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Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin 107
already been elucidated. Also, a fully mechanistic narrow range of concentrations (10-90 mM) can be
kinetic model is available for both the hydrolytic or examined. But, the key point is the ratio of their
synthetic reaction. Figure 1 shows the kinetically concentration. In this study, several concentrations
controlled synthesis of amoxicillin from HPGM and of HPGM and 6-APA have been examined and the
6-APA. Two side reactions, also catalyzed by PGA suitable ratio is introduced.
complete with the synthesis of amoxicillin. Secondly, the concentration of enzyme is one of
The enzyme penicillin acylase immobilization is the determining factors in the enzymatic synthesis of
studied in some research [7-10], which catalyze the amoxicillin, since, with the low amount of enzyme, the
synthesis (reaction I): This reaction is irreversible, reaction does not reach a good yield for amoxicillin
but if amoxicillin hydrolysis increases, the amount of production. Also, for high amounts of enzyme, the
product will be reduced. By coupling HPGM and hydrolysis velocity is high and the kinetic control of
APA, the undesired reactions are: substrate hydrolysis, amoxicillin production will be dicult. In other words,
HPGM (reaction II) and product hydrolysis, amoxi- before achieving the highest yield, the hydrolysis of
cillin, (reaction III). Both side reactions lead to hy- amoxicillin accelerates the synthesis and the produc-
droxyphenylglycine (HPG) [11-14]. Other antibiotics, tivity decreases. Temperature is the other parameter
such as cephalexin synthesized by enzymatic processes which can be studied in amoxicillin production.
are studied by other researchers [15-20]. In this investigation, optimization of the enzy-
matic synthesis of amoxicillin including the parameters
I) Synthesis: aecting amoxicillin production such as time, substrate
APA + HPGM ! Amox + MeOH, and enzyme concentration, pH and temperature were
studied.
II) Substrate hydrolysis:
HPGM + H2 O ! HPG + MeOH,
MATERIALS AND METHODS
III) Product hydrolysis: Materials
Amox + H2 O ! HPG + APA.
The immobilized Penicillin G acylase (PGA, EC
In a batch reactor, both substrates may initially be 3.5.1.11) from Escherichia coli imported material (Ger-
mostly undissolved. In addition, enzyme activity is many): Enzyme immobilization: Glyoxyl-agarose gel
limited to a narrow range of temperature and pH. was prepared as reported by Guisan [21]. Peni-
As a rst step, the concentrations of the two sub- cillin acylase was immobilized in glyoxyl-agarosegel
strates, HPGM and 6-APA, have to be known in order beads, based on the procedure described by Alvaro
to reach an acceptable production of products. For et al. [22], but using phenylacetic acid (PAA) instead
choosing these concentrations, several points should be of penicillinG sulfoxide as the protecting agent during
noticed, such as the solubility of the two substrates. immobilisation; time of immobilization was extended
According to the low solubility of these substrates, a to 20 h, determined as the optimum for biocatalyst
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108 I. Alemzadeh, G. Borghei, L. Va and R. Roostaazad
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin 109
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110 I. Alemzadeh, G. Borghei, L. Va and R. Roostaazad
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin 111
10%. So, it is preferable to perform the tests at a For enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin, other in-
constant pH rather than at a variable one. vestigators studied the eect of pH and substrate
concentration on synthesis. The yield for reaction
Eect of Temperature on Amoxicillin reached 75% [25-27]. The eect of co-solvent on the
Production Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Amoxicillin with
Immobilized Penicillin G Acylase was studied using
The eect of low temperature on the synthesis of B- ethylene glycol as co-solvent (50%) v/v with a yield
lactam antibiotics has been previously determined [8]. of 69.13 [28].
However, amoxicillin synthesis at high temperatures Yield represents the ratio of the product, amox-
has not been performed yet. To investigate the eect of icillin, formed to initial substrate, 6-APA consumed.
dierent temperatures on production, three reactions Productivity is the amount of amoxicillin produced per
under dierent conditions (dierent temperatures) time interval.
have been tested. The time for optimal amoxicillin The results shown in Table 3 indicates that
production was reached after 480 min. Results from increasing the temperature from 25 to 35 C, increases
the experiments are given in Figure 9 (5 C, 25 C and the yield to 50%, which has not been predicted in
35 C). Also, the yield for each reaction is given in Ta- any previous work. As the experiment shows, high
ble 3. Productivity under three dierent temperatures temperature is benecial to the synthesis of amoxicillin.
is also presented in Table 3; increasing temperature Finally, a test including 20 mM 6-APA, 60 mM
from 5 to 35 results in productivity increase. Produc- HPGM 5 g/L enzyme with constant pH 6.3 and
tivity is the amount of product (amoxicillin) formed per temperature 35 C was performed and a yield of 50%
unit time. Other investigators for enzymatic synthesis was achieved.
of amoxicillin under prescribed conditions: 0.1M APA,
0.1 M HPGM, T 25 C and pH 6 showed the yield about CONCLUSION
10% [6].
The eect of dierent parameters on the enzymatic
synthesis of amoxicillin in an aqueous medium was
investigated. Obtained data demonstrated that the
ratio of substrates is very important and eective to
the yield of the reaction. In addition, the concentration
of initial enzyme plays an integral role in the trend
of the reaction and the time needed for maximum
yield. Furthermore, constant pH shows better results
than variable pH during the reaction. Also, results
are signicantly better at 35 C than those at low
temperatures, such as 5 C or even room tempera-
ture. Finally, yield was substantially increased by
performing all the optimized parameters in one test.
The test including 20 mM 6-APA, 60 mM HPGM
and 5 g/L enzyme with constant pH 6.3 and the
Figure 9. Progress curves of amoxicillin synthesis at temperature 35 C was performed and a yield of 50%
dierent temperatures. Reaction condition: initial pH 6.3, was achieved.
Cinitial of 6-APA = 20 mM and HPGM= 40, 5g/L of
enzyme.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin 113
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