Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Statics

Twelfth Edition

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 Chapter 6
Analysis of Structures

©Renato Bordoni/Alamy
 Contents
Application Trusses Made of Several Simple
Trusses
Introduction
Sample Problem 6.3
Definition of a Truss
Analysis of a Frame
Simple Trusses
Frames That Collapse Without
Method of Joints
Supports
Joints Under Special Loading
Sample Problem 6.4
Conditions
Machines
Space Trusses
Sample Problem 6.1
Method of Sections

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 Application

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. a: © Datacraft Co Ltd/Getty Images RF; b: © Fuse/Getty Images RF; c: © Design Pics/Ken Welsh RF
 Introduction
• For the equilibrium of structures made of several
connected parts, the internal forces as well the external
forces are considered.
• In the interaction between connected parts, Newton’s 3rd
Law states that the forces of action and reaction between
bodies in contact have the same magnitude, same line of
action, and opposite sense.
• Three categories of engineering structures are considered:
a) Trusses: formed from two-force members, i.e.,
straight members with end point connections
and forces that act only at these end points.
b) Frames: contain at least one multi-force
member, i.e., member acted upon by 3 or
more forces.
c) Machines: structures containing moving parts
designed to transmit and modify forces.

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 Definition of a Truss 1

• A truss consists of straight members connected at

joints. No member is continuous through a joint.
• Most structures are made of several trusses
joined together to form a space framework. Each
truss carries those loads which act in its plane
and may be treated as a two-dimensional
structure.
• Bolted or welded connections are assumed to be
pinned together. Forces acting at the member
ends reduce to a single force and no couple.
Only two-force members are considered.
• When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is
in tension. When the forces tend to compress the
member, it is in compression.

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 Definition of a Truss 2

• Members of a truss are slender and not capable of

supporting large lateral loads. Loads must be applied
at the joints.
• In the bridge structure above, a floor system
consisting of stringers and floor beams transmit the
floor loads shown as point loads to the joints of the
trusses where the floor system is attached.

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 Definition of a Truss 3

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 Simple Trusses
• A rigid truss will not collapse under
the application of a load. A triangle
consisting of three members and
three joints represents the most basic
example of such a rigid truss.
• A simple truss is constructed by
successively adding two members
and one joint to the basic triangular
truss.

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 Method of Joints
• Dismember the truss and create a free-body
diagram for each member and each joint.
• Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss
can be used to solve for the support reactions.
• The two forces exerted on each member are
equal, have the same line of action, and
opposite sense.
• Forces exerted by a member on the pins or
joints at its ends are directed along the
member and equal and opposite.
• Conditions of equilibrium are used to solve for
unknown forces at each pin (or joint), giving 2n
equations overall, where n = number of joints.
Forces are found by solving for unknown forces
while moving from joint to joint sequentially.

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 Joints Under Special Loading Conditions
• Forces in opposite members intersecting
in two straight lines at a joint are equal.
• The forces in two opposite members are
equal when a load is aligned with a third
member. The third member force is equal
to the load (including the zero-load case).
• The forces in two members connected at
a joint are equal if the members are
aligned, and are zero otherwise.
• Recognition of joints under special loading
conditions simplifies a truss analysis.

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 Space Trusses
• An elementary space truss consists of 6 members
connected at 4 joints to form a tetrahedron.
• A simple space truss is formed from an
elementary space truss when 3 new members and
1 joint are added at the same time.
• In a simple space truss m = 3n − 6, where m is the
number of members and n is the number of joints.
• Conditions of equilibrium for the joints provide
3n equations. For a statically-determinate simple
truss, 3n = m + 6 and the equations can be solved
for m member forces and 6 support reactions.
• Equilibrium for the entire truss provides 6
additional equations which are not independent
of the joint equations.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 6.1 1

Strategy:
• What’s the first step to solving
this problem? Think, then
discuss this with a neighbor.
• Draw the free body diagram for the
entire truss and solve for the 3
support reactions. (Though not
strictly necessary for this particular
truss, finding the support reactions
Using the method of joints, determine is often the necessary first step in
the force in each member of the truss. most truss problems.)
• Draw this FBD and compare your
sketch with a neighbor. Discuss
with each other any differences.

Access the text alternative for this image.

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 Sample Problem 6.1 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Based on a free body diagram of the entire truss,
solve the 3 equilibrium equations for the reactions
at E and C.
• Looking at the FBD, which “sum of moments”
equation could you apply in order to find one of
the unknown reactions with just this one equation?

M C =0
= ( 2000 lb )( 24 ft ) + (1000 lb )(12 ft ) − E ( 6 ft )

E = 10, 000 lb 
• Next, apply the remaining
equilibrium conditions to F x = 0 = Cx Cx = 0
find the remaining two
support reactions. F y = 0 = −2000 lb − 1000 lb + 10,000 lb + C y
C y = 7000 lb 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 6.1 3

• We now solve the problem by moving

sequentially from joint to joint and solving
the associated FBD for the unknown forces.
• Which joint should you start with, and why?
Think, then discuss with a neighbor.
• Joints A or C are equally good because each
has only 2 unknown forces. Use joint A and
draw its FBD and find the unknown forces.
2000 lb FAB FAD FAB = 1500 lb T
= =
4 3 5 FAD = 2500 lb C

• Which joint should you move to next, and why? Discuss.

• Joint D, since it has 2 unknowns remaining
(joint B has 3). Draw the FBD and solve.
FDB = FDA FDB = 2500 lb T
FDE = 2 ( 53 ) FDA FDE = 3000 lb C
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 6.1 4

• There are now only two unknown member

forces at joint B. Assume both are in tension.
F y = 0 = −1000 − 54 ( 2500 ) − 54 FBE
FBE = −3750 lb
FBE = 3750 lb C

F x = 0 = FBC − 1500 − 53 ( 2500 ) − 53 ( 3750 )

FBC = +5250 lb
FBC = 5250 lb T

• There is one remaining unknown member

force at joint E (or C). Use joint E and
assume the member is in tension.

F x = 0 = 53 FEC + 3000 + 53 ( 3750 )

FEC = −8750 lb
FEC = 8750 lb C
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 6.1 5

Reflect and Think: Using the computed

values of FCB and FCE, you can determine the
reactions Cx and Cy by considering the
equilibrium of Joint C (Fig. 6). Since these
reactions have already been determined from
the equilibrium of the entire truss, this
provides two checks of your computations.
You can also simply use the computed values
of all forces acting on the joint (forces in
members and reactions) and check that the
joint is in equilibrium.

F x = − 5250 + 53 ( 8750 ) = 0 ( checks )

F y = −7000 + 54 ( 8750 ) = 0 ( checks )

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Method of Sections 1

• When the force in only one member or the

forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.
• To determine the force in member BD, form a
section by “cutting” the truss at n-n and create
a free body diagram for the left side.
• An FBD could have been created for the right
side, but why is this a less desirable choice?
Think and discuss.
• Notice that the exposed internal forces
are all assumed to be in tension.
• With only three members cut by the section,
the three available equations for static
equilibrium for this rigid body can be applied
to determine the unknown member forces,
including FBD.
Access the text alternative for these images.
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 Method of Sections 2

• Using the left-side FBD, write one

begin underline end underline

equilibrium equation that can be solved to

find FBD. Check your equation with a
neighbor; resolve any differences between
your answers if you can.

• Assume that the initial section cut was made

using line k-k. Why would this be a poor
choice? Think, then discuss with a neighbor.
• Notice that any cut may be chosen, so long
as the cut creates a separated section.
• So, for example, this cut with line p-p is
acceptable.

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 Trusses Made of Several Simple Trusses
• For compound trusses that are
statically determinant, rigid, and
completely constrained,
m = 2n −3
• This truss contains a redundant
member and is therefore statically
indeterminate, making.
m > 2n −3
• Additional reaction forces may be
necessary for a rigid truss.
• Necessary but insufficient condition
non-rigid rigid for a compound truss to be statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
m + 3 < 2n m + 4 = 2n constrained:
m + r = 2n
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 Sample Problem 6.3 1

Strategy:
• List the steps for solving this problem.
Discuss your list with a neighbor.

1. Draw the FBD for the entire truss.

Apply the equilibrium conditions
and solve for the reactions at A
and L.
2. Make a cut through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
Determine the force in members section as a free body (the left side
FH, GH, and GI. would also be acceptable).
3. Apply the conditions for static
equilibrium to determine the
desired member forces.

Access the text alternative for this image.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 6.3 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.

M A = 0 = −(5 m)(6 kN) − (10 m)(6 kN ) − (15 m)(6 kN )

− (20 m)(1 kN) − (25 m)(1 kN) + (30 m) L
L = 7.5 kN 
F y = 0 = −20 kN + L + Ay
Ay = 12.5 kN 
F x = 0 = Ax

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 6.3 3

• Make a cut through members FH, GH, and

GI and take the right-hand section as a free
body. Draw this FBD.

• What is the one equilibrium equation that

could be solved to find FGI? Confirm your
answer with a neighbor.
• Sum of the moments about point H:

M H =0
( 7.50 kN )(10 m ) − (1 kN )( 5 m ) − FGI ( 5.33 m ) = 0
FGI = +13.13 kN

FGI = 13.13 kN T

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 6.3 4

• FFH is shown as its components. What one

equilibrium equation will determine FFH?
FG 8 m
tan = = = 0.5333  = 28.07
GL 15 m
M G = 0
(7.5 kN)(15 m) − (1 kN)(10 m) − (1 kN)(5 m)
+ ( FFH cos )(8 m) = 0
FFH = −13.81 kN FFH = 13.81 kN C

• There are many options for finding FGH at this

point ( e.g.,  Fx = 0,  Fy = 0 ) . Here is one more:
GI 5m
tan  = =2 = 0.9375  = 43.15
HI 3 (8 m)
M L =0
(1 kN)(10 m) + (1 kN)(5 m) + ( FGH cos  )(15 m) = 0
FGH = −1.371 kN
FGH = 1.371 kN C
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 6.3 5

Reflect and Think:

Sometimes you should resolve a force into components to include it in the
equilibrium equations. By first sliding this force along its line of action to a
more strategic point, you might eliminate one of its components from a
moment equilibrium equation.

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 Analysis of a Frame
• Frames and machines are structures with at least one
multiforce (>2 forces) member. Frames are designed to
support loads and are usually stationary. Machines contain
moving parts, and transmit and modify forces.
• A free-body diagram of the complete frame is used to
determine the external forces acting on the frame.
• Internal forces are determined by dismembering the frame
and creating free-body diagrams for each component.
• Forces on two-force members have known lines of action
but unknown magnitude and sense.
• Forces on multiforce members have unknown magnitude
and line of action. They must be represented with two
unknown components.
• Forces between connected components are equal, have the
same line of action, and opposite sense.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Frames That Collapse Without Supports
• Some frames may collapse if removed from
their supports. Such frames cannot be treated as
rigid bodies.
• A free-body diagram of the complete frame
indicates four unknown force components, which
cannot be completely determined from the three
available equilibrium conditions for this FBD.
• The frame must be considered as two distinct, but
related, rigid bodies.
• With equal and opposite reactions at the contact
point between members, the two free-body
diagrams show 6 unknown force components.
• Equilibrium requirements for the two rigid bodies
yield 6 independent equations. Thus, taking the
frame apart made the problem solvable.

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 Sample Problem 6.4 1

Strategy:
Follow the general procedure discussed in
this section. First treat the entire frame as a
free body, which will enable you to find the
reactions at A and B. Then dismember the
frame and treat each member as a free body,
which will give you the equations needed to
find the force at C.

Members ACE and BCD are

connected by a pin at C and by the
link DE. For the loading shown,
determine the force in link DE and
the components of the force exerted
at C on member BCD.

Access the text alternative for this image.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 6.4 2

Modeling and Analysis:

Create a free-body diagram for the complete frame
and solve for the support reactions.

F y = 0 = Ay − 480 N Ay = 480 N 

M A = 0 = − ( 480 N )(100 mm ) + B (160 mm )

B = 300 N →
F x = 0 = B + Ax
Ax = −300 N
Ax = 300 N 

Note:
 = tan −1 150
80
= 28.07

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 Sample Problem 6.4 3

Create a free body diagram for member BCD

(since the problem asked for forces on this
body). Choose the best FBD, then discuss your
choice with a neighbor. Justify your choice.

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 Sample Problem 6.4 4

Using the best FBD for member BCD, what is

the one equilibrium equation that can be used
to directly determine FDE? Please discuss.

M C = 0 = (FDE sin  )(250 mm ) + (300 N )(80 mm ) + (480 N )(100 mm )

FDE = −561 N
FDE = 561 N C

• Sum of forces in the x and y directions may be used to find the force
components at C.

F x = 0 = Cx − FDE cos  + 300 N

Cx = −795 N
0 = Cx − ( −561 N ) cos  + 300 N

F y = 0 = C y − FDE sin  − 480 N C y = 216 N

0 = C y − ( −561 N ) sin  − 480 N
Access the text alternative for this image.
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 Sample Problem 6.4 5

Reflect and Think:

Check the computations by considering the
free body ACE .

M A = ( FDE cos  )( 300 mm ) + ( FDE sin  )(100 mm ) − Cx ( 220 mm )

= ( −561cos  )( 300 mm ) + ( −561sin  )(100 mm ) − ( −795 )( 220 mm ) = 0

(checks)

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 Machines
• Machines are structures designed to transmit
and modify forces. Typically they transform
input forces (P) into output forces (Q).
• Given the magnitude of P, determine the
magnitude of Q.
• Create a free-body diagram of the complete
machine, including the reaction that the wire
exerts.
• The machine is a nonrigid structure. Use one
of the components as a free-body. Discuss
why the forces at A are such as that shown.
• Sum moments about A,
a
 M A = 0 = aP − bQ Q= P
b

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 End of Chapter 6

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