Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
- Renaissance
- 18th – 19th Century Revival
- 20th Century Modern
Introduction
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Renaissance
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
NORWAY
SWEDEN Renaissance
GREAT RUSSIA
BRITAIN DENMARK • Printing by Movable Types
DUTCH
• Led to the mass production of books
REP. POLAND • Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE SWISS
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY EMPIRE
SPAIN PAPAL
PORTUGAL STATES
AFRICA
ISLAMIC
• Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
INDIAN • Medicine and Astronomy
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
FILIPINO
• Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,
• Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
• This brought about the need for a new building type • "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman “Orders of Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
PERIODS
PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister • Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Ground floor and piano nobile • Designed by Donato Bramante
• Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to • Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC
• Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
NEAR EAST • Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or
EGYPTIAN boldly protruding roof cornices
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Palazzo Strozzi
CHINESE & JAPANESE • By Benedetto da Majano
FILIPINO • Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
• Open cortile and piano nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
• Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
• Died
7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC
1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
NEAR EAST • His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN competition
GREEK • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to 12. Bernini
ROMAN the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Foundation stone laid in 1506 colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael
ISLAMIC
• Proposed a Latin cross plan
INDIAN • Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
• Reverted to Greek cross 183 m, width of 137 m
• Died • At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world
Renaissance
FRANCE
COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Maisons
Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de Chenonceaux
PRE-HISTORIC
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
NEAR EAST • Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
EGYPTIAN • Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
GREEK most imposing palaces in Europe
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles CHURCHES
• Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE • by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PERIODS
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings
Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail
in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca
• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship
Renaissance
GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
18th-19th C: Revival
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
18th-19th C: Revival
• Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE • Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
• Growth of communications
INDIAN • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
CHINESE & JAPANESE
machines and innovative processes helped change • International exhibitions of science and industry
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:
• The need to create an imposing effect – research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMATH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
ISLAMIC
New emerging style:
INDIAN • The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
FILIPINO • led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc – decorated City Hall, Swansea
with repeating stylized floral patterns • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
18th-19th C: Revival
Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival
PRE-HISTORIC
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:
1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President’s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• Neo-Classic elements • English Palladian style
1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes • Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC
• Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
NEAR EAST construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
EGYPTIAN • Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
GREEK contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Robie House, Chicago
ISLAMIC
• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
FILIPINO • First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival
PRE-HISTORIC
The Gace Building, Chicago
NEAR EAST • Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
EGYPTIAN
GREEK The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN • Designed by Louis Sullivan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolworth Building, NY
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Cass Gilbert
• Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO
Empire State Building
• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys
20th C: Modern
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
• Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Eero Saarinen
GREEK Works include:
HISTORY
ROMAN - Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
EARLY CHRISTIAN - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
More innovations:
BYZANTINE • Curtain wall
ROMANESQUE • Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC • Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE • Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN
• Functionalism in design
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
FILIPINO • Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull
winged” shell
20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
• Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four Johnson Wax Co. Building
years
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo – he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
20th C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plastics
program for building a house should be set out with the • Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
same precision as that for building a machine in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the • Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
subdividing the space curtain wall
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises • First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
PRE-HISTORIC
needs of modern life
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Other Personalities:
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Otto Wagner, Austria
BYZANTINE • Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE • Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC • Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE • August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
20TH C MODERN • JJP Oud, The Netherlands
• Victor Horta, Belgium
ISLAMIC
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
INDIAN • CFA Voysey, UK
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Louis Sullivan, USA
FILIPINO • Adolf Meyer Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
• Tony Garnier • Designed by Kenzo Tange
• Max Berg
• Mies van der Rohe
20th C: Modern
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Chrysler Building, NY
• Designed by William van Alen
• Art Deco style