you would give. You will
then hear a recording of commands which might be given in these situations. Check your answers.
a You have a disorganised group of soldiers and you have to march them to the mess hall.
b You are training some soldiers and after demonstrating a certain procedure (e.g. ‘about turn’) you
want one of them to demonstrate the procedure in front of the others.
c Your unit is about to receive its daily orders. The commander is late, so you have to wait for him.
Prepare your unit.
d A general is coming to inspect your unit. Present the unit to the general.
e You are at a firing range. You want one of the soldiers in your unit to fire a round.

Task 11
When speaking to colleagues, even to subordinates, we don’t usually use the imperative to give
‘commands’. Re-write the following sentences, so that they sound more ‘polite’. An example (0) has
been done for you. Use the following expressions.
would you you really must

will you can you
could you you should
Example:
0 Close the window!
Could you close the window – please!
1 Make me some coffee!

2 Go to the doctor’s!
3 Fetch the file from my office!
4 Ring Col Macarthur and make me an appointment for tomorrow!
5 Explain the situation to Capt Brown!
6 Finish the report! I need it today.
7 Check the equipment before you leave!
8 Type the letter immediately! The post goes in half an hour.
9 I’m sorry. Leave now! I have an appointment.
10 Read the article in the Independent and write me a summary by tomorrow morning!
Task 12
Discuss your answers with your partner. Most of the expressions given above can be used in most of
the sentences, but what is the difference between them? Which can’t be used? Decide which is the
strongest and which is the most polite and then report back to the class.
Homework:
Choose one of the situations below and write a short letter to an English speaking friend giving
him/her advice.
Your friend:
can’t decide whether to take
an English language course
wants to change jobs
wants to buy a car
needs to move to another town
(From Soldier Magazine 2005)
“Tell you what, Eccles, you resolve to smarten up, have a haircut
and a weekly bath... I’ll resolve not to shout too loudly at you.”

5
Task 1
WEAPONS
The SA80 is the British Army’s Infantry IW or individual weapon.

In the picture there are no labels for the different parts. See how many of these parts you already
know, and your teacher or colleagues will help you with the ones you don’t.
SA80 BRITISH ARMY INFANTRY INDIVIDUAL WEAPON
28 UNIT 5 WEAPONS
Task 2 Track 9
There are some details missing from the technical specifications that follow. Listen to the two men speaking
about the 3 weapons – SA80, AK-47 and M16, and fill in the details missing from the specifications.
SA80 SPECIFICATIONS
calibre: mm
weight: 3.98 kg with empty magazine and optical sight
length: 785 mm
muzzle velocity: 940 metres/s
feed: -round magazine
effective range: metres
barrel length: 518 mm (20.4 inches)
cyclic rate of fire: 610/770 rounds/min
AK-47 SPECIFICATIONS
length: 880 mm
weight: kg
calibre: mm
operation: gas
feed: 30-round box magazine
muzzle velocity: 717 metres/s
cyclic rate: rpm
M16 SPECIFICATIONS
calibre: mm
magazine: metal clip
capacity: 20 or 30 rounds
operation: gas operated
firing modes: semi-auto or 3-round burst
cyclic rate: rpm
length: cm
barrel length: 50,8 cm (20”)
weight: kg
safety: safety catch/fire selector above trigger on the left side
WEAPONS UNIT 5 29
Questions asked
about reliability
of SA80-A2
MoD team investigates ‘failures’
Batches of rifles damaged in transit
Ministry of Defence and its findings are now being
officials are considering considered.
a report on the performance The reporting team, led
of the SA80-A2 during by a colonel in the Royal
recent operations in Marines, monitored test
Afghanistan. A team flew firings staged under typical
to Kabul to investigate why operational conditions and
Royal Marines had problems which included helicopter
with weapons failing to fire. missions, very high Finger on the trigger: A Royal Marine
Armed Forces Minister temperatures, humidity and involved in the search for Taliban
and al-Qaida forces in Afghanistan’s
Adam Ingram confirmed severe dust. mountains. He is armed with the
in the House of Commons The Army’s entire stock modified SA80-A2 rifle.
that three official failure of SA80 individual weapons
reports had been filed from is currently being upgraded Results were carefully
troops in Afghanistan, in a £ 92m program to analysed and confirmed
the first time the new improve their reliability the “new” weapon’s superior
individual weapon (IW) had following many instances of capability ... it fired 500,000
been used on operations. All misfirings and stoppages. rounds and had only 158
failures must be reported up Hecklerand Koch, stoppages between the IW
the chain of command. the weapons manufacturer, and the light support weapon
Of the three failure carried out a series of (LSW). The Kuwait trials
reports, two were because the modifications which included were conducted in blown
weapons had been damaged replacing firing pins, some gas sand conditions similar to
in transit. The team has parts and springs, magazines conditions in Afghanistan.
investigated the reasons for and bolt assemblies. A spokesman for the MoD
the other reported stoppages Following the improvements, said: “We view any reported
stringent tests were carried shortcomings in the SA80
out before the first weapons very seriously. In hot and
were issued in time for British dusty conditions all weapon
troops flown to Afghanistan systems are likely to suffer
in the aftermath of the stoppages.” It is understood
September 11 terrorist attacks that when all the claims have
on America. been fully investigated and
Those trials included test- assessed an announcement at
firings in the harshest desert, ministerial level will be made.
arctic and jungle conditions.
30 UNIT 5 WEAPONS
Task 3
Now you have the complete specifications for the three weapons, write down up to 10 true or
false statements comparing the three rifles. Now get into pairs and take turns telling each other
the statements. If a statement is false, you must correct it.
Example:
Student 1: The XYZ is the heaviest weapon of the three.
Student 2: That’s true.
or That’s false, it’s the lightest.
or That’s false, it’s heavier than the , but lighter than the .
Use words like: light, heavy, long, short, big, small, with words like: calibre, barrel etc.
Use comparison phrases:

as ....... as
the bigger of the two
the biggest of the/in the (more than two)
bigger/smaller than
Task 4
Read the article on the opposite page and answer the questions below together with your partner.
1 What was the most serious problem reported about the SA80-A2 rifle?
2 List three conditions in which the SA80-A2s were tested.
3 Name four modifications which Heckler and Koch made to the weapon.
Check any unfamiliar vocabulary in the dictionary or with your teacher. Report your answers to
the class.
Task 5
What is the IW in use in your army? How does it compare to the guns mentioned in this unit? Discuss
in small groups and then report to the class.
Homework:
Prepare a short briefing describing the IW in use in your army. Discuss its strengths and weaknesses.
WEAPONS UNIT 5 31
6
Task 1
UNIFORM AND
EQUIPMENT – Part I
Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions as a class:
How many uniforms do you have?

What do you call them?
When and where do you wear:
- a dress uniform
- an everyday uniform
- a combat dress uniform
- a fatigue uniform
- a special uniform
- a working uniform
What does each of your uniforms include?
Task 2
With your partner can you match the uniforms

in the pictures with the headings below? Discuss
the types of uniform in the pictures. An example
is shown. 1
Example:
g operational (UN) duty kit = 1
a tank overalls
b fatigue dress
c dress ceremonial
d diving gear/equipment
e full camouflage order
f combat parade order
g operational (UN) duty kit 1
h parade dress
32 UNIT 6 UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part I

3
4
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part I UNIT 6 33

Task 3
Match the words and the pictures. Compare your answers with your partner and the class. Check
the answers in a dictionary.
UNIFORM VOCABULARY QUIZ
socks 23 long johns bulletproof vest

belt pouch midge net
peaked-cap mess dress coat
T-shirt combat trousers balaclava
boots combat jacket gloves
webbing sweater shirt
vest boot liners bergen
helmet chest rig shoes
poncho beret shemagh
6 HEAD
5
4

8
7
9
15
10
TORSO
11
14
13 12
18
17
16
ACCESSORIES
27
22 21
19
20
26
LEGS AND FEET 23
socks
25 24

Task 4
Pre-listening task. Together with your partner try to answer the questions below.
If soldiers wear camouflage uniform, is it possible to tell which country they come from?
When is the camouflage uniform used?
Which ranks wear forage caps in your country?
Why is the dress uniform usually made in bright colours with golden epaulettes?
Why does a military uniform include so many accessories like belts, webbing and pouches?
Track 10
Listen to Nick Seaman, a military uniform designer,
and check your answers.
Task 5
Do you know your sizes?

Look at the picture of the soldier.
A Write your size next to the picture.
head size: 54 cms
collar size
chest size
waist size
hand size
shoe size

B Practise short dialogues with your partner. Read the example.
A: What size jacket do you take?

B: One hundred and four centimetres.
A: And what’s your shirt size?
B: Forty-two centimetres.
or
A: I can wear Peter’s gloves because we have the same hand size.
I can’t wear Peter’s trousers because his waist is bigger.
C The teacher may ask some of you to act out your dialogue for the class.
Task 6
Look at the picture of the soldier.
A There is one difference in the description of female sizes. Do you know what it is?
B Describe the uniform she is wearing.
Homework:
Write a short article for Soldier Magazine describing a uniform.
Name the different parts of the uniform, their importance and purpose.
Here are some useful verbs to help you:

to include to offer protection from to be available
to be made of/from to be customised to develop
to allow to be attached to to design

UNIFORM AND
EQUIPMENT – Part II
Task 1
Look at the picture of the new air dispatcher’s uniform – discuss (as a class) an air dispatcher’s duties
and responsibilities and whether you think the uniform would be useful or not. What does an air
dispatcher wear in your army or air force?
Soldier Magazine 2002
Note: RLC - Royal Logistic Corps; AD - air dispatcher; GPS - Global Positioning System.
38 UNIT 6 UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II

Task 2
In your groups each read the article about the new air dispatcher’s uniform. Together fill in the table
below. Some of the table has already been filled out for you.
(One column will have more information than the other.)
List verbs used to describe the special qualities

List parts of the uniform described.
of the new uniform and their purpose.
load-carrying jerkin to provide protection
to secure something to
Task 3
Find the words or phrases below in the article, check the meanings in a dictionary if necessary, then
match them with the definition. An example (5) has been done for you.
Example:
5 by means of = e using a/an/the
1 to dispatch a to allow you to talk or contact 1

2 to detach the b to include 2
3 to prevent somebody from c to disconnect 3
4 to be fitted with d to stop somebody from 4
5 by means of e using a/an/the 5 e
6 to enable communication f to send 6
Task 4
In your groups write four sentences each using the words and phrases above. You should use all
the definitions and phrases. Check your sentences with your group and then report them to the class.
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II UNIT 6 39

Task 5
Work in groups of three – look at the advertisement from Soldier Magazine. You have £200.00
to spend in your group – choose the items you want or need. Then justify your choice to the class.
What purpose will you use the items for?
Example:
“We decided to buy a wash bag, because the dirty washing made our tent very untidy and smelly.”
or
“We decided to buy a US assault holster, because Sgt Brown needs it for carrying his assault rifle.”
Check any vocabulary you are not familiar with, either in the dictionary or with your teacher or
group.
40 UNIT 6 UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II

Task 6
You have received an e-mail request from a unit at a remote observation post. Some words are not
readable because the computer switched to the Cyrillic alphabet from time to time. Try to guess what
they need. All the words are in the advertisement. An example has been done for you.
Example:
Six DPM Army Bashas for soldiers to sleep under.
Sir,
Heavy rains and winds caused floods and land slides which damaged some
of our equipment.This is what we need a.s.a.p.:
1 Six ВЗЬ фкьн ифврфв for soldiers to sleep under. DPM Army Bashas
2 Four ВЗЬ щтсрщв to keep the soldiers dry.
3 Five втшзук сфвув to keep our sniper rifles dry.
4 Five ашкве фшв лшев for first aid.
5 Three ашкувефкеукв or some waterproof matches to start a fire.
6 Two пнвкфешщт вфцвш for the field exercise to make sure the men
don’t get dehydrated.
Lieutenant Brown
P.S. Laptop batteries expired. Please send some куздфсуьутев.
Note: Meaning of a.s.a.p. – as soon as possible;

DPM – Disruptive Pattern Material ( = camouflage combat uniform);
basha – improvised shelter (made from a poncho).
Task 7
Work in pairs. One of you is Maj Watson, one of you is Lt Brown. Major Watson contacts Lt Brown
by radio to make sure he has decoded the message correctly. Change roles.
Example:
A: Lieutenant Brown speaking.
B: Hello, this is Maj Watson. Can you clarify your request? It wasn’t clear enough.
A: We wanted six DPM Army Bashas, Sir.
Homework:
Write a short letter to the Web-tex Military Products Company ordering several articles. Explain
where you would like the goods to be delivered and what method of payment you would use.
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II UNIT 6 41

7
Task 1
BRANCHES OF
THE ARMY
Describe the pictures below, the different equipment being used and the activities being performed
by the soldiers.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
42 UNIT 7 BRANCHES OF THE ARMY

Task 2
Match six of the pictures on the previous page with the branches of the army and their definitions
below. An example has been done for you.
BRANCH PICTURE
a Army Aviation Corps (provides air support to ground forces)
b Artillery (uses guns, canon, howitzers, mortars)
c Chemical Corps (provides nuclear, biological, chemical protection)
d Signal Corps (maintains and operates communications systems)
e Medical Corps (treats and looks after the sick, injured and wounded) 12
f Special Forces (carry out special operations)
Task 3
Match the branches of the army (1-6) listed below with the definitions (a-f ). An example has been
done for you.
BRANCH DUTIES ANSWER

1 Armour a to conduct area security operations, investigates crime 1 f
2 Engineers b to provide information about enemy troops 2
3 Infantry c to fight on foot, using personal weapons 3
4 Logistics d to construct bridges, demolish obstacles, de-mine fields 4
5 Military Intelligence e to supply equipment, food, medication, provides transport 5
6 Military Police f to combine tanks and armoured cavalry 6
Task 4
In pairs take turns to select a branch of the army from the list below and explain to your partner what
the soldiers in that branch are responsible for. Your partner has to guess which branch you are talking
about. Look at the example below.
Example:
These soldiers carry out special operations. They attack targets that are usually behind enemy lines.
Answer: Special Forces
Military Police Military Intelligence Artillery

Engineers Specials Forces Signal Corps
Army Aviation Corps Armour Infantry
Medical Corps Chemical Corps Logistics
BRANCHES OF THE ARMY UNIT 7 43

Task 5 Track 11
Listen to the recording of six soldiers speaking about their jobs. Identify their job and put the number
of the speaker in the first column next to their job. Then match the job to the branch of the army
in which they work. An example (1) has been done for you. Listen again to check your answers.
SPEAKER JOB BRANCH

intelligence analyst 1 Chemical Corps
telecommunications engineer Engineers
1 chemical analyst Armour
nurse Military Intelligence
tank driver Signals
bomb disposal officer Medical Corps
Task 6
Read the text and write any words or phrases in the table below which are useful to describe duties
and responsibilities. An example has been done for you.
Platoon Commander: As a lieutenant I’m first in command of a platoon. This means I’m responsible for
about 30 men. This includes several things: first, the training and fitness of my men; second, the effectiveness
of our weapons and vehicles; third, leadership of my platoon and command of weapon systems.
Military Police Officer: My responsibilities include guarding important sites and military bases. I’m also
involved in escorting military personnel and convoys. Some of my colleagues deal with crime.
Helicopter Pilot: I fly attack helicopters. My mission is to provide support to the infantry. For instance,
I destroy enemy ground and air targets. Among my other tasks are transporting troops, directing artillery fire
and doing search-and-rescue operations.
Supply Controller: I work a lot with computers. My job is to monitor supplies and make sure that they
are where they should be. For example, when someone in the field needs some kit, I’ll get it for them. It’s up
to me to make sure they get it as fast as possible.
POSITION
I’m first in command of...
Platoon Commander I’m responsible for...
This includes...
Military Police Officer
Helicopter Pilot
Supply Controller
44 UNIT 7 BRANCHES OF THE ARMY

Task 7
Talk to your partner about your own duties. Use expressions from the table in task 6 and from the article.
Task 8
Read the article and complete the sentences below. An example (0) has been done for you.
Following the deaths of three soldiers in a road-block suicide

Me and my dog attack, tactics were refined and traffic in and out of Falluja was
stopped 100 yards ahead of troops’ positions. The drivers were
How Bonnie´s nose helped the Black Watch
ordered out of the cars and told to open their shirts to ensure
battle-group stop suicide bombers
they had no explosives strapped to their waists before LCpl
Sniffer dog Bonnie can smell a single bullet or a bomb – skills Chester and Bonnie were sent in. Once she gave the all-clear,
which made her indispensable at Camp Dogwood during the troops would move in.
Black Watch battle-group operations south of Baghdad. She Now safely back in Germany, she denied she was doing anything
and handler LCp1 Jenny Chester were brought in to find any courageous. “Everyone’s brave in his or her own different way
deadly devices carried in cars stopped at vehicle control points out here” she said. “Of course it’s scary when you think what
set up by troops in the area round Falluja. could happen when we approach target vehicles, but I’d rather
The five-year-old Labrador is an arms explosive search dog from it was me and my dog than five soldiers.”I do it because I trust
102 Military Working Dog Support Unit, based at Sennelager, Bonnie 100 per cent. I know if there’s something there she’ll
near Paderborn in Germany. find it and hopefully we’ll be able to get out of there in time.”
She and LCp1 Chester, who had been due to fly home at the The Labrador, one of 120 dogs at the Sennelager unit, can
end of a four-month tour of duty in Basra, were rushed north to sniff-out a single 5.56mm round hidden under a pile of other
lend their special skills to the 850-strong battle-group. objects.
Note: Black Watch – Scottish Regiment
Example:
0 LCpl Chester works as an explosives dog handler.
1 Who is Bonnie? She’s a .

2 Traffic in Falluja was stopped ahead of troops’ positions because
.
3 Troops would only move up to the cars after Bonnie and LCpl Chester gave the
.
4 LCpl Chester does her work because she can Bonnie .
5 The Labrador can sniff-out a hidden under a pile of other objects.
Task 9
Write a short description of your duties and responsibilities and compare your description with your
partner’s. Report to the class.
Homework:
Write an account of the duties and responsibilities you have in your work.
BRANCHES OF THE ARMY UNIT 7 45

8
Warm-up Task
STRUCTURE OF
THE ARMY
Discuss how the army is being restructured in your country. What is your opinion?
Task 1
Below are some words and expressions which describe the structure of an army and the command
structure. Together with a partner, put them into the appropriate column. An example has been
done for you. Add any others that you can think of.
include be organised into consist of

be divided into be commanded by be led by
be a commander of to be made up of combine
be in charge of be composed of be in command
be under the command of be headed by comprise
STRUCTURE COMMAND
consist of be in charge of
46 UNIT 8 STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY

Task 2
Use the words below to write 5 sentences describing organisational structures and 5 more sentences
describing the command of those structures. Relate them to your own working situation.
Example:
0 a The General Staff comprises 6 departments: from G1 to G6.
b The General Staff is headed by the Chief of Staff.
1 a is composed of
b is led by
2 a consists of
b is under the command of
3 a is divided into
b is commanded by
4 a include
b is in command of
5 a is organised into
b is a commander of
Task 3
In pairs describe your position in the military in terms of where you fit into the overall structure.
Use the categories below to help you.
job superiors
department subordinates
unit reporting structure
branch
STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY UNIT 8 47

Task 4
Put the headings below in the appropriate place in the text. An example (1) has been done for you.
1 light infantry 3 armoured brigades 5 mechanised infantry

2 airborne infantry 4 heavy armour infantry
Today’s infantrymen can move by land, sea or air. The modern infantrymen may fight on foot or
go into action by parachute, helicopter, assault craft or in a fighting vehicle. Infantrymen can serve
in a wide variety of units. 1 units are rapidly deployable and especially useful in missions
conducted in urban terrain. They are equipped for general service. are equipped for arrival
in combat by parachute. They are heavily equipped and capable of all land operations. are
the most heavily armed and protected infantry, using both AIFVs and APCs. The vehicles are armed
with automatic cannon, antitank missiles and machine guns. The role of is to neutralise
smaller pockets of enemy armour and soldiers. As they are used in conjunction with , their
firepower is smaller than that of a mechanised infantry brigade. Typically, they utilise AIFVs.
Note: AIFVs - Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicles; APCs - Armoured Personnel Carriers.
Task 5 Track 12
Listen to the briefing on the organisation of the British Army and fill in the missing information
in the chart.
BRITISH ARMY ORGANISATION

Officer Second-in-
Military Number of Subordinate
Unit in charge command
signs personnel units
(OIC) (2IC; 2i/c)
XXXX
Army 50,000 + Lieutenant General
XXX Lieutenant
2-5 divisions Major General
General
XX
Division (Div) 10,000-20,000 Major General
X
2000-5000 2-5 battalions Colonel
I I I Lieutenant
650-1000 Major
Colonel
I I Lieutenant
Battalion (Bn) 4-6 companies Colonel
I
Company (Co; Coy)
I
Squadron (Sqdn; Sqn) 90-250 3-6 platoons Captain
I
Battery (Bty)
Platoon (Plt/Plat/Pt) Staff or Colour

30-40 Lieutenant
Troop (trp) Sergeant
Section (Sec) 8-12 2+ fireteams Lance Corporal
48 UNIT 8 STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY

Task 6
Draw your organisational chart below in as much detail as you can. Then describe it to your partner
who will listen and draw it. Then compare your versions.
My organisational chart
My partner’s organisational chart
Homework:
Prepare a short briefing on the re-structuring of your army. Describe the organisational and
command structure. Use the words and phrases you have learned in this unit. Keep it short. You may
have to present this to the class in the next lesson.
STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY UNIT 8 49

9 RANKS AND
APPOINTMENTS – Part I

Among those chosen from the Services to be presented to the Queen in Portsmouth were, from left above,
Cpl Andrew Mackenzie, LG, Capt Daniel Matthews MC, Para, and CSgt Cliff Lea, PWRR.
Note: LG – Life Guards, MC – Military Cross, Para – Parachute regiment,
PWRR – Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment
Warm-up Task
Look at the picture at the top of the page and speak about it.
Task 1
Work in groups. Put the following words under the correct headings.
An example has been done for you.
corporal private infantry ammunition technician

artillery battalion lieutenant second-in-command of a company
logistics engineers brigade regiment
squadron transport officer sergeant platoon commander
Ranks Branches of the army Army units Appointments

corporal
50 UNIT 9 RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I

Task 2
A Your teacher will give you a set of cards of the British Army ranks. Work in pairs and put them
in order. The highest rank is ‘Field Marshal’ and the lowest is ‘Private’.
B Track 13
Now listen to a British Defence Attaché (DA). Check the order of your cards.
Task 3
Work in pairs. Put each one of the ranks on the cards into one of the categories in the table. Some
have already been done for you.
British Army ranks
Field Marshal
Senior Staff Officers,

called the ‘Top Brass’
in army slang

Field Officers

Regimental Officers
Captain

Subalterns

Warrant Officers

Non- Senior NCOs
The Other Ranks Commissioned

Officers (NCOs) Junior NCOs

Private
RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I UNIT 9 51

Task 4 Track 13
Now listen to the interview with the DA again. Complete the table below. An example is given.
Rank Appointment
Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1) Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM)
Regimental Transport Officer
Captain
Regimental Quartermaster (Officer)
Captain
Squadron Commander (Officer Commanding, OC)
Major
Lieutenant Colonel
Task 5 Track 14, 15
Listen to Annie and Paul talking about their jobs and complete the tables.
ANNIE PAUL ME
a Rank
b Date(s) of promotion 2003
c Current appointment
d Branch of the army the REME
e Temporary posting in the past
f Purpose of posting
g Reason for joining the army
Task 6
Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions using a-g above. Take notes. You will report to the class.
52 UNIT 9 RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I

REVISION: BRITISH ARMY RANKS
Write the appropriate rank in full
(no insignia)
RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I UNIT 9 53

RANKS AND
APPOINTMENTS – Part II
Task 1
What are the ranks and appointments of the people in the picture? Read the text and fill in the table
below. Do not use abbreviations. Write the ranks in full.
Royal visitor: The Princess Royal,

Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Logistic
Corps, called on 13 Air Assault Support
Regiment RLC at its Colchester
barracks. Princess Anne is pictured
with, from left, driver-radio operator
Cpl Stuart Evans; commanding officer
Lt Col Mark Poffley; Capt Nicola
West, 2IC 34 HQ Squadron; and
WO1 Jo McCord, regimental sergeant
major. The regiment has taken under
command 47 Air Dispatch Squadron,
which joins 15 Attack Support
Squadron and 63 Air Assault Brigade
Support Squadron.
Note: In the British and other Commonwealth armies, the Colonel-in-Chief of a regiment is its (usually
Royal) patron. In Britain, the only non-Royal Colonel-in-Chief is the Duke of Wellington,
Colonel-in-Chief of the Duke of Wellington’s Regiment.
Rank Appointment
Colonel-in-Chief
54 UNIT 9 RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part II

Task 2
Work in groups of three. One of you will choose an appointment from the list below. The other
two have to find out the appointment by asking ‘Yes/No’ questions. Some suggested questions are
given.
APPOINTMENTS SUGGESTED QUESTIONS

divisional commander Is he a commissioned officer?
Chief of the Defence Staff Is he in a command position?
platoon commander Does he command a bigger unit than …?
OC of an engineering squadron Does he work with troops?
operations officer Is he responsible for equipment in his job? etc.
base commandant
regimental quartermaster sergeant
families officer
section commander
electronics technician
rifleman
section 2IC
company sergeant major
transport officer
driver
ammunition technician
radio operator
Task 3
Work in two groups.
Group A will prepare a table of commissioned officer ranks and appointments for their own army.
Group B will prepare one for the other ranks for their own army.
Rank Appointment
RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part II UNIT 9 55

Task 4
Work in groups of three and discuss the following questions. Take notes to report to the class.
What affects promotion in your army?

Is it possible for a WO or NCO to be promoted from the ranks?
How many times can a serviceman be promoted below the zone?
What are typical jobs for women, if any, in your army?
Are there any positions that women are not allowed to hold in your army?
Should MoD employees have ranks?
Task 5 British Army Ranks and Appointments Quiz
Work in pairs and answer the questions in the quiz about British Army ranks and appointments.
Your teacher will read each question twice.
10
11
12

FACT SHEETS: COMPARATIVE MILITARY RANKS
BRITISH, US, AND CANADIAN OFFICER RANKS

Canadian Forces
British Army
NATO Land Force
and US Army, USAF Canadian Forces
Rank Royal Navy US Navy RAF Command and
Royal and USMC Maritime Command
code Canadian Forces
Marines
Air Command
General of the Army
Marshal of the Royal
Field Marshal General of the Air Admiral of the Fleet Admiral
OF-10 Air Force
(FM) Force Fleet (FADM)
(MRAF)
(no USMC equiv)
General General Admiral Admiral Air Chief Marshal Admiral
OF-9 General
(Gen) (Gen) (Adm) (ADM) (ACM) (Adm)
Lieutenant-
Lieutenant General Vice-Admiral Vice Admiral Air Marshal Lieutenant-General Vice-Admiral
OF-8 General
(LtGen) (VAdm) (VADM) (AM) (LGen) (VAdm)
(Lt Gen)
Rear Admiral
Major-General Major General Rear-Admiral Air Vice-Marshal Major-General Rear-Admiral
OF-7 (Upper Half)
(Maj Gen) (MG/MajGen) (RAdm) (AVM) (MGen) (RAdm)
(RADM)
Rear Admiral
Brigadier Brigadier General Commodore Air Commodore Brigadier-General Commodore
OF-6 (Lower Half)
(Brig) (BG/BrigGen) (Cdre) (ACdre) (BGen) (Cdre)
(RDML)
Colonel Colonel Captain Captain Group Captain Colonel Captain (N)
OF-5 (Col) (COL/Col) (Capt) (CAPT) (Gp Capt) (Col) (Capt (N))
Lieutenant-
Lieutenant Colonel Commander Commander Wing Commander Lieutenant-Colonel Commander
OF-4 Colonel
(LTC/LtCol) (Cdr) (CDR) (Wg Cdr) (LCol) (Cdr)
(Lt Col)
Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant
Major Major Squadron Leader Major
OF-3 Commander Commander Commander
(Maj) (MAJ/Maj) (Sqn Ldr or SL) (Maj)
(Lt Cdr) (LCDR) (LCdr)
Captain Captain Lieutenant Lieutenant Flight Lieutenant Captain Lieutenant (N)
OF-2 (Capt) (CPT/Capt) (Lt) (LT) (Flt Lt or FL) (Capt) (Lt (N))
Lieutenant,
Lieutenant First Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Flying Officer Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant
Junior Grade
(Lt) (1LT/1Lt) (SLt) (FO) (Lt) (SLt)
(LT(JG))
OF-1
Second
Second Lieutenant Ensign Pilot Officer Second Lieutenant Acting Sub-Lieutenant
Lieutenant
(2LT/2Lt) (ENS) (PO) (2Lt) (A/SLt)
(2Lt)
Officer Midshipman
OF(D) Officer Designate
Designate (Mid)
Student Officer Cadet Cadet
Officer Cadet Midshipman Officer Cadet Officer Cadet
Naval Cadet
Officer (OCdt) (OCdt) (MIDN) (OCdt) (OCdt)
Note:
OF-10 ranks in the United States can only be attained from several services are together, the senior enlisted man is
during war time. This is also now generally the case in the responsible for the group. For comparing ranks with other
UK, although provision is made to award them under special countries the Paygrade numbers match with the NATO
circumstances in peacetime (no promotions to these ranks Codes for Enlisted (Other) ranks. Hence E-1, at least for
have been made since they were generally suspended in this purpose, can be considered same as OR-1, E-2 as OR-2
1997). and so on. Also note that the British Armed Forces do not
actually use the term Enlisted Ranks. The equivalent in the
Note that the US military usually uses O-1 to O-11 to Royal Navy is Ratings and in the other services is Other
symbolize officer, and not the NATO codes of OF-1 to Ranks (formally, at least in the past, Warrant Officers, Non-
OF-10 in which all subaltern officers are classed as OF-1 Commissioned Officers and Men).
(O-1 and O-2 in US). Not listed are US warrant officers.
A warrant officer is an officer who can and does command, The Royal Marines rank alongside their army equivalents.
carry out military justice actions and sits both selection However, when borne on the books of any of HM Ships
and promotion boards. A warrant officer is a single-track or Naval Establishments Royal Marines are subject to the
specialty officer, initially appointed by the Secretary of the Naval Discipline Act 1957 and in these circumstances many
Army, he/she receives a commission upon promotion to officer ranks in the Royal Marines enjoy greater status.
Chief Warrant Officer Two (CW2). Second Lieutenants are equivalent to Sub Lieutenants
and ranks from Lieutenant to Major may be considered
Pay grade is used in the US military as to normalize the equivalent to one rank higher (OF-2 to OF-4). Lieutenant
equivalent enlisted and officer ranks respectively. For Colonels are considered equivalent to RN Captains with less
example, the base pay of an E-8 is the same in the Air Force than six years in the rank, and Colonels would be equivalent
and the Army. In theory, those two E-8s will have equivalent to Captains with more than six years seniority. Higher ranks
levels of seniority and responsibility. When enlisted men follow the equivalence on the table above.

ENLISTED RANKS
US enlisted ranks, British other ranks, & Canadian Non-Commisioned Members
Canadian Forces
Land Force
NATO Command
Royal
Rank US Army USAF USMC USN British Army Royal Marines RAF and
Navy
code
Canadian Forces
Air Command
Warrant Officer
Class 1
(WO1)
(The most senior
WO1s are the
Conductors Cdr)
in the Royal
Chief Master Sergeant Master Chief Logistic Corps
Sergeant
Sergeant of Major of Petty Officer 2nd is the
Major of
the Air Force the Marine of the Navy Academy Sergeant
the Army
(CMSAF) Corps (MCPON) Major
(AcSM)
3rd is the
Garrison Sergeant
Warrant Officer
Major
Class 1
(GSM) Warrant Officer
(WO1) Warrant
of the London (WO) Chief Warrant
includes Officer
OR-9 District) or Officer
apppointment of Class 1
Master Aircrew (CWO)
Regimental (WO1)
Warrant Officer (MAcr)
Sergeant Major
Class 1
(RSM)
(WO1)
Command Command Command (appointment
Sergeant
Sergeant Chief Master Master Chief of Regimental
Major
Major Sergeant Petty Officer Sergeant Major
(SgtMaj)
(CSM) (CMSgt) (CMCPO) (RSM) and
Regimental
Corporal Major
(RCM)
Warrant Officer
Master
Sergeant Chief Master Master Chief Class 1
Gunnery
Major Sergeant Petty Officer (WO1)
Sergeant
(SGM) (CMSgt) (MCPO) (various
(MGySgt)
appointments)
Warrant Officer
Class 2
(WO2)
(appointment of Warrant Officer
Company Sergeant Class 2
First First Major (WO2)
Sergeant Sergeant (CSM), (appointment
(1SG) (1st Sgt) Squadron Sergeant of Company
Senior Warrant
Senior Chief Major Sergeant Major Master Warrant
Master Officer No E-8
OR-8 Petty Officer (SSM) (CSM)) Officer
Sergeant Class 2 equivalent
(SCPO) or (MWO)
(SMSgt) (WO2)
Squadron Corporal
Major (SCM)
Warrant Officer Warrant Officer

Master Master Class 2 Class 2
Sergeant Sergeant (WO2) (WO2)
(MSG) (MSgt) (various (various
appointments) appointments)
Staff Sergeant Flight Sergeant

Sergeant
(SSgt) / (FS)
First Class Chief
Master Gunnery Chief Petty Colour Sergeant
(SFC) Colour Sergeant Petty Warrant Officer
OR-7 Sergeant Sergeant Officer (CSgt)
or (CSgt) Officer Chief (WO)
(MSgt) (GySgt) (CPO) or
Platoon (CPO) Technician
Staff Corporal
Sergeant (CT)
(SCpl)

ENLISTED RANKS
US enlisted ranks, British other ranks, & Canadian Non-Commisioned Members
Canadian Forces
Land Force
NATO Command
Royal
Rank US Army USAF USMC USN British Army Royal Marines RAF and
Navy
code
Canadian Forces
Air Command
Staff Technical Staff Petty Officer

OR-6 Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant 1st Class Sergeant
(SSG) (TSgt) (SSgt) (PO1) (Sgt) Petty
Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant
or Officer
(Sgt) (Sgt) (Sgt)
Staff Petty Officer Corporal of Horse (PO)
Sergeant Sergeant
OR-5 Sergeant 2nd Class (CoH)
(SGT) (Sgt)
(SSgt) (PO2)
Corporal
(Cpl),
Corporal
Bombardier
(CPL) Senior Petty Officer
Corporal (Bdr) Corporal Leading Corporal Master Corporal
OR-4 or Airman 3rd Class
(Cpl) (Royal Artillery) (Cpl) Rate (Cpl) (MCpl)
Specialist (SrA) (PO3)
or
(SPC)
Lance-Corporal of
Horse (LCoH)
Lance-Corporal
(LCpl)
Private Airman First Lance
Seaman or Lance-Corporal No E-3 No E-3 Corporal
OR-3 First Class Class Corporal
(SN) Lance- Bombardier (LCpl) quivalent equivalent (Cpl)
(PFC) (A1C) (LCpl)
(LBdr)
(Royal Artillery)
Junior
Technician
(JT)
Private
(Classes 1 to 3)
Senior
Private First Seaman (Pte)
Private Airman Marine Aircraft(wo)man Private
OR-2 Class Apprentice or other corps title Able Rate
(PV2) (Amn) (Mne) (SAC(W)) (Pte)
(PFC) (SA) such as
Trooper (Tpr),
Sapper etc. Leading
Aircraft(wo)man
(LAC(W))
Seaman Private
Private Airman Basic Private Aircraft(wo)man Private Recruit
OR-1 Recruit (Class 4)
(PV1) (AB) (Pvt) (AC(W)) (Pte (R))
(SR) or Junior
Note:
A Warrant Officer in UK service is a senior non- CCPO) could be given a NATO OR-8 status, but still ranked
commissioned rank not comparable to the various grades of below WO2 in the Army and Royal Marines. On the creation
Warrant Officer in the US, although holding the Queen‘s of WO2, all CCPOs were upgraded to this rate.
Warrant and with certain privileges similar to those of
officers. In the Army and Royal Marines, they are referred to British Sergeants/Petty Officers are seen as equal to E5 and
by their appointment, of which there are many (for example, E6 although Corporals as well as Sergeants may be appointed
Regimental Sergeant Major is a WO1 appointment). The US to an official OR-5 (i.e. E-5) military role as is suited to
rank is held by single track career specialists (ranking between the particular situation.
Enlisted Ranks and 2nd Lieutenant) and have no NATO
equivalent. An RN Warrant Officer Class 1 incorporated From April 1, 1999 Able Rating and Ordinary Rating
the former rank of Fleet Chief Petty Officer. merged, Marine 1st Class and Marine 2nd Class merged.
Junior Rating and Junior Marine abolished.
The RN created the rate of Warrant Officer Class 2 on
1 April 2004. Previously, there was a rate of Charge Chief Petty USAF - United States Air Force; USMC - United States
Officer, who usually ranked as OR-7, although above other Marine Corps; RAF - Royal Air Force; RN - Royal Navy;
CPOs. A Charge Chief Artificer (a highly-qualified technical N - Navy.

10 INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
1
3 4
Task 1
Describe what you can see in the pictures. Where do you think these places are?
60 UNIT 10 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

Task 2
Your teacher will give you a fact sheet about one of the following international organisations:
the EU, the IFRC, the UN. Work in groups of three.
Read your fact sheet carefully

Study the kind of information required (see NATO below)
Complete the task sheet with information about your organisation
Find out information about the other 2 organisations by asking questions and completing the chart
TASK SHEET
Name of
NATO EU IFRC UN
organisation
Establishment established on
4 April 1949,
in Washington
Main office Brussels
Mission to protect
statement the freedom and
security of its
members
Membership 26 NATO member
states
Main body North Atlantic
Council
Defence Planning
Committee
Nuclear Planning
Group
Core functions to develop
collective
self-defence
to carry out
peacemaking,
peacekeeping and
peacebuilding
operations
to fight against
terrorism
to assist people in
disasters
Website www. nato.int
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS UNIT 10 61

Task 3 Track 16
Listen to four people talking about their jobs and complete the chart below. You will hear
the recording twice.
Listening No 1 2 3 4
Name Peter George Elena Alcinda
Organisation
to deliver
humanitarian laws re-integrate
Mission
child soldiers
into society
Job soldier
Placement
• distributes • searches houses • participates in • does

food, for discussions on on war-affected
children
agriculture,
Job
documents. economy,
descriptions, medical supplies
energy, • collects and
activities
• documents their
individuals and and other
conducts vehicle industries.
Task 4
Your teacher will give you text A and text B. First write 5 questions asking about the missing
information on your task sheet.
Now work in pairs and fill in the missing information by asking and answering questions on the text
about NATO and the IFRC.
62 UNIT 10 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

Task 5
Work in pairs. Look at the areas of activity below and develop two dialogues on the same topic based
on the examples. You will report to the class at the end.
Topic: PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
Example 1 Possible Topic Areas:

Student 1: Have you ever been on a peacekeeping mission? NATO
Student 2: Yes. the UN
Student 1: When was it? the EU
Student 2: 2002 the ICRC
Student 1: Where did you go? news about activities of
Student 2: Afghanistan… international organisations
military duty trips
Example 2 conferences
Student 1: Have you ever been on a peacekeeping mission? summits
Student 2: No. co-operation
Student 1: Do you know anyone who has?
Student 2: Yes, a couple of NCOs from our company.
Student 1: Why haven’t you been on a mission?
Student 2: I have two kids and I want to see them grow up.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS UNIT 10 63

BREAKTHROUGH
TAPESCRIPTS
Track 1
Unit 1: LIFE ON BASE
Task 5
Go straight from where you are and take the first right. Where are you?
a Turn left from where you are, go straight on to the petrol station, turn right there and go as far as
the end of the street. Enter one of the buildings on your left-hand side. Where are you?
b Walk along Carpathian Avenue past the fire station, take the first left and go straight on as far as
Danube Road. Cross over, walk along Adriatic Street and go into the first building on your right.
Where are you?
c Go along Carpathian Avenue. Take the second left and then go past the chapel and the NAAFI.
At the corner turn right, go up Danube Road and take the second right. What is the first building
on your left?
Track 2
Unit 2: ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Task 5
Speaking about daily routines, I have to say, that, unfortunately, I start my day very early. I have to be on
the square at 0630, because that’s when we have our muster parade and morning roster. We get our daily
orders and our commander assigns the tasks for the day. Next activity, my favourite actually, is physical
training. That starts at 0700 hours and finishes at 0745. We do different kinds of exercises, like running,
gymnastics or practising on the assault course. You can also do self-defence. We can choose what we
want to do and that’s what I like about it. As you can imagine, such a training session wakes you up
completely. I leave the square soaking wet, so before I put on my uniform I have a quick shower – which
is at about 0750.
Then I start ‘real’ work. For me, basically, it means a lot of office work. That means that from 0810 to
1200 hours I hardly leave my office. I have to do some paper work, which I don’t like very much. I have
to write daily reports and sometimes I have to complete applications for my subordinates who are going
on different courses. One of my main responsibilities is to supervise them, so I check how they’re getting
on with their daily tasks and that’s when I leave my office, for a while at least.
As I’m chief of the group responsible for training and military exercises, my main duty is to plan and
organise drills and exercises. However, we don’t have exercises every day, so I do that only when I have
to prepare an exercise. As you can see, mornings are always very busy for me. I finally get a break at
1200 hours. I then go for lunch to our mess hall and then at 1300 hours I start working again.
64 BREAKTHROUGH TAPESCRIPTS
In the afternoon I prepare tasks for the next day, that is at about 1445. Next I check the daily schedules
and prepare submissions for the next day’s daily order. Officially, I finish work at 1515, but quite often
I have to work overtime. You know, I often go on duty trips, so there’s always something that needs to
be done.
Anyway, when I finally finish, I take off my uniform, put on my civilian clothes and go home. On the way
home I usually (go) do some shopping or just go for a walk with my girlfriend.
Track 3
Task 7
0630 zero six thirty 1200 twelve hundred hours
0700 zero seven hundred hours 1300 thirteen hundred hours
0745 zero seven forty-five 1445 fourteen forty-five
0750 zero seven fifty 1515 fifteen fifteen
0810 zero eight ten
Track 4
Unit 3: MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING
Task 1
My name’s captain Andrew Norton. I graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering eight years ago
and started working with North and Grunman. I enjoyed working there but I didn’t want to sit behind
a desk for the rest of my life. Suddenly, I was made redundant so I looked for a new challenge. The Army
always appealed to me, so in 1995 I went to the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst where I attended
the 44-week Commissioning Course.
After the course I was commissioned as a lieutenant into the infantry. My first posting was with the
Royal Anglian Regiment and I served with the 1st Battalion as platoon commander. When I joined
my regiment I did specialist training to gain the knowledge and skills necessary for my first posting.
As platoon commander I was responsible for the training, fitness, operational effectiveness and welfare
of a platoon of 30 men. I was also responsible for the servicing and maintenance of platoon weapons,
vehicles and equipment. I learned how to command and lead the platoon on operations and exercises.
I was pleased with my first appointment, it gave me a sense of satisfaction.
Then I was posted to Germany and meanwhile I was promoted to captain. After that, Cyprus, where
I served as operations officer. From next month I’m going to attend the Army Staff Course at Shrivenham.
After the staff course I’ll be promoted to major and will perhaps be posted to a higher headquarters.
Track 5
TRAINING
Task 1
During your 12-week basic training, first you’ll learn how to look after yourself and your equipment, how
to live in the field, how to observe and report an enemy. You’ll also learn how to find your way on the map
in order to be able to survive in field conditions.
The next important thing is to master your SA80 rifle, which is going to be your personal weapon.
It means that you’ll practise how to use it in daylight and darkness. You’ll fire it at various distances up
BREAKTHROUGH TAPESCRIPTS 65
to 300 metres. When you’re not training with it you’re keeping it clean or drilling with it. Daily foot and
arms drill will teach your body how to act in an emergency, when obeying commands without question
could be vital to success. It also builds up your strength, stamina and willpower. Physical training is
built into your training programme and this, together with outdoor pursuits and lots of team sports and
games, helps to build up and maintain your physical fitness.
Track 6
Task 2
(Initial Officer Training, RAF Academy Cranwell)
Cadet: Peter, I don’t know much about this course. Could you tell me about it?
Peter: Well, during the first four weeks you do the sort of stuff you see on TV, like drilling and weapons
handling. But the most demanding part of it is the physical training … you’re constantly tested
to your physical limits. Sometimes they give you a really hard time, but I mean I’m sure you’ll
make it.
Cadet: Was there anything you didn’t like?
Peter: Well, the kit and room inspections weren’t exactly favourites with the guys, but I soon realised
that they’re there to teach you self-discipline and responsibility.
Cadet: What else do you learn during the course?
Peter: Well, the next bit’s what they call leadership training. In this part you learn how to carry out
leadership tasks and it’s where you really start to realise what teamwork is about. And the most
important thing in it is the debrief after every exercise, where the leader’s performance and
the team members’ performance are assessed.
Cadet: Do students get a good insight into how the RAF works?
Peter: Yes, very much so. In the last part of the course cadets learn about RAF organisation and structure
and they visit front line stations and see how officers, NCOs and airmen all work together. And
also in the last part of the course you do some war-gaming, which involves carrying out a military
exercise in a simulated environment.
Cadet: It all sounds really challenging to me. I can’t wait to get started.
Track 7
Unit 4: COMMANDS AND ORDERS
Task 5
Interviewer: Thanks for agreeing to talk to me today. I’d like to ask you some questions about commands
and orders. Military orders – these are a very important part of military life and soldiers must
obey them at all times. Now, this may be very difficult sometimes, so I’d like to ask you three
questions, Sir. I think that being a soldier isn’t always easy or safe, so what was the most dangerous
order that you ever had to follow?
LtCol: Well, first of all, not all orders are legal, but that’s another question. The most dangerous order?
Well, it was in a real mission. I spent some time in a peacekeeping mission in Sarajevo. Two
months after my arrival a friend of mine was killed. You know, on their way back to the camp
they heard some shooting, so they took a different route, lost their way and drove straight into
a minefield. And the vehicle exploded. Anyway, this friend of mine was a commander in the safety
zone and I had to take his place. So, that was a dangerous order for me to follow.
Interviewer: That must have been difficult for you. As a commander, later on, you must have issued a lot
of orders yourself. What would you say was the most difficult order you ever had to give?
LtCol: It was in the same mission, really. A checkpoint reported that a group of people on horseback
had tried to bypass the checkpoint and enter the demilitarised zone. I had to send a special group
to stop them but I couldn’t do it, because there were another 8 checkpoints and the same thing
could have happened there. You know, that period was quite ... well, it wasn’t the quietest period
in our lives there, so I could expect attacks on any checkpoint which is why I couldn’t leave my
command post and couldn’t go with the team, so that... I think that was the most difficult order
to give.
Interviewer: And the last question, Sir. I understand that soldiers must obey all the orders they’re given...
but did you ever have to obey an order that you didn’t want to?
LtCol: Let me repeat, soldiers do not always have to obey all orders, especially if they are against
the Geneva Convention. But in military life, you can get difficult orders every day. The one
I really wanted to disobey was, again, in the same mission, when our contingent received an
order to leave the zone. We were replaced by a new team…. a new company, in fact. The problem
was that we had all been ordered to leave on the same day. The new people who came didn’t
know anything – what to do, who to contact, who to negotiate different issues with, so I felt that
I should stay a bit longer, a week at least, and help them to ... well, to contact all those people
and to learn things. That’s why it was so difficult for me to obey the order and leave the new
contingent to their own devices.
Interviewer: Many thanks for talking to me today, Sir.
LtCol: You’re welcome.
Track 8
Task 10
COMMANDS
SQUAD – FALL IN – RIGHT DRESS – EYES FRONT – RIGHT TURN –
BY THE FRONT – QUICK MARCH! – LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT.
PRIVATE WOOD – ‘SHUN – ONE PACE – STEP FORWARD – MARCH! –
ABOUT TURN! ONE PACE – STEP FORWARD – MARCH – ABOUT TURN –
STAND AT … EASE!
‘A’ COMPANY – COMPANY – ‘SHUN! RIGHT DRESS – EYES FRONT –
STAND AT … EASE!
COMPANY – COMPANY – ‘SHUN! PRESENT ARMS – SHOULDER ARMS –
ORDER ARMS – STAND … AT EASE!
FALL IN – RIGHT DRESS – EYES FRONT – GENERAL SALUTE –
PRESENT ARMS – SHOULDER ARMS – ORDER ARMS! –
STAND … AT EASE (e.g. during the speech) – ‘SHUN! –
FALL OUT! (after general’s departure)
LOAD – READY – TARGET IN FRONT – ONE ROUND … FIRE! –
UNLOAD – GUN CLEAR.
Track 9
Unit 5: WEAPONS
Task 2
Interviewer: Sergeant Jones, you’re a small-arms expert, tell me about the weapons you have here.
Jones: Well, this first one is the British Army SA80 and is 5.56 mm calibre. It has an optical SUSAT
night sight and a magazine which holds 30 rounds. It’s smaller than the other two weapons I’m
going to show you and has an effective range of 500 metres.
Interviewer: Yes! It is quite small, isn’t it! What’s this one here with the wooden back-piece?
Jones: Oh, that’s the AK-47: an old weapon, but still very good. The ‘back-piece’ is what we call the stock.
This is the biggest of the 3 rifles I have here, and weighs 4.3 kg unloaded. It is the largest calibre
at 7.62 mm. Like all the other weapons here, it is gas-operated and can fire 600 rounds per
minute – we call that the cyclic rate of fire.
Interviewer: And what exactly does that mean?
Jones: Well, the cyclic rate of fire is how many rounds or bullets you could fire in one minute, if you didn’t
have to stop and reload the magazine every time it became empty. I should mention that the Soviet
Union used this weapon a lot and Russia and many other countries around the world still do.
Interviewer: And what about this last rifle?
Jones: This one? I must admit, this is my favourite; it’s the American M16. Instead of wood, it has this
armalite plastic, so it’s lighter than the AK-47. It’s longer than the SA80 at 100 cm, so I think
it’s more accurate, but, like the SA80, it uses the standard 5.56 NATO ammunition. The range of
the M16 is about 500 metres and its cyclic rate is 600 rpm. For such a big weapon, it only weighs
3.6 kg.
Interviewer: Do you think I could shoot one of these guns?
Jones: Yes you can, but remember, you don’t shoot a gun, you fire a gun – but these aren’t guns, they’re
rifles – OK?
Interviewer: Why is it ‘fire’ and not ‘shoot’?
Jones: OK, an example: ‘He shot the dog, the dog’s dead’; ‘He shot the rifle, the rifle’s dead!’
Get the message?
Interviewer: Er-yes, thank you.
Track 10
Unit 6: UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT
Task 4
Interviewer: Nick, what do you think is the most significant feature of a modern uniform?
Nick: Definitely camouflage materials.
Interviewer: But camouflage uniform makes soldiers from different countries look the same,
doesn’t it?
Nick: Not really. Usually camouflage producers in different countries use three basic colours and these
are green, brown and yellow. Of course, they try to use different tints of the colours but what
really makes all camouflages different is the shape of the colour fragments and their mixture on
the material. Military people can almost always guess the nationality of a soldier looking at his
or her camouflage uniform.
Interviewer: A camouflage uniform is usually put on for combat actions or field training, isn’t it?
Nick: Not exactly. In many countries it’s widely used for everyday service and even official ceremonies,
though soldiers of most nations traditionally have three basic types of uniform – one for parade
or dress events, one for everyday work in the barracks and one for combat or field training
conditions.
Interviewer: How are these uniforms different?
Nick: Well, in combat events the camouflage uniform is normally used. And not only trousers, combat
jackets, shirts, coats, ponchos and parkas but also T-shirts, peaked-caps, face veils, epaulette
slides, midge nets – everything is made of camouflage fabrics. And even metal helmets, gloves
and leather combat boots are often coated or painted with a camouflage.
Interviewer: And faces! You forgot faces!
Nick: Oh yes! There are even special paints soldiers use to camouflage their faces.
Interviewer: I hope they don’t have to wear it in their everyday work.
Nick: No, not at all. In their everyday service military people usually wear single-colour well-ironed
trousers, shirts and ties, shoes and of course peaked-caps or forage caps. In some armies peaked-
caps are worn by officers and forage caps are for lower ranks.
Interviewer: I think peaked-caps are also more suitable for parades and celebrations and other special
occasions.
Nick: Yes, exactly. Parade or dress uniform is usually designed to create an impressive atmosphere.
Polished shoes, bright colours, tunics with golden epaulettes and stars or pips on shoulders...
Decorations and stripes on sleeves... Shirts with bright collar patches which usually show the arm
of service or a rank... And the peaked-caps with impressive badges!
Interviewer: In your opinion, what uniform items are the easiest and the most difficult to design?
Nick: Difficult? Well, I think underwear – vests, T-shirts, long johns, because they’re worn under shirts,
jackets and trousers and nobody usually sees them. As for me, I like to work with headgear. Yeah!
Caps and hats are so different in different countries. In some countries soldiers wear a bandana
which is just a bandage around a head with a big knot, Arab warriors prefer a shemagh – most
of us don’t even know how to put it on. Besides peaked-caps, forage caps and helmets, berets are
very popular in the world of uniform. Different colours of berets and different badges on them
can tell you the nation, the arm of service and the name of the military unit.
Interviewer: A soldier needs a lot of things to fight with, but he only has two hands to carry them.
Nick: Yes, that’s why a military uniform usually includes lots of accessories. A belt and some webbing
can hold all kinds of pouches which, together with rucksacks and chest rigs, can contain all
the materials vitally important for fighting and surviving.
Track 11
Unit 7: BRANCHES OF THE ARMY
Task 5
1 (Chemical Analyst): I’m in a mobile unit. Its mission is to decontaminate the environment. We also
do NBC reconnaissance by taking samples of chemicals from air, water and soil.
2 (Nurse): I provide medical support not only to our own troops, but also to sick, injured or wounded
people from local communities. It can get quite busy in the field hospital and we’ve got to deal with
casualties arriving at short notice. My job is to take care of patients and make sure that they get what
they need after the doctors have operated on them.
3 (Telecommunications Engineer): I work in a telecommunications centre. My job involves looking
after electronic equipment. Basically, I install and maintain computers, radios, telephones and
monitors. I make sure that they work well and are safe and protected from enemy interception.
4 (Intelligence Analyst): I’m employed to analyse enemy activities. I monitor TV broadcasts,
newspapers and military journals. I collect and pass sensitive information to commanders who make
tactical and strategic decisions.
5 (Tank Driver): I drive the army’s main ground combat weapon – the tank. It’s a good fighting
machine, because it gives a lot of firepower. It’s used in a number of ways. For example, it can fight
in formation or in support of infantry.
6 (Bomb Disposal Officer): My job’s very dangerous, because I dispose of bombs. I was on
a peacekeeping mission to Bosnia where I cleared minefields. But in wartime I set explosives and
destroy the infrastructure, for example, bridges, roads and installations.
Track 12
Unit 8: STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY
Task 5
BRITISH ARMY ORGANISATION
Ladies and Gentlemen of the press. Today I am going to give you a short introduction to the organisational
structure of the Army, what is made up of and who commands what.
The Army’s organisational structure contains component parts from combat arms, combat support and
combat service support units. The unit size depends on its function. The basic building block of all Army
organisations, of course, is the soldier.
The smallest group of soldiers is called a section or squad. And it consists of 8 to 12 soldiers and is
typically commanded by a corporal.
Larger than the squad is a platoon. It’s divided into two to four sections and consists of 30 to 40 soldiers.
A unit of engineers or artillery equivalent to a platoon in strength is called a troop. And a platoon is led
by a lieutenant with a staff or colour sergeant as second-in-command or, as we only say for short, 2IC.
Three to six platoons form a company. An artillery unit of the equivalent size to a company is called
a battery, and a comparable armoured or air unit is called a squadron. A company contains 90 to
250 soldiers under the command of a major. And a captain is usually 2IC.
A battalion is the element in the Army structure which includes four to six companies. It numbers 600 to
1,000 soldiers. A battalion commander is normally a lieutenant colonel with a major as 2IC.
There’s also an organisational component of approximately the size of a battalion, but it is categorized as
a regiment. As far as its commander and 2IC are concerned, the same applies as for a battalion.
Two to five combat battalions make up a brigade. It’s normally commanded by a brigadier with a colonel
as 2IC. Brigades conduct defensive and offensive operations.
Divisions are usually numbered. A division usually consists of three brigade-sized elements of between
10,000 to 20,000 soldiers. A major general with a brigadier as 2IC are in command of divisions.
A corps has approximately 30,000 or more soldiers. And as a rule, two to five divisions are organised into
a corps. Usually it is commanded by a lieutenant general or a major general.
An army consists of two or more corps. At full strength the Army is composed of 50,000 or more
soldiers. A lieutenant general or general is in charge of the army.
Well, that’s the end of my short briefing. Thank you for your attention – and if you have any questions,
I’ll be happy to answer them.
Track 13
Unit 9: RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS
Task 2
Interviewer: Every soldier is said to have a general’s epaulettes in his rucksack. Could you outline
the typical stages for officers and non-commissioned officers rising through the ranks in the Armed
Forces of the United Kingdom?
Defence Attaché: Let’s start with the non-commissioned ranks. A young man or woman, because we
must not forget now we have a large proportion of female soldiers, join the army on an engagement
of 3, 6 or 9 years with the intention that they have a career of 22 years. And within that 22 years
they would, hopefully, if all went well, climb the promotion ladder from private to lance corporal,
to corporal and then the big one to sergeant, where they enter the Sergeants’ Mess and once they’re
there, they look for further promotion to staff sergeant and then to warrant officer of which we have
two classes, class 2 and class 1. Maybe they’ll become the regimental sergeant major of their regiment
or battalion, and if they’re lucky, and many are, they’re then commissioned into the Officers’ Mess
and they become the transport officer, the families’ officer, the quartermaster of that regiment where
their previous soldier experience is fantastically useful. So that’s the non-commissioned end. The
commissioned officers now mostly are graduates, mostly in their mid-twenties and after university
they attend our Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst for a year and come out as a second lieutenant.
I think after about 18 months a full lieutenant and then comes captain. The most interesting rank in
the British Army probably is captain, where they start really to take an active interest in things like
staff work. They are second-in-commands of their companies, and they are doing important courses
for their future promotion. Then major, which is where we command our sub-units. So a squadron or
company is commanded by a major. The big promotion really for us is then from major to lieutenant
colonel. And lieutenant colonels command regiments, and that is sadly probably, unless you’re
very lucky to command a brigade, the last time you will actually work with soldiers. Full colonels,
the majority of brigadiers, work in staff appointments and on headquarters, er ... some generals work
in field appointments and some of them on the staff. But the last time you get to command soldiers
in reality is at lieutenant colonel level and at regimental level.
Track 14
Task 5
Annie Hairsine:
Hi, my name’s Annie Hairsine, I’m twenty-five and I’m a lieutenant. I joined the Army four years ago.
After university I worked in an engineering company for a couple of months. I enjoyed it but realised
that I wanted more from life than working from nine to five in the same job every day.
I was interested in sport as well as engineering and I saw the Army as a way of combining both of these
pursuits. So I walked into the careers centre and I applied to join the Army. After a medical examination
and a number of other tests I was accepted as a cadet at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. I really
enjoyed all the fitness training there and took advantage of the great facilities to swim, do athletics and
play hockey – even playing for the men’s first team for a while. Looking back, it was a fantastic year.
After Sandhurst I was commissioned to second lieutenant in 1999 and three years later, in 2002, I was
promoted to lieutenant. I belong to the REME, which is an abbreviation for Royal Electrical and Mechanical
Engineers. On my promotion to lieutenant I was appointed as a platoon commander. I’m responsible for
the recovery, repair and maintenance of Army equipment including helicopters, tanks, road vehicles and
weapons systems. I also look after the welfare, training and career progression of my soldiers.
About a year ago I was posted to Germany where I attended an electronic engineering course for two
months.
There’s no doubt life in the Army can be difficult and it’s not for everyone, but I love it.
Track 15
Paul Jackson:
My name’s Paul Jackson and I’ve been in the Army for three years. I serve in the Royal Logistics Corps.
I walked into the careers centre while I was doing my A-levels and thought, ‘do I really want to go to
university now and do an office job?’ I’m a mountain biker at heart and love to be outdoors whenever
possible, so I decided I’d look for an outdoor lifestyle. I also wanted to go and do something exciting, see
the world. The Army provided the ideal solution.
In 2003 I attended bomb disposal training at a highly prestigious centre in the USA, where I was posted
for six months. After I completed the course, I was promoted to corporal. I was also appointed as an
ammunition technician – I carry out the inspection, repair, and disposal of all ammunition, including
guided missiles. I can also be employed on bomb disposal tasks for both military and police authorities.
In my job I’ve got to make quick decisions, be confident and be very professional, because people are
putting a lot of trust in me. I like having this sort of responsibility.
Track 16
Unit 10: INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Task 3
Peter: My name’s Peter. I’m in an IFRC team and our mission is to deliver humanitarian aid. I’m
a truck driver and I transport people as well as things of different sizes from vitamins to large
pieces of communication equipment. Last year I was going to work in Kosovo, but things can
change very quickly, and I’ve ended up in Iraq where I’ve been supplying food, water, clothes and
medical supplies. I was sent here after operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ ended.
George: I’m Sunman. Well, that’s my nickname – we often use nicknames in the military. My real name
is George. With the violence going on in Asia, I was ordered to Kabul, in Afghanistan, where
I’ve been part of a group which is carrying out a NATO-led peacekeeping mission. At first,
I worked in an observation post monitoring the situation and passing information to soldiers in
the streets. But now I participate in foot patrols, I search houses for weapons, ammunition and
documents. I also check individuals and vehicles.
Elena: Hello, my name is Elena and I come from Bratislava, but am now living in Brussels. I work
in the European Parliament as an MEP. There are 14 of us from the Slovak Republic. It is
an important institution, because it passes laws for all EU countries. At parliamentary sessions
I participate in discussions on current issues, for example, security, agriculture, the economy,
energy, transport and other industries.
Alcinda: Hi, I’m Alcinda. I come from Mozambique, but I live in New York. That’s where my job is:
at the UN. I’m a researcher. I work for the UN Special Representative for Children and Armed
Conflict. Its main objective is to demobilise and re-integrate child soldiers into society. I do
research on war-affected children and their families. That is, I collect and document their stories.

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Breakthrough

The British Council’s Peacekeeping English Project (PEP)

An audio CD with Ss book in electronic format is included.

The British Council’s Peacekeeping English Project (PEP)

Published by the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic

ISBN 80-7278-238-X Student’s Book

2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 COMMANDS AND ORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6 UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7 BRANCHES OF THE ARMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

8 STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

9 RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

RANKS AND APPOINTMENTS – Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

In pairs discuss the following questions.

How big is the base you work on?

FACILITIES ACTIVITIES ANSWERS

4 UNIT 1 LIFE ON BASE

2 Write down three facilities mentioned in the letters.

3 What extra qualiﬁcations have some soldiers achieved?

It’s just so good...

(Adapted from Soldier Magazine 2002)

LIFE ON BASE UNIT 1 5

6 UNIT 1 LIFE ON BASE

Example: parade ground

LIFE ON BASE UNIT 1 7

Service home of the future goes on show

Note: GOC - General Oﬃcer Commanding; UKSC(G) - UK Support Company (Germany)

8 UNIT 1 LIFE ON BASE

A friend is coming to visit you in the married quarters on Hutton Base

HOME INBOX COMPOSE ADDRESS BOOK

SEND FORWARD DELETE SAVE CANCEL

LIFE ON BASE UNIT 1 9

Example: play football

Example: check tanks

10 UNIT 2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1 A place where soldiers parade, march

DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES UNIT 2 11

Group A: morning activities.

Fill in your daily routine. Look at the example below.

Now work in pairs and compare your daily schedules.

12 UNIT 2 DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

attending morning roster supervising subordinates

Now listen again and ﬁll in the missing information.

Ask questions to get your neighbour’s information.

Task 7 Track 3 Telling the time – military style

DAILY ROUTINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES UNIT 2 13

MILITARY VOCABULARY QUIZ

Test your military vocabulary

1 WO1 Jones was commissioned. She was .

2 Lt Brown graduated in 2000. This means that he university.

14 UNIT 3 MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I

6 Lt Black became a platoon commander. He is now in command of a group of .

7 Col Hill talked about his appointment. He talked about his .

8 Capt Moore was promoted. She now has a .

9 Oﬃcers usually in the Oﬃcers’ Mess.

10 When soldiers operate in ﬁeld conditions they are .

1 He joined the British in 1995.

MILITARY CAREERS AND TRAINING – Part I UNIT 3 15

Details Year Capt Norton’s military career

1996 on the job specialist training