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Surname HASSAN Other names MAHRUF

Edexcel Certificate Centre Number Candidate Number
Edexcel
International GCSE

Biology
Unit:
KBI0/4BI0
Paper: 2B
Friday 18 May 2012 – Morning Paper Reference
KBI0/2B
Time: 1 hour 4BI0/2B

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Instructions
••UseFillblack ink or ball-point pen.
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
t Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 60.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Keep an eye on the time.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
•• Check answer
Try to every question.
your answers if you have time at the end.

Turn over

P40133A
©2012 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/e2
 Answer ALL questions.

1 Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to
answer the questions that follow.

Diet in children
Doctors have warned that lifestyles of children are putting them at an increased risk
of rickets. Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. It affects the development
of leg bones and was common in Britain many years ago. The disease is making a
comeback because poor diet and a change in play habits have
5 led to a vitamin D deficiency.

Children are spending more time indoors using computers compared with previous
generations who spent time playing outside with their friends. Children who play
outside are exposed to sunlight, which boosts vitamin D levels.

In addition, children are not being given cod liver oil – a rich source of the
10 vitamin – in the same amounts as they were 50 years ago. Many parents used
to give their children a spoonful of cod liver oil each day to supplement their
diet. Two doctors have suggested that the vitamin should be added to milk
and other food products to ensure children are getting the recommended
amount. In Birmingham, the health authority has been offering pregnant women
15 supplements of the vitamin to reduce the number of cases of rickets in the city.

Another concern is that families are not eating together, so children often
choose their own food and prefer to snack on crisps, chocolate and soft drinks
high in sugar. This means that the diet of many children is too high in fat and
carbohydrates and contains more calories (energy) than the children need.
20 Children are less active than in previous generations, so they don’t use as many
calories. This lack of activity may lead to other health problems.

2
 (a) Suggest how spending time outdoors can reduce the chance of getting rickets
(lines 7 and 8).
(1)

When sunlight comes in contact with our skin, it is

synthesized into vitamin D .

(b) Suggest why vitamin D deficiency is more of a problem for children than for adults.
(1)

Growing children have their bones still growing, which requires

more vitamin D for bone growth, less vitamin D will result in
stunted growth.
(c) Vitamins are an essential part of a balanced diet.

Give three other components of a balanced diet.

(3)

1 Protein

2 Carbohydrates

3 Lipids

(d) Suggest why snacking on crisps, chocolate and soft drinks is an unsuitable diet for
children who are not very active (lines 16 and 17).
(2)

Snacks are high in sugar, which means high in energy or calories

when excessive calories are consumed, more than the body needs,
it is not used up.
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 (e) Suggest the health problems that might develop if children have too much fat in
their diet (line 18).
(2)

Unused calories are stored as fat as a store of energy in the body.

This can eventually result in obesity and increase risks of heart disease.
As it can build up in arteries and narrows it, it increases pressure and
may also result in stroke. Obese people have more chances of
getting diabetes as well.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to find out the energy value of a
potato crisp.
(4)

Calorimetry can be used to measure the energy value of food

First, the mass of the crisp must be recorded. The crisp can be
Then burned completely under a boiling tube filled with water.
The temperature of the water should be recorded using a
Thermometer. Then the temperature change can be calculated
By deducting initial temperature from final temperature.
The volume of water should also be known. The energy can
Then be calculated using the equation; Energy = m×c×Δt
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 1 = 13 marks)

2 The passage describes how viruses can affect humans.

Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each of the spaces.
(7)

Humans are affected by many viruses. Viruses only contain one sort of

nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA .

One virus, which causes the disease AIDS, is the human immuno deficiency virus.

People with AIDS are vulnerable to infection because their immune system does not work

so effectively. This means they are unable to produce white blood cells that normally fight

off infections by producing specific proteins

called antibodies that help to destroy pathogens.

Diseases caused by viruses can be prevented by injecting the body with an inactive

form of the virus. The method of injecting is known as vaccination and stimulates

the body’s defense system to produce memory cells.

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

5
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3 For a woman to become pregnant, a sperm must fertilise one of her eggs. At the time
the egg is released, the body temperature rises slightly.
A woman wanted to become pregnant. She measured her body temperature each day
for 28 days, starting on the first day of her menstrual cycle.
The chart she kept is shown below.

Body temperature
Day in °C
1 36.8
2 36.8
3 36.8
4 36.7
5 36.8
6 36.7
7 36.7
8 36.7
9 36.7
10 36.6
11 36.7
12 36.7
13 36.7
14 36.7
15 37.0
16 37.0
17 37.0
18 37.1
19 37.1
20 37.0
21 37.0
22 37.0
23 37.0
24 37.0
25 37.0
26 37.0
27 37.0
28 36.9

6
 (a) (i) What was the total number of days that the body temperature of the woman
was below 37.0 °C?
(1)
15

(ii) On which day was an egg probably released from her ovary?
(1)
14

(iii) Suggest how the woman could accurately determine her body temperature. (2)

Using a digital thermometer provides precision

(b) During the 28 days the ovary of the woman released two different hormones, A and B.
The table shows some of the roles of these hormones.

Hormone A Hormone B

repairs uterus lining maintains uterus lining

develops secondary sexual prevents egg release

characteristics

(i) Name hormone

A. (1)
Oestrogen
(ii) Name
hormone B. (1)

Progesterone

(iii) How do these hormones travel from the ovary to the

uterus? (1)
It travels through the blood.
(iv) Give two female secondary sexual characteristics.
(2)

1 Body hair develops.

2 Menstrual cycle begins.

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

7
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4 The picture shows a sheep that has been genetically modified to contain a human gene for
making a human protein in its milk.

The protein in its milk is a blood clotting substance called factor IX.
(a) The process of genetic modification used to produce this sheep involves the use of
two types of enzyme. One enzyme cuts DNA and the other enzyme joins DNA. The
process also used a vector.
(i) Name the enzyme that cuts
DNA. (1)

Restriction enzyme.

(ii) Name the enzyme that joins

DNA. (1)

DNA ligase.

(iii) Name a
vector. (1)

Plasmids
8
 (b) This sheep is transgenic.
What is meant by the term transgenic?
(1)

It contains genetic information from a different species.

(c) The transgenic sheep can be reproduced by cloning.

Suggest the advantages of reproducing the transgenic sheep by cloning.
(3)

The cloned animal will have identical genetic information to

The transgenic sheep, which means all of them will produce the
Factor IX. This will result in the increase in production of the protein
As many sheep are producing it together. Cloning also does not require
The overall repetition of the genetic modification process.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d) (i) Name the small structures in normal plasma that are involved in blood clotting.
(1)
Platelets.

(ii) Explain why is it important to have blood that clots.

(2)

It is important for the prevention of excessive blood loss along

and to prevent the entry of pathogens. As blood clot forms a
barrier which prevents both blood loss and blocks entry of pathogens.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

9
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5 An investigation was carried out to find out the effect of fear on human heart rate.
Ten students measured their heart rate under normal conditions. The students were
then given a fright and asked to measure their heart rate again.
The table shows their results.

Student Heart rate in beats per minute

number
Normal conditions When frightened
1 70 80
2 65 85
3 59 66
4 66 75
5 57 66
6 60 68
7 63 67
8 72 72
9 62 74
10 70 77
(a) (i) Identify the student whose result was anomalous.
(1)
Student 8’s result.

(ii) Describe and explain the results of this investigation.

(2)

When frightened, adrenaline is released and the heart beats are faster
as adrenaline enables the heart to pump more blood.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) State, with a reason, whether the results of this investigation are reliable.
(1)

It is reliable as 10 people were used and repeated, and follows a fixed pattern.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10
 (b) The diagram shows the human heart with four chambers and four blood vessels
labelled A to H.

D E
F
C

G
B

A H

Complete the table by writing in the label letter that matches the description of the
structure.
The first one has been done for you.
(4)

Structure Label letter

the right atrium B

the chamber that pumps blood to the lungs

the chamber with the thickest muscle wall

the blood vessel containing blood at the highest pressure

the blood vessel carrying blood with the least oxygen to the heart

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

Answers: A ; H ; E ; C

11
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6 (a) Describe how the process of nitrification affects the availability of nitrates to plants.
(2)

Nitrifying bacteria play a role in turning nitrites into nitrates which can
Be absorbed by the plant to make proteins for growth.
(b) Some farmers grow legume plants such as clover in their fields. They then plough
them into the soil before growing their cereal crops.
Suggest why they do this.
(4)

It is done to ensure that the root nodules of the plants reach the nitrogen
Fixing bacteria which converts nitrogen gas into nitrates.
The plants can make proteins using the nitrates acquired from it.
This will result in higher yields and growth.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Explain why only about 10% of the energy in the cereal crop is transferred to organisms
that eat the crop.
(2)

Some energy is lost as energy from respiration as the organisms

respire. Some of the food is not completely eaten and wasted
and some are not digested and thus is egested.

(Total for Question 6 = 8 marks)

12
7 Describe the biological consequences of cigarette smoking on the human lungs.
(5)

The smoke enters the lungs and can damage the air sacs called emphysema
Present in the lungs. When it is damaged, it heals, and eventually through
Continuous damage and healing, its surface area is decreased and oxygen
Cannot diffuse efficiently into the blood, this is known as emphysema.
Smoke also damages the cilia in the airways which are responsible for sweeping
mucus out of our trachea. When this is damaged, bacteria is not removed
And mucus builds up in excessive amounts, this is known as bronchitis.
The carcinogens present in the smoke has chances of mutating DNA in the
Lungs resulting in a tumor, and eventually lung cancer.

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 7 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS

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