CHAPTER TWO

MULTIPLICITY AND DIVISIBILITY TESTS

MULTIPLICITY OF THE NUMBER

Multiplicity is the process of determining the product of two numbers without actually
completing the process of multiplication. In the other words, it is the shortcut methods of the
multiplication process. This technique is very useful to the students and to those who will take
examination where calculators or any computing devices are not allowed.

Situations Procedures Illustrations

A. Numbers ends with 5
1. Oddness of both 95 x 75=?
the tens digit.  Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5=25
i.e, 5 x 5. This serves as
the tens and ones
digits of the product.
 Multiply the tens digit. 9 x 7=63
 Add the product and 63+7=70
the smaller number
among the two tens
digit.
 Determine the
difference of the tens 9 – 7=2
digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the difference 2 ÷2=1
by 2.
 Add the quotient to the 70+1=71
product.
 Combine the recent Thus,
sum and the product of 95 x 75=7125
5 x 5 = 25. Thus, the
product.
2. Evenness of both 105 x 65=?
tens digit.  Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5=25
i.e, 5 x 5. This serves as
the tens and ones
digits of the product.
 Multiply the tens digit. 10 x 6=60
 Add the product and 60+6=66
the smaller number of
the two tens digit.
 Determine the 10 – 6=4
difference of the tens
 digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the difference 4 ÷2=2
by 2.
 Add the quotient to the 66+2=68
product.
 Combine the recent
sum and the product of Thus ,
5 x 5 = 25. Thus, the 105 x 65=6825
product.

3. Evenness and 115 x 85=?

Oddness of tens  Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5=25
digit. i.e, 5 x 5 and add 50.
This serves as the tens 25+50=75
and ones digits of the
product.
 Multiply the tens digit. 11 x 8=88
 Add the product and 88+ 8=96
the smaller number
among the two tens
digit.
 Determine the 11 – 8=3
difference of the tens
digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the difference 3 ÷ 2=1.5
by 2.
 Add the quotient (the 96+ 1=97
integer part) to the
product.
 Combine the numeral
75. Thus, the product. Thus,
115 x 85=9775
B. Numbers with unlike
unit digits.
1. Product of two 98 x 97=?
numbers nearest  Take the difference of 100 – 98=2
to one hundred. 100 and the
multiplicand.
 Take the difference of 100 – 97=3
100 and the multiplier.
 Multiply the two
differences. This 2 x 3=6
serves as the unit and (could be written as 06)
ten digits of the aimed
product.
 Subtract the
multiplicand by the 98 – 3=9 5
 difference between
100 and multiplier.
 Subtract the
multiplier by the 97 – 2=95
difference between
100 and multiplicand.
 Be sure that the two
previous differences Both 95
are equal.
 Combine the equal
differences with the Thus ,
product of the 98 x 97=9506
computed tens and
unit digit.

2. Product of the 189 x 193=?

numbers nearest  Take the difference of 200 – 189=11
to two hundred. 200 and the
multiplicand.
 Take the difference of 200 – 193=7
200 and the multiplier.
 Multiply the two 11 x 7=77
differences. This
serves as the unit and
ten digits of the
wished product.
 Subtract the 189 – 7=182
multiplicand by the
difference between
200 and multiplier.
 Subtract the 193 – 11=182
multiplier by the
difference between
200 and multiplicand.
 Be sure that the two Both 182
previous differences
are equal.
 Double the equalled
difference. 2 x 182=364
 Combine the equal
difference with the Thus,
product of the 189 x 193=36477
computed tens and
unit digit.

C. Other techniques in
Multiplication
1. Using perfect 35 x 37=?
square.  Take the square of the
 smaller number. 37−35=2
 Determine the positive
difference between the
multiplier and the
multiplicand. 2 x 35=70
 Multiply the difference
by the smaller number. 70+1225=1295
 Add the product and
the square of the
smaller number.
 The sum is the product Thus ,
we wish for. 35 x 37=1295

2. Using Cross 43 x 21=?

Multiplication  Multiply both unit
digits. The product 3 x 1=3
serves as the unit digit.
In case the product is
more than 10 carry
over the tens digit.
 Take the product of
the unit digit of the 3 x 2=6
multiplicand against
the tens digit of the
multiplier.
 Similarly, take the 4 x 1=4
product of tens digit of
the multiplicand
against the unit digit of
the multiplier.
 Add the two products. 6+ 4=10
This serves as your carry
tens digit. Add the
( )=0
1
carried digit from the
product of unit digits if
there is any. Again,
carry over if the sum is
more than 10 to the
hundreds digit.
 Distribute your
multiplicand to the 4 x 1=4
unit digit of the 3 x 1=3
multiplier.
 Add the product
respectively. 4 +3=7
 Add the carried
number from the tens 7+1=8
digit if there is any.
 Then combine the
 truncated digits and
thus the product of the Thus ,
numerals. 43 x 21=803

DIVISIBILITY OF THE NUMBER

Divisibility tests is the process in determining one number can be divided by another
number without actually completing the process of division. Some of the numbers were not given
emphasis because they are composite numbers and their divisibility usually follows the divisibility
of their factors. The table below shows the divisibility of some of the numbers.

Number Procedures Illustrations

A number is divisible by 2 if it
2 976 is divisible by 2 since 2 can∣6.
ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.
If the sum of its digits is 10629 is divisible by 3 since
3
divisible by 3. 1+0+6 +2+9=18∧3 can∣18.
All numbers whose last two
4 3924 is divisible by 4 since 4 can∣24.
digits is divisible by 4.
All numbers ends with 0 and
5 9,834,055 is divisible by 5 since its last digit is 5.
5 is divisible b 5.
Since 2 x 3 =6 ,then it must
789,312is divisible by 6 since it ends with2∧¿
6 satisfy the divisibility tests of
7+ 8+ 9+3+1+2=30∧3 can∣30.
both 2 and 3.
Truncate the number by 7∣14,406 since ,
dropping the tens and ones 2(144)+06=288+6=294
digits. Double the remaining 2(2)+94=4 +94=98 ,
number and add to the two- Clearly ,7∣98.
7
digit number that had been
dropped. The rule is applied
more than once for large
number.
All numbers whose last three
8 736,808 is divisible by 8 since 8 can∣808.
digits is divisible by 8
Since 3x3=9 it implies that it
9 will follow the divisibility 14,256 is divisible by 3 since 1+4 +2+5+6=18∧9 can∣18.
tests of 3.
If the last digit of its numeral
10 356 , 450 is divisible by 10 since the unit digit is 0.
is 0.
If the sum of its digits in the 11 can∣6,083,957 since ,(7+9+ 8+6)– (5+ 3+0) =
odd places (starting from the 30 – 8=22∧11 can∣22.
11 right) less the sum of its digits
in the even places is divisible
by 11.
13 Multiply the unit digit by 4 13∣16,991because
and add the product to the 4 (1)+1699=1703
number represented by the 4 (3)+170=182
remaining digits. If the sum is 4 (2)+18=26 which isdivisible by 13.
divisible by 13, then the given
 number is divisible by 13. The
operation may be repeated
until the is small enough so
that divisibility by 13 is
obvious
Multiply the unit digit by 5 17∣323 because
17
and subtract the product from 32−5 (3)=32 – 15=17∧17 can∣itself .
the number represented by
the remaining digits.
Double the unit digit and add 19∣2,128 since
the product to the number 2(8)+212=16 +212=228
19
represented by the remaining 2(8)+22=16 +22=38
digits. 2(8) + 3 = 16 + 3 = 19 and 19 can divides itself.
31∣451,453 because
Triple the unit and subtract 45145 – 3(3)=45145 – 9=45136
the product from the number
31
represented by the remaining
4513 – 3(6)=4513 – 18=4495
digits. 449 – 3(5)=449 – 15=434
43 – 3(4) = 43 – 12 = 31 and 31 can divide itself.

PROOFS:
Divisibility of 2
Let n=100 a+10 b+2 c , be the number where a , b∧c are integers .

⇒ n=2(50 a+5 b+ c)
⇒ 2 ∣n

Divisibility of 3
Let n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +d , be the number where a , b , c∧d are integers.

⇒ n=(999+ 1)a+(99+1)b +(9+ 1) c +d

⇒ n=(999 a+99 b+9 c )+( a+b+ c+ d)
⇒ If 3 ∣( a+b+ c+ d), then3 ∣n .

Divisibility of 4
Let n=100 a+10 b+ 4 c , be the number where a , b∧c are integers .

⇒ n=100 a+4 (10 b+ c)

⇒ n=4
⇒ 4 ∣n

Divisibility of 5
Let n=100 a+10 b+5 c , be the number where a , b∧c areintegers .

⇒ n=5(20 a+2 b+ c)
⇒ 5 ∣n
Divisibility of 6
Since2(3)=6 , then it should satisfy both the divisibility of 2∧3.
Now ,

Let n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +d , be the number where a , b , c∧d are integers.

⇒ n=(999+ 1)a+(99+1)b +(9+ 1) c +d

⇒ n=(999 a+99 b+9 c )+( a+b+ c+ d)
If (a + b + c + d) is divisible of both 2 and 3, then n is divisible by 6. If d is divisible by 2,
then n must be divisible by 2 since d is its unit digit.

Divisibility of 8
Let n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +d , be the number where a , b , c∧d are integers .

⇒ 1000 a+8 (100 b+10 c+ d)

⇒ 8(125 a+100 b+10 c +d)
⇒ 8 ∣n

Divisibility of 9
Since3 2=9 thenit should follows the same divisibility of 3.
Let n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +d , be the number where a , b , c∧d are integers.

⇒ n=(999+ 1) a+(99+1)b +(9+ 1) c +d

⇒ n=(999 a+99 b+9 c )+(a+b+ c+ d)
⇒ If 9 ∣(a+b+ c+ d), then9 ∣n .

Divisibility of 10
Let n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +d , be the number where a , b , c∧d are integers.
If d=0then ,
n=1000 a+100 b+10 c +0
⇒ 10(100 a+10 b +c)
⇒ 10 ∣n

EXERCISES
1. Use shortcut method to determine the product of the following;

a) 125 x 85 e) 96 x 94
b) 75 x 55 f) 84 x 91
c) 95 x 135 g) 187 x 199
d) 115 x 115 h) 64 x 38
2. Determine the divisibility of the following statements;

a) Is 3 divides 839, 223?

b) Is 6 divides 839, 223?
c) Is 9 divides 9,645, 174?
d) Is 11 divides 19,472,530?
e) Is 13 divides 1,570,855?
f) Is 17 divides 541,008?
g) Is 19 divides 10,809,556?
h) Is 31 divides 833,556,024?

3. Find the least value of w of the following

a) 5 divides 1234w
b) 6 divides 12w318
c) 8 divides 99w08
d) 3 divides 4w936

4. Prove the divisibility of 13.

5. State and prove the divisibility of 23.