Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by

  the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

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PRECISE

PHYSICS

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Std. XI Sci.

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Salient Features

      Written as per the new textbook

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 Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions, Intext Questions, Activities and Textual
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
Examples (numericals illustrated in textbook)
 Adequate coverage of New Types of Questions
 ‘Solved Examples’ offer complete numerical solution
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 ‘Quick Review’ facilitates quick revision

 ‘Important Formulae’ at the end of every chapter compiles all formulae
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 ‘Reading Between the Lines’, ‘Gyan Guru’, ‘Connections’ prepare a solid foundation through
constructivist learning
 Video links provided via QR codes for boosting conceptual retention
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© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No  part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including
  photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

 Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 192157
TEID: 13667
  
 
PREFACE 
 

  “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” - Albert Einstein.
Having this vision in mind we have created “Precise Physics: Std. XI” as per the new textbook of Maharashtra
 
State board. It is a compact yet complete guide designed to boost students’ confidence and prepare them to face
  the conspicuous Std. XI final exam. Every chapter, segregated subtopic-wise, collates each and every important
concept in Question and Answer format. Textual Exercise questions, Intext questions, ‘Can you tell’, ‘Can you

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  recall’, ‘Try this’ and ‘Activity’ are placed aptly amongst various additional questions in accordance with the
flow of subtopic. To offer students better understanding of the concept discussed in question, ‘Reading
  between the lines’ (not a part of the answer) has been provided as deemed necessary. Numericals along with

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their step-wise solutions are covered under heading of ‘Solved Examples’ at the end of each subtopic. ‘Quick
  Review’ has been provided to map the chapter effectively in students’ minds. Formulae covered in the chapter
are compiled together as ‘Important Formulae’ at the end of the chapter. ‘Exercise’ and ‘Multiple Choice

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Question’ sections are added to enable students assess their range of preparation and knowledge of each topic.
  Notes are introduced to cover additional bits of relevant information on each topic as seemed required.
While ensuring concise coverage of the syllabus in an effortless and easy to grasp format, emphasis is also given
  on active learning. To achieve this, we have infused key features such as, Gyan Guru, Connections and QR
Codes.

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  The following screenshots will walk you through the core features of this book and elucidate how they have been
carefully designed to maximize the student learning.
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GG - Gyan Guru Gyan Guru illustrates real life
applications or examples related to the
concept discussed.
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A slingshot is a device This is our attempt to link learning to the
normally used as a toy by life.
children. It makes use of the
elastic property of rubber to
hit the desired target like a
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fruit or a bird etc.

Reading between the lines

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Reading between the lines provide

elaboration of concept or missing Explanation for (vi) :
fragments of concept.  
Let two vectors R and Q are represented in
This is our attempt to explain the
concept without deforming the length of magnitude by,
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 
expected answer. R  R x ˆi  R y ˆj  R z kˆ and Q  Q x ˆi  Q y ˆj  Q z kˆ
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Connections enable students to

interlink concepts covered in different
For points (ii) and (iv)
Connections chapters.
This is our attempt to encourage
students to appreciate the subject as a
In chapter 3, you have studied about angular
whole.
velocity () and centripetal force.
  
 

QR code provides access to a video in

order to boost understanding of a
concept or activity. [Note: Students can scan the adjacent QR code
This is our attempt to facilitate learning to get conceptual clarity about resolution of
with visual aids. vectors with the aid of a linked video.]

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Quick Review
Quick review includes tables/ flow chart
to summarize the key points in chapter.
Steady state

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This is our attempt to help students to
is achieved due to reinforce key concepts.

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Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

Important Formulae
Important Formulae includes all of the
key formulae in the chapter. 2. Direction of resultant vector:

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This is our attempt to offer students tools  Qsin  
of formulae handy while solving  = tan1  
 P  Qcos  
problems and last minute revision at a
glance. 3. Commutative law of vector addition:
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P + Q = Q + P
 

Exercise
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Exercise includes subtopic-wise
additional questions, problems and
2.2 Vector Analysis MCQs.
1. Distinguish between scalars and vectors. This is our attempt to provide additional
Ans: Refer Q. 2 practice to students to gauge their
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2. Define the term negative vectors. preparation.

Ans: Refer Q. 5 (iii)
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The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearly
missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,
Publisher
Edition: First
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Disclaimer

This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Physics; First edition: 2019 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which
are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be
responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on
the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
  
 
CONTENTS
 
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1 Units and Measurements 1

2 Mathematical Methods 25

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3 Motion in a Plane 53

4 Laws of Motion 77

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5 Gravitation 121

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6 Mechanical Properties of Solids 153

7 Thermal Properties of Matter 174

8 Sound 216

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9 Optics O 240

10 Electrostatics 278

11 Electric Current Through Conductors 301

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12 Magnetism 324

13 Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System 337

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14 Semiconductors 355
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Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.

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2. # mark represents Intext question.

3. +mark represents Textual examples.
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4.  symbol represents textual questions that need external reference

for an answer.
 2 Mathematical Methods
****

Contents and Concepts

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2.1 Introduction 2.4 Resolution of Vectors

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2.2 Vector Analysis 2.5 Multiplication of Vectors
2.3 Vector Operations 2.6 Introduction to Calculus

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iii. It has no specific It is represented by
2.1 Introduction
representation. symbol () arrow.
Once a physical quantity is defined iv. The division of a The division of a
scalar by another vector by another

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dimensionally and described in suitable units, the
question about its direction follows. scalar is valid. vector is not valid.
The answer to this question lies in vector analysis. Examples: Examples:
Length, mass, Displacement,
Q.1. i.
ii.
Define scalars and vectors.
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Can you recall? (Textbook page no.16)
time, volume, etc. velocity, acceleration,
force, etc.
Which of the following are scalars or
vectors? Q.3. Explain representation of a vector
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Displacements , distance travelled , graphically and symbolically.
velocity , speed , force , work done , Ans:
energy i. Graphical representation:
Ans:
A vector is graphically represented by a
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i. a. Physical quantities which can be directed line segment or an arrow.

completely described by their magnitude
eg.: displacement of a body from P to Q is
(a number and unit) are called scalars.
b. Physical quantities which need represented as P  Q.
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magnitude as well as direction for their ii. Symbolic representation:

complete description are called vectors. Symbolically a vector is represented by a
ii. a. Scalars: Distance travelled, speed, work single letter with an arrow above it, such as
 
done, energy. A . The magnitude of the vector A is denoted
b. Vectors: Displacement, velocity, force. 
as |A| or | A | or A.
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2.2 Vector Analysis Q.4. A vector has both magnitude and direction.
Does it mean that anything that has
Q.2. Can you recall? (Textbook page no.16) magnitude and direction is necessarily a
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What is the difference between a scalar and vector? (NCERT)

a vector?
Ans:
Ans:
i. For a physical quantity, only having
No. Scalars Vectors magnitude and direction is not a sufficient
i. It has magnitude It has magnitude as condition to be a vector.
only. well as direction. ii. A physical quantity also has to obey vectors
ii. Scalars can be Vectors are added or law of addition to be termed as vector.
added or subtracted by iii. Hence, anything that has magnitude and
subtracted geometrical direction is not necessarily a vector.
according to the (graphical) method or Example: Though current has definite
rules of algebra. vector algebra. magnitude and direction, it is not a vector.
    25 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

GG - Gyan Guru iv. Equal vectors:

Two vectors A and B representing same physical
quantity are said to be equal if and only if they
Vector analysis is also widely used have the same magnitude and direction.
in structural engineering. The
basic law of structural engineering    
that, if forces acting on structure P Q   R S
are stronger than structure can
support, the structure collapses, Equal vectors

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cannot be seen without vector    

inclusion. In the given figure | P | | Q| | R | | S |

Force if handled with magnitude only can give v. Position vector:

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idea about its distribution but to make sure A vector which gives Y
forces are reaching to ground, a design is the position of a P
essentially made considering flow of forces, i.e., particle at a point 

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direction of forces. with respect to the r
origin of chosen co-
ordinate system is
called position O X
vector. Position vector

In the given figure, OP represents position

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
vector of P with respect to O.
Q.6. Whether the resultant of two vectors of
Q.5.
i.
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Define and explain the following terms:
Zero vector (Null vector)
unequal magnitude be zero?
Ans: The resultant of two vectors of different
ii. Resultant vector magnitude cannot give zero resultant.
iii. Negative vectors
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Q.7. Define unit vector and give its physical
iv. Equal vectors significance.
v. Position vector Ans: Unit vector: A vector having unit magnitude
Ans: in a given direction is called a unit vector in
i. Zero vector (Null vector): that direction.
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
A vector having zero magnitude and If P is a non zero vector (P  0) then the unit
arbitrary direction is called zero vector. It is 
 vector û p in the direction of P is given by,
denoted as 0 .
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
Example: Velocity vector of stationary P
û p =
particle, acceleration vector of a body P
moving with uniform velocity. 

ii. Resultant vector:  P  uˆ p P

The resultant of two or more vectors is Significance of unit vector:
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defined as that single vector, which produces i. The unit vector gives the direction of a given
the same effect as produced by all the vectors vector.
together. ii. Unit vector along X, Y and Z direction of a
iii. Negative vectors: rectangular (three dimensional) coordinate is
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A negative vector of a given vector is a vector represented by ˆi, ˆj and kˆ respectively Such
of the same magnitude but opposite in
direction to that of the given vector. that û x  ˆi , û y  ˆj and û z  kˆ
  
Negative vectors are antiparallel vectors. X Y Z
  This gives î  , ĵ  and k̂ 
In figure, b =  a X X Z

b Q.8. What are dimensions and units of a unit
vector?
 Ans: Unit vector does not have any dimensions and
a unit. Unit vector is used to specify direction
Negative vectors only.
  26 
26  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.12. Explain subtraction of vectors.
2.3 Vectors Operations
Ans:
Q.9. Explain multiplication of a vector by a i. When two vectors are anti-parallel (in the
scalar. opposite direction) to each other, the magnitude
Ans: of their resultant is difference of individual
 magnitudes and direction is of larger vector.
i. When a vector A is multiplied by a scalar ‘s’, ii. It is important to note that only vectors of the

it becomes ‘s A’ whose magnitude is s times same type (physical quantity) can be

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 subtracted.
the magnitude of A . 
  iii. For example, if two vectors P = 3 unit and
ii. The unit of A is different from the unit of ‘s A’ . 

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Q = 4 unit are acting in opposite direction,
For example,
  

If A = 10 newton and s = 5 second, then they are subtracted as, | R | = || P | – | Q ||
 

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s A = 10 newton  5 second = 50 N s. = |3 – 4| = 1 unit, directed along Q

Q.10. Explain addition of vectors. P
Ans: A 3 unit B
i. The addition of two or more vectors of same 
type gives rise to a single vector such that the Q
C B
effect of this single vector is the same as the

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 4 unit
net effect of the original vectors. R
ii. It is important to note that only the vectors of the C 1 unit A
same type (physical quantity) can be added.
iii.

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For example, if two vectors, P = 3 unit and

Q.13. How can resultant of two vectors of a type
inclined with each other be determined?
Q = 4 unit are acting along the same line, then
  
Ans: When two vectors of a type are inclined with
C
they can be added as, | R | = | P |  | Q | each other, their resultant can be determined
 by using triangle law of vector addition.
| R | = 3 + 4 = 7 unit

P Q.14. What is triangle law of vector addition?
A B Ans: Triangle law of vector addition:
3 unit
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
If two vectors describing the same physical
Q quantity are represented in magnitude and
B C direction, by the two sides of a triangle taken
4 unit
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in order, then their resultant is represented in


R magnitude and direction by the third side of
A C the triangle drawn in the opposite sense, i.e.,
7 unit from the starting point (tail) of the first
[Note: When vectors are not in the same direction, then vector to the end point (head) of the second
they can be added using triangle law of vector addition.] vector.
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Q.11. State true or false. If false correct the B

statement and rewrite. 
It is possible to add two vectors R
representing physical quantities having
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
Q
different dimensions.
Ans: False. O
It is not possible to add two vectors A 
P
representing physical quantities having  
different dimensions. Let P and Q be the two vectors of same type
taken in same order as shown in figure.
Connections  Resultant vector will be given by third side
In Chapter 1, you have taken in opposite order.
studied that two physical quantities having different i.e., OA + AB = OB
dimensions are necessarily different quantities.   
 P+ Q = R
    27 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

Q.15. Using triangle law of vector addition, Q.17. Prove that: Vector addition is commutative.
explain the process of adding two vectors Ans: Commutative property of vector addition:
which are not lying in a straight line. According to commutative property, for two

Ans:  
vectors P and Q , P  Q  Q  P
  

i. Two vectors in magnitude and direction are

Proof:
drawn in a plane as shown in figure (a)  
  i. Let two vectors P and Q be represented in
Let these vectors be Pand Q 
magnitude and direction by two sides OA and


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 AB respectively.
Q  

C P B

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
P 
Figure (a)  R
Q 
 Q

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
ii. Join the tail of Q to head of P in the given
direction. The resultant vector will be the line
 
which is obtained by joining tail of P to head of O P A

Q as shown in figure (b). ii. Complete a parallelogram OABC such that
     
 OA = CB = P and AB = OC = Q then join OB.

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R   
 iii. In  OAB, OA  AB = OB
Q
(By triangle law of vector addition)
  

 P Q = R
P
Figure (b)
O   
In  OCB, OC + CB = OB
.…(1)

   (By triangle law of vector addition)

iii. If R is the resultant vector of P and Q then   
C
using triangle law of vector addition, we have,  QPR .…(2)
  
R  P Q iv. From equation (1) and (2),
   
P Q  Q  P
Q.16. Explain, how two vectors are subtracted.
Find their resultant by using triangle law of Hence, addition of two vectors obeys commutative law.
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vector addition. Q.18. Prove that: Vector addition is associative.

Ans: Ans: Associative property of vector addition:
 
According to associative property,
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i. Let P and Q be the two vectors in a plane as   

shown in figure (a). for three vectors P , Q and R ,
          C
  P  P Q   R  P  Q R 
Q     
Q R

   R2
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R Q S


B
P

R1
P 
Figure (a) Figure (b) Figure (c) Q
O  A
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  
ii. To subtract Q from P , vector Q is reversed Proof: P
     

so that we get the vector  Q as shown in i. Let OA = P , AB = Q , BC = R
figure (b). ii. Join OB and AC
In  OAB,
The resultant vector  R  is obtained by

  
iii. OA  AB  OB (From triangle law of
 
  vector addition)
joining tail of P to head of  Q as shown in   
 P Q  R 1 ....(1)
figure (c).
In  OBC,
iv. From triangle law of vector addition,   
     OB  BC = OC (From triangle law of
R = P + ( Q ) = P  Q vector addition)
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 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
    
 R1  R  S AC = Q as the adjacent sides. We have to
 
From equation (1) prove that diagonal OC = R , the resultant
     of sum of the two given vectors.
 P Q   R  S .…(2)
  c. By the triangle law of vector addition,
iii. In  ABC, we have,
     
AB  BC  AC OA  AC  OC ….(1)
 
   As AC is parallel to OB ,
 Q  R = R2 .…(3)

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  
AC  OB = Q
iv. In  OAC,  
  
OA + AC  OC Substituting OA and OC in

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   equation (1) we have,
 P R 2  S   
PQ R
From equation (3)
Hence proved.

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
  
P  Q R   S .…(4) iii. Magnitude of resultant vector:
 
a. To find the magnitude of resultant
On Comparing, equation (2) and (4), we get,  
         vector R = OC , draw a perpendicular
 P  Q   R  P   Q R  from C to meet OA extended at S.
   

Hence, associative law is proved. P

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B C
Q.19. State true or false. If false correct the
statement and rewrite.  
Q R
The subtraction of given vectors is neither 
commutative nor associative.
Ans: True.
O  

Q



Q.20. State and prove parallelogram law of vector O P A S
C
addition and determine magnitude and
 CAS = BOA =  and AC = OB = Q
direction of resultant vector.
b. In right angle triangle ASC,
Ans:
AS
i. Parallelogram law of vector addition: cos  =
AC
If two vectors of same type starting from the
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same point (tails at the same point), are  AS = AC cos  = Q cos  ….(3)
represented in magnitude and direction by the and
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then, SC
sin  =
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their resultant vector is given in magnitude AC

and direction, by the diagonal of the  SC = AC sin  = Q sin  ….(4)
parallelogram starting from the same point. c. Using Pythagoras theorem in right
ii. Proof: angled triangle, OSC
  (OC)2 = (OS)2 + (SC)2
a. Consider two vectors P and Q of the = (OA + AS)2 + (SC)2
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same type, with their tails at the point  (OC) = (OA)2 + 2(OA).(AS) + (AS2)
2

‘O’ and ‘’ is the angle between P and + (SC)2
 ….(5)
Q as shown in the figure below. d. From right angle triangle ASC,
SA


(AS)2 + (SC)2 = (AC)2 ….(6)
B P C e. From equation (5) and (6), we get
(OC)2 = (OA)2 + 2(OA) (AS) + (AC)2
 
Q R
....(7)
 f. Using (3) and (7), we get
Q
(OC)2 = (OA)2 + (AC)2 + 2(OA)(AC) cos 
  R2 = P2 + Q2+ 2 PQ cos 
O 
A
P  R = P2  Q2  2PQcos  ....(8)
b. Join BC and AC to complete the Equation (8) gives the magnitude of
  
parallelogram OACB, with OA = P and resultant vector R .
    29 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

iv. Direction of resultant vector: Q sin 

 Using equation tan  = ,
To find the direction of resultant vector R , let P  Q cos 
 
Qsin 0
R make an angle  with P . tan  = =0
P  Q cos0
SC
In OSC, tan  =  =0
OS
 
SC ii. When  = 90, i.e., when P and Q are
tan  =
OA  AS
mutually perpendicular to each other, then

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From equations (3) and (4), we get
Qsin  R= P  Q2  2PQcos90
tan  = ....(9)
P  Qcos   R= P2  Q2 …( cos 90 = 0)

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 Qsin    Qsin90 
  = tan1   ....(10) Also,  = tan1 
 P  Qcos   
 P  Qcos90 
Equation (10) represents direction of resultant
 Q 1 

TE
vector. = tan1  
   P  Q0 
[Note: If  is the angle between R and Q , it can be
  = tan1  Q 
 P sin   P
similarly derived that  = tan–1  ]
  P cos  
Q  
iii. When  = 180, i.e., when P and Q are

N

Q.21. Complete the table for two vectors P and in the opposite directions, then

Q inclined at angle . R= P2  Q2  2PQcos180
 R = P2  Q2  2PQ …(cos 180 = 1)
 Resultant
vector
O
Direction of
resultant  R = (P  Q) 2

vector with
R 
 R=PQ
C
P ()  Qsin180 
Also,  = tan1   =0
i. 0 ----------- -----------  P  Qcos180 
ii. 90 ----------- -----------
…( sin 180 = 0)
iii. 180 ----------- -----------
 =0
E

Ans:
 Resultant Direction of    
Q.22. If | A + B | = | A  B | then what can be the
vector resultant  
PL


vector with angle between A and B ?
R   
P () Ans: Let  be the angle between A and B , then
 
i. 0 P+Q 0 | A + B |2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos
ii. 90 P 2 +Q 2 tan–1  Q 
 
Also the angle between A and  B is (180 )
P
Hence,
M

iii. 180 P–Q 0  

| A + B |2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos(180)
Reading between the lines = A2 + B2  2AB cos
   
As | A + B | = | A  B |,
SA

  we can equate above two equations,

i. When  = 0, i.e., P and Q are in the
same direction, using
R= P 2  Q2  2PQcos 
R= P2  Q2  2PQcos0
= P2  Q2  2PQ
= (P  Q) 2
2AB cos = 2AB cos
 4AB cos = 0
 
Assuming A and B as non-zero vector,
we get, cos = 0
….( cos 0 = 1)   = 90
   
Thus, if | A + B | = | A  B |, then vectors
 

 R= P+Q A and B must be at right angles to each

other.
  30 
30  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.25. Find the vector that should be added to the
Solved Examples
 
sum of 2iˆ  5jˆ  3kˆ and 4iˆ  7jˆ  4kˆ to give  
 
+Q.23. Express vector A C in terms of vectors AB a unit vector along the X-axis.
 Solution:
and CB shown in the following figure.



C Let vector P be added to get unit vector î

along X-axis.
Sum of given vectors is given as,

T
A B
 2iˆ  5jˆ  3kˆ    4iˆ  7jˆ  4kˆ  = 6iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ
According to given condition,  6iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ   P  ˆi
Solution: 

N
Using the triangle law of addition of vectors,
  
P  ˆi   6iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ   ˆi  6iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ =  5iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ

AC + CB = AB 
  
 AC = AB – CB
Ans: The required vector is 5iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ .

TE
+Q.24. From the following figure, determine the  
    Q.26. If P = 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ and Q = 2iˆ  5jˆ  2kˆ . Find
resultant of four forces A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 .    

C i. P Q ii. 3 P 2 Q .
  Solution:
A4 A3  

N
D Given: P  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ , Q  2iˆ  5jˆ  2kˆ
B    
 To find: i. P Q ii. 3P  2 Q
A5 

O 
A1
O A
A2 Calculation:
i.
 
P  Q = (2 î + 3 ĵ  k) + (2 î  5 ĵ + 2k)
Solution:
 = (2 + 2) î + (3  5) ĵ + (1 + 2) k̂
Join OB to complete OAB as shown in figure
C
below = 4iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ
C
 

  ii. 3P = 3 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ  6iˆ  9jˆ  3kˆ
A4 A3
2 Q = 2  2iˆ  5jˆ  2kˆ   4iˆ  10jˆ  4kˆ

D
E

 
B
A1 A2
3P  2 Q =  6iˆ  9jˆ  3kˆ    4iˆ  10jˆ  4kˆ 
  
A5  
A2
O A = 6iˆ  9jˆ  3kˆ  4iˆ  10jˆ  4kˆ
PL


A1  

Now, using triangle law of vector addition,  3P  2 Q = 2iˆ  19jˆ  7kˆ

      

OB = O A + AB = A1 + A2 Ans: i. P + Q is 4iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ

 
Join O C to complete triangle OBC as shown ii.

3P  2 Q is 2iˆ  19jˆ  7kˆ .
M

figure below
   Q.27. Find unit vector parallel to the resultant of
  
Similarly, OC = OB + BC = A1 + A2 + A3 the vectors A

= î + 4 ĵ  2 k̂ and
C 
B = 3 î  5 ĵ + k̂ .
SA

 
A4    A3 Solution:
A1  A2  A3
D  
 
B The resultant of A and B is,

A1 A2   
A5  R = A + B = ( î + 4 ĵ – 2 k̂ ) + (3 î  5 ĵ + k̂ )
A2
O  A = (1 + 3) î + (4  5) ĵ + (1  2) k̂
A1
From OCD, = 4 î  ĵ  k̂
       
2 2 2
O D = A5 = OC + CD = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 | R | = 4  (1)  (1)

Ans: O D is the resultant of the four vectors. = 16  1  1 = 18 = 3 2
    31 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

The unit vector parallel to R is, R = P2  Q2  2PQ cos 

R 1 For  = 90, cos  = 0
R̂ = = (4 î  ĵ  k̂ )

|R| 3 2  R= P 2  Q2
1 R = 202  52 = 425 = 20.616 km/hr
Ans: The required unit vector is (4 î  ĵ  k̂ ).
3 2 The direction ot the resultant velocity is
 Qsin  
Q.28. Two forces, F1 and F2, each of magnitude    = tan 1  
 P  Qcos  

T
5 N are inclined to each other at 60. Find
the magnitude and direction of their For  = 90, sin  = 1
resultant force.
 = tan 1  Q  = tan  5   tan  0.25 
1 1


N
Solution: P  20 
Given: F1 = 5 N, F2 = 5 N,  = 60 =14.036  14.04
To find: Magnitude of resultant force (R), Ans: The velocity of the boat is 20.616 km/hr in a
Direction of resultant force ()

TE
direction 14.04 east of north.
Formulae: i. |R|= P2  Q2  2PQcos 
[Note: tan–1 (0.25)  14.04 which equals 142’]
 Qsin  
ii.  = tan1   Q.30. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of
 P  Qcos   35 m/s. Wind starts blowing at a speed of
Calculation: 12 m/s in east to west direction. In which
From formula (i),

N
direction should a boy waiting at a bus stop
R = F12  F22  2F1F2 cos  hold his umbrella? (NCERT)
Solution:
= 52  52  2  5  5  cos60 

= 25  25  25 = 5 3 N = 8.662 N
From formula (ii),
O Let the velocity of rain and wind be vR and
 
v W , then resultant velocity v has magnitude of
 F2 sin  
 = tan1   | v| = v 2R  v 2W = 352 122 = 37 m/s
C
 
 F1  F2 cos   

  3  If v makes an angle  with vertical then, from

 5    the figure N
2   5 3/2 
= tan–1     = tan–1   v W 12

vW
1
5  5     10  5 / 2  tan  =  = 0.343 W E
v R 35
E

  2 

   = tan1 (0.343)
5 3  
–1  3   19 
= tan–1   = tan   = 30 vR
 15   3 
PL

Ans: i. The magnitude of resultant force is v

8.662 N. S
ii. The direction of resultant force is 30 Ans: The boy should hold his umbrella in vertical
 plane at an angle of about 19 with vertical
w.r.t. F1 . towards the east.
M

+Q.29. Water is flowing in a stream with velocity

5 km/hr in an easterly direction relative to Connections
the shore. Speed of a boat relative to still
water is 20 km/hr. If the boat enters the
SA

In Chapter 3, you will study in detail about relative

stream heading north, with what velocity
will the boat actually travel? velocity between two objects.
Ans: The resultant velocity A 5 km/hr B

R of the boat can be

Q 2.4 Resolution of Vectors
20
obtained by adding the R
km/hr Q.31. What are components of a vector?
two velocities using 
P Ans:
Δ OAB shown in the  i. The given vector can be written as sum of two
figure. Magnitude of or more vectors along certain fixed directions.
the resultant velocity is The vectors into which the given single vector
O
calculated as: is split are called components of the vector.
  32 
32  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods

Q.33. What are rectangular components of
ii. Let A = A1 α̂ + A2 β̂ + A3 γ̂ where, α̂, β̂ and γ̂
vectors? Explain their uses.
are unit vectors along chosen directions. Then, Ans:

A1, A2 and A3 are known as components of A i. Rectangular components of a vector:
along three directions α̂, β̂ and γ̂ . If components of a given vector are mutually
perpendicular to each other then they are called
iii. It two vectors are equal then, their rectangular components of that vector.
corresponding components are also equal and  
vice-versa. ii. Consider a vector R = OC originating from

T
  the origin ‘O’ of a rectangular co-ordinate
If A  B system as shown in figure.
i.e., if Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ = Bx î + By ĵ + Bz k̂ , Y

N
then Ax = Bx, Ay = By and Az = Bz
[Note: The magnitude of a vector is a scalar while
each component of a vector is always a vector.]

TE
B C

Q.32.What is meant by resolution of vector?  R
Ans: Ry
i. The process of splitting a given vector into 
O X
its components is called resolution of the 
A
vector. Rx

N
ii. Resolution of vector is equal to replacing the Two dimensional rectangular components
original vector with the sum of the component iii. Draw CA  OX and CB  OY.
vectors.  
Let component of R along X-axis = R x
GG - Gyan Guru
O 
and component of R along Y-axis = R y


By parallelogram law of vectors,

To adjust the path of flight drifted  
C
 
….  AC  OB  R y 
 
from its predetermined path due R = Rx + R y
to strong wind or air turbulance,  

knowledge of vector resolution is or, R = ˆiR x  ˆjR y
essential. Suppose, blowing wind
carries plane in direction of the windflow and where, î and ĵ are unit vectors along positive
E

pilot needs to fly straight ahead then, pilot
flies the plane at a certain relative angle to
iv.
compensate for the wind. The relative angle
PL
direction of X and Y axes respectively.

If  is angle made by R with X-axis, then

OA R x
is calculated by resolving velocity component cos  = =
of plane and wind vectorially. OC R
 Rx = R cos  ....(1)
Similarly,
Ry
sin  =
vplane R
M

 Ry = R sin  ....(2)

v. Squaring and adding equation (1) and (2) we
get,
R 2x  R 2y = R2cos2 + R2sin2
SA

= R2 (cos2 + sin2)
 R 2x  R 2y = R2

 R= R 2x  R 2y ....(3)
vwind 
Equation (3) gives the magnitude of R .

Wind vi. Direction of R can be found out by dividing
vw equation (2) by (1),
Ry
i.e., = tan 
Rx
    33 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

 Ry  +Q.35. Find a unit vector in the direction of the

  = tan1   ....(4) vector 3i + 4j .
 Rx 
 Solution:
Equation (4) gives direction of R . 
vii. When vectors are noncoplanar, it becomes Given: V = 3i + 4j
necessary to use the third dimension. If  
    Magnitude of V = | V | = 32  42 = 25 = 5
R x , R y and Rz are three rectangular  
 | V |, where 
Let V =   is a unit vector


T
components of R along X, Y and Z axes of a 

three dimensional rectangular cartesian along V


co-ordinate system then, ˆ ˆ
 = V = 3i  4 j = 3 i  4 j


N
      
R  R x  R y  R z or R  R xˆi  R yˆj  R z kˆ | V| 5 5 5

Magnitude of R is given by, 3 4

Ans: Required unit vector is i+ j .

….  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  1  5 5

TE
R= R R R
2
x
2
y
2
z
2 2 2

→
Z +Q.36. Given a = i+ 2j and b = 2i+
 j , what are the

k̂ magnitudes of the two vectors? Are these

Rz k̂ two vectors equal?
 ĵ Solution:

N
R î
 
|a|= 12  2 2 = 5 and | b | = 2 2  12 = 5
  

 The magnitudes of a and b are equal.

 Ry ĵ Y However, their corresponding components are
O
O not equal, i.e., ax  bx and ay  by. Hence, the
Rx î two vectors are not equal.
P Ans: Magnitudes of two vectors are equal, but
X
C
vectors are unequal.
Three dimensional rectangular components
[Note: If ,  and  are angles made by R with Rx, Ry Q.37. Find the vector drawn from the point
and Rz then direction cosine of vector is given by (4, 10, 7) to the point (3, 2, 1). Also find
Rx Ry R its magnitude.
cos  = , cos  = and cos  = z ]
E

R R R Solution:

If A is a vector drawn from the point
[Note: Students can scan the adjacent (x1, y1, z1) to the point (x2, y2, z2), then
PL


QR code to get conceptual clarity about A = (x2  x1) î + (y2  y1) ĵ + (z2  z1) k̂
resolution of vectors with the aid of a Here,
linked video.] x1 = 4, y1 = 10, z1 = 7, x2 = 3, y2 = 2, z2 = 1

 A = [3  (4)] î + (2  10) ĵ + (1  7) k̂
M

Solved Examples 
 A = 7 î  12 ĵ  6 k̂

ˆ ˆ If A = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ , then magnitude of
*Q.34. Show that a = i  j

is a unit vector.
2
SA


A is given by,
Solution:

A= Ax 2  Ay2  Az 2
Let 
a be unit vector of s a .

a
Here Ax = 7, Ay = 12, Az =  6
 aˆ    A= 7 2  (12)2  (6)2
|a|
2 2 = 49  144  36

 1   1 
Now, | a | a  a        1
2
x
2
y = 229
 2  2
= 15.13 units

a 
Ans: The vector drawn is 7 î  12 ĵ  6 k̂ and its
 â   a itself is a unit vector.
1 magnitude is 15.13 units.
  34 
34  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.38. In a cartesian co-ordinate system, the 
Let P be the required vector, then
co-ordinates of two points P and Q are 
(2, 4, 4) and (2, 3, 7) respectively, find P  
 P or P  PP

PQ and its magnitude. P

Solution: Substituting P = | B | and P̂ = Â , we get,
Given: Position vector of P = (2, 4, 4)   3i  4j 
  P = 25  = 15i  20j
 OP = 2iˆ  4jˆ  4kˆ  5 
 
Position vector of Q = (2, 3, 7)

T
 Ans: The required vector is 15i  20j .
OQ = 2iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ
    
As, PQ  OQ  OP *Q.41. For v1 =2iˆ  3jˆ and v2 =  6iˆ  5jˆ , determine

N

   
PQ = 2iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ  2iˆ  4jˆ  4kˆ  the magnitude and direction of v1 + v 2 .
 


 PQ = 4iˆ  7jˆ + 3kˆ Solution:

TE

   
 

Magnitude of PQ , v1  v 2  2 ˆi  3 ˆj   6iˆ  5 ˆj

PQ = ( 4)2  (7)2  (3)2 =  2iˆ  6 ˆi     3ˆj  5ˆj 
= 16  49  9  74 =  4iˆ  2 ˆj

 PQ = 8.6 units  

N
 | v1  v2 |  ( 4)2  22  20  45  2 5

Ans: Vector PQ is – 4iˆ – 7jˆ + 3kˆ and its magnitude is   
Comparing v1  v2 with R  R x ˆi  R y ˆj
8.6 units.

ˆ 4ˆj +kˆ and v = ˆi  ˆj  k,
*Q.39. If v1 =3i+ 2

ˆ determine
O  Rx = – 4 and Ry = 2
Taking  to be angle made by R with


  X – axis,
the magnitude of v1 +v2 .
C
 Ry  –1  2 
Solution:   = tan–1   = tan  
 Rx   4 
   
 
v1  v 2  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
= tan 1    with X - axis
1
= 3iˆ  ˆi  4jˆ  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  2
E

 

= 4iˆ  3jˆ Ans: Magnitude and direction of v1 +v2 is

2 5 and and tan–1  
  1
 Magnitude of (v1  v 2 ) , respectively  with
PL

 2
 
| v1  v2 |  42  32  25  5 units X – axis.
→

→
+1

Ans: Magnitude of v v is 5 units.

2

2.5 Multiplication of Vectors

 
Q.40. If A  3i  4j and B  7i  24j , find a vector Q.42. Explain scalar product of two vectors with
M


the help of suitable examples.
having the same magnitude as B and Ans: Scalar product of two vectors:

i. The scalar product of two non-zero vectors is
parallel to A .
defined as the product of the magnitude of the
Solution:
SA

 
two vectors and cosine of the angle  between
The magnitude of vector A is | A | the two vectors.
ii. The dot sign is used between the two vectors
 3   4
2 2
= = 9  16 = 25 = 5 to be multiplied therefore scalar product is

also called dot product.
The unit vector  parallel to A is  

A 3i  4j iii. The scalar product of two vectors P and Q is

  
|A| 5 given by, P  Q = PQ cos 
   
The magnitude of vector B is | B | where, P = magnitude of P , Q = magnitude of Q
 
= 72  242 = 49  576 = 625 = 25  = angle between P and Q
    35 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

iv. Examples of scalar product:  

 A A = AA cos 0 = A2
a. Power (P) is a scalar product of force
   ˆi  ˆi = ˆj  ˆj = kˆ  kˆ = 1
 F  and velocity  v 
     

 
v. For two non-zero vectors A and B inclined at
 P = F v angle ,
Work is a scalar product of force  F 

 
b. Conditions cos  A  B = AB cos 
 

T
 

and displacement  s  .

A and B are
  parallel to each 1 AB
  other ( = 0)

N
 W = F s  
A and B are
antiparallel to each –1 –AB
Connections
other ( = 180)

TE
In Chapter 4, you will  

study in detail about work done by variable force A and B are

perpendicular to 0 0
while causing displacement.
each other ( = 90)
Q.43. Discuss characteristics of scalar product of
two vectors. This gives, ˆi  ˆj = ˆj  kˆ = kˆ  ˆi = 0

N
Ans: Characteristics of the scalar product of two
vectors: vi. Scalar product of two vectors is expressed in
i. The scalar product of two vectors is terms of rectangular components as
 

vector with component of the other in the

O
equivalent to the product of magnitude of one A B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
    
direction of the first.
Q vii. For a ≠ 0, a  b = a  c does not necessarily
   
Let P and Q be two N mean b = c
C
vectors with an P cos  Reading between the lines
angle  between

them as shown in P
O Q cos  M Explanation for (vi) :
E

figure.  

From definition of dot product, Let two vectors R and Q are represented in
  magnitude by,
P  Q = P Q cos  = P (Q cos )  
PL

 
R  R xˆi  R yˆj  R z kˆ and Q  Qx ˆi  Qyˆj  Qz kˆ
= P (component of Q in direction of P )  

Similarly, Scalar product of P and Q is given by,

  
 
 
Q  P = Q P cos  = Q (P cos ) R . Q = R x ˆi  R yˆj  R z kˆ  Qx ˆi  Qyˆj  Qz kˆ
 
= R Q  ˆi  ˆi  +R Q  ˆi  ˆj +R Q  ˆi  kˆ 
x x x y x z
M

= Q (Component of P in direction of Q )
ii. The scalar product of two vectors obeys the + R Q  ˆj  ˆi  + R Q  ˆj  ˆj +R Q  ˆj  kˆ 
y x y y y z
commutative law of multiplication.
  + R Q  kˆ  ˆi  + R Q  kˆ  ˆj + R Q  kˆ  kˆ 
z x z y z z
A B = AB cos 
SA

  Since, ˆi  ˆi = ˆj  ˆj = kˆ  kˆ = 1 and
= BA cos  = B  A
ˆj  kˆ = kˆ  ˆi = ˆj  ˆi = kˆ  ˆj = ˆi  kˆ = 0
   
 A B = B  A  
 R  Q = RxQx + RyQy + RzQz
iii. The scalar product obeys the distributive law
of multiplication. Explanation for (vii) :
   
   

 
A   B  C  = A B + A C For a  b = a  c , using distributive law of
  
vectors, a .  b  c  = 0
 

iv. The scalar product of a vector with itself (i.e.,  

self dot product) is equal to the square of its     

magnitude.  b – c = 0 or a is perpendicular to b – c
  36 
36  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.44. Complete the table of dot product of unit
Moment of a force or torque    is the

2.
vector given below:  

vector product of the position vector  r 


î ĵ k̂
 
î – – –
   

ĵ – – – and the force  F  .  = r  F

 
k̂ – – –
The instantaneous velocity  v  of a

3.
Ans:  

T
î ĵ k̂ rotating particle is equal to the cross
product of its angular velocity    and

î 1 0 0

N
 
ĵ 0 1 0
its position  r  from axis of rotation.


k̂ 0 0 1  

TE
  
Q.45. Define and explain vector product of two v = r  
vectors with suitable examples.
Ans: For point c - 2
i. The vector product of two vectors is a third Connections
vector whose magnitude is equal to the product
of magnitude of the two vectors and sine of the In Chapter 4, you will study in detail about

N
smaller angle  between the two vectors. relationship between torque, position vectors and
ii. Vector product is also called cross product of force. 
vectors because cross sign is used to represent For point c – 3
vector product.
iii. Explanation:
O In Chapter 3, you will study in detail about
 relationship between instantaneous velocity,
a. The vector product of two vectors A position vector and angular velocity.
 
C
and B , is a third vector R and is
   Q.46. State right handed screw rule.
written as, R = A  B = AB sin  û r Ans: Statement of Right handed screw rule:
where, û r is unit vector in direction of Hold a right handed screw with its axis
 perpendicular to the plane containing vectors
R , i.e., perpendicular to plane
E

and the screw rotated from first vector to second

containing two vectors. It is given by vector through a small angle, the direction in
right handed screw rule. which the screw tip would advance is the
 
PL

b. The magnitude of R =  R  = AB sin direction of the vector product of two vectors.


Where 0    . Reading between the lines

   B Right handed screw rule:
R  A B

M

  
Q P   Q  

A 
    
B R  PQ   P
SA

   

 R A  B
A
   
Vector product of two vectors R  PQ   Q
c. Examples of vector product:   
1. Force experienced by a charge q moving Q P    

P

with velocity v in uniform magnetic If the screw is rotated in the direction from P to Q



field of induction (strength) B is given through the smaller angle, then the direction in which
   
as F = q v  B the tip of the screw advances is the direction of R .
    37 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

Q.47. State the characteristics of the vector
product (cross product) of two vectors.
Ans: Characteristics of the vector product
(cross product):
i. The vector product of two vectors does not obey
the commutative law of multiplication.
     
 A  B  B  A But | A  B |  | B  A |
ii. The vector product follows the distributive
Q.48. State cycle rule for vector product of
rectangular unit vectors.
Ans: Vector product of rectangular unit vectors is
given by cycle rule. According to this rule:
i. If rotation is in anticlockwise direction then,
 
î  î = ĵ  ĵ = k̂  k̂ = 0
î  ĵ = k̂ , ĵ  k̂ = î , k̂  î = ĵ

T
law of multiplication. ii. If rotation is in clockwise direction then,

      ĵ  î =  k̂ , k̂  ĵ =  î , î  k̂ =  ĵ
A  B  C = A  B + A  C
  Cross product of unit vectors can also be

N
iii. The vector product of a vector with itself (i.e., remembered by using table given below
self cross product) is equal to zero.
ˆi  ˆi = ˆj  ˆj = kˆ  kˆ = 0 î ĵ k̂

TE
  î 0 k̂  ĵ
| A A | = AA sin 0 = 0
 
ĵ  k̂ 0 î
iv. For two non-zero vectors A and B inclined at k̂ ĵ  î 0
angle ,
  Q.49. Derive an expression for cross product of two
Conditions sin  A  B = AB sin 

N
vectors and express it in determinant form.
 
A and B are parallel Ans: Expression for cross product of two vectors:
0 0  
to each other ( = 0) i. Let two vectors R and Q be represented in

A and B are
antiparallel to each


0
O 0
magnitude and direction by,

R = Rx î + Ry ĵ + Rz k̂ and
other ( = 180) 
C
  Q = Qx î + Qy ĵ + Qz k̂
A and B are

perpendicular to each 1 AB ii. Cross product of vector R and Q is given by,


other ( = 90)  
R  Q = (Rx î +Ry ĵ +Rz k̂ )
This gives, ˆi  ˆj = ˆj  kˆ = kˆ  ˆi = 0
E

v. The vector product of two vectors can be  (Qx î +Qy ĵ + Qz k̂ )

expressed in terms of their components.  
  R  Q = RxQx ( î  î ) + RxQy ( î  ĵ )
If R = Rx î + Ry ĵ + Rz k̂
PL


+ RxQz ( î  k̂ ) + RyQx ( ĵ  î )+ RyQy( ĵ  ĵ )
Q = Qx î + Qy ĵ + Qz k̂ ,
+ RyQz ( ĵ  k̂ ) + RzQx( k̂  î ) + RzQy( k̂  ĵ )
 
R  Q = (RyQz – RzQy) î + (RzQx – RxQz) ĵ + RzQz( k̂  k̂ )
+ (RxQy – RyQx) k̂ Now î  î = ĵ  ĵ = k̂  k̂ = 0, and
ˆi ˆj kˆ
M

  î  k̂ = – ĵ , ĵ  î = – k̂ , k̂  ĵ = – î
 R  Q = Rx Ry Rz
î  ĵ = k̂ , ĵ  k̂ = î , k̂  î = ĵ
Qx Qy Qz
 

vi. The magnitude of cross product of two vectors  R  Q = Rx Qy k̂  Rx Qz ĵ  Ry Qx k̂

SA

is numerically equal to the area of a + Ry Qz î + Rz Qx ĵ  Rz Qy î

parallelogram whose adjacent sides represent  
the two vectors.  R  Q = (RyQz  RzQy) î + (RzQx  RxQz) ĵ

Reading between the lines + (RxQy  RyQx) k̂

iii. Determinant form of cross product of two
 
Explanation for (i): vectors R and Q is given by,
   
ˆi ˆj kˆ
A B = AB sin and B A = AB sin() = ABsin   
R  Q = Rx Ry Rz
 
 
 A  B =  B  A Qx Qy Qz
 
  38 
38  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.50. Show that magnitude of vector product of iii. It obeys the It does not obey the
two vectors is numerically equal to the area commutative law of commutative law of
of a parallelogram formed by the two vector multiplication. vector
vectors. multiplication.
Ans: Suppose OACB is a parallelogram of adjacent iv. It is zero if the two It is zero if the two
    vectors are mutually vectors are parallel or
sides, OA  P and OB  Q .
perpendicular to antiparallel to each
Let AOB = as shown in figure. each other. other.
v. The self dot- product The self cross-

T
B C

of a vector is equal product of a vector
Q
h to the square of its is zero.
magnitude.

N


O D P A

We have to prove that area of parallelogram [Note: Students can scan the adjacent

TE
 
OACB = P  Q QR code to get conceptual clarity about
scalar product and vector product with
In right angled OBD,
BD h the aid of a linked video.]
sin   
OB OB
 h sin  = Q sin  Solved Examples

N
Now, Area of parallelogram,
OACB = Base  height  
+Q.52. Given P 4i  j  8k and Q 2i  mj  4k
= OA  h = P (Q sin) = PQ sin 

Now, since PQ sin  = | P Q |

 
O Solution:

find m if P and Q have the same direction.
 
 Area of parallelogram OACB = | P Q |  
Since P and Q have the same direction, their
C
= magnitude of the vector product. corresponding components must be in the
[Note: If û r is a unit vector perpendicular to the same proportion, i.e.,
 
plane then, P  Q = PQ sin  û r Px Py P
= = z
  Qx Qy Qz
E

PQ
 û r  ] 4 1 8
PQsin  = =
2 m 4
Q.51. Distinguish between scalar product
PL

1
(dot product) and vector product  m=
2
(cross product). 1
Ans: Ans: Value of m is .
2
No Scalar product Vector product
+Q.53. Find the scalar product of the two vectors
M

i. The magnitude of a The magnitude of a  

scalar product is
equal to the product
of the magnitudes of
SA
vector product is v1 = i + 2j + 3k and v 2 = 3i + 4j – 5k
equal to the product Solution:
of the magnitude of 
For A = Axˆi  Ayˆj  Az kˆ and

the two vectors and the two vectors and

the cosine of the sine of small angle 
angle between them. () between them. B = Bx ˆi  Byˆj  Bz kˆ ,
     
| P || Q | = PQ cos . | P |  | Q | = PQ sin . A  B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
ii. It has no direction. Its direction is  
perpendicular to the Applying it to v1 and v 2 ,
plane of the two  

vectors, i.e. in the v1 v2 = (i  2j  3k)

  (3i  4j  5k)


sense of = 1  3 + 2  4 + 3  (– 5)
advancement of a =–4
righthanded screw. Ans: Scalar product of two given vectors is – 4.
    39 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics
 
+Q.54. A force F = 4iˆ  6jˆ  3kˆ acting on a particle *Q.57. Show that vectors a  2iˆ + 3jˆ  6kˆ ,
  
produces a displacement of s = 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ b  3iˆ  6jˆ  2kˆ and c  6iˆ + 2jˆ  3kˆ are
where F is expressed in newton and s in mutually perpendicular.
metre. Find the work done by the force. Solution:
Solution: As dot product of two perpendicular vectors is
   
Given: F = 4iˆ  6ˆj  3kˆ , s = 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ zero. Taking dot product of a and b
  
 

T
To find: Work done (W) a  b  2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ  3iˆ  6jˆ  2kˆ
 
Formula: W = F  s
  2iˆ  3iˆ    3jˆ  6jˆ    6kˆ  2kˆ 
Calculation: From formula,

N
…   ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  ˆi  0
  
 
W = F  s = 4iˆ  6jˆ  3kˆ  2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ
= (4  2) + (6  3) + (3  5)  6 18 12 …   ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ ˆi 1

TE
= 8 + 18 + 15 =0
 W = 41 J
  
 
Ans: The work done by the force is 41 J. Similarly, b  c  3iˆ  6jˆ  2kˆ  6iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ

  3iˆ  6iˆ    6jˆ  2jˆ    2kˆ   3kˆ 

 
*Q.55. Given v1  5iˆ  2jˆ and v2 aiˆ  6jˆ are
perpendicular to each other, determine the …   ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  ˆi  0

N
value of a.
…   ˆi ˆi  ˆj ˆi  kˆ  kˆ 1
 
Solution: As v1 and v 2 are perpendicular to  18 12  6

each other,  = 90 =0

 
v1  v2  0
O Combining two results, we can say that given
  
three vectors a , b , and c are mutually
 5iˆ  2jˆ  aiˆ  6jˆ  0 perpendicular to each other.
C
 5iˆ ajˆ   2jˆ 6jˆ  0 
….  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj ˆi  0  *Q.58. Show that vectors

a 2iˆ  5jˆ 6kˆ and
 5a   12   0 ….   ˆi  ˆi  ˆj ˆj 1  5
b  ˆi + ˆj  3kˆ are parallel.
2
 5a  12
E

Solution:
12 Let angle between two vectors be .
 a=
5  
a b
PL

Ans: Value of a is
12
.  cos    
5 | a || b |

 2iˆ  5jˆ  6kˆ    ˆi  52 ˆj  3kˆ 

 
Q.56. Find ‘a’ if A = 3iˆ  2jˆ  4kˆ and B = aiˆ  2jˆ  kˆ
are perpendicular to one another. = 2
5
22  52   6   12     ( 3) 2
2
Solution:
M

  2
Since A and B are perpendicular to one 25
another, 2   18 65 / 2
= 2 = 1
 = 90 65  65 / 4 65 / 2
SA

 
 From formula, A  B = 0   = cos–1(1) = 0
  3iˆ  2jˆ  4kˆ  aiˆ  2jˆ  kˆ   0  Two vectors are parallel.
 
 (3  a) + [(2)  2] + [4 (1)] = 0 +Q.59. If A 5i  6j  4k and B 2i  2j  3k
 3a  4  4 = 0  
 3a  8 = 0 determine the angle between A and B .
 3a = 8 Solution:
 
8 A B = ABcos = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
 a=
3
A x Bx  A y B y  A z Bz
8  cos  =
Ans: The value of a is .  
3 |A|| B|
  40 
40  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
A x B x  A y B y  A z Bz Q.62. î and ĵ are unit vectors along X-axis and
cos  =
A x  A y 2  A z 2  B x 2  B y 2  Bz 2
2
Y-axis respectively. What is the magnitude
(5)(2)  (6)( 2)  (4)(3) and direction of the vector ˆi  ˆj and ˆi  ˆj ?
cos  =
25  36 16  4  4  9 What are the components of a vector

= 10
= 0.2764 A  2iˆ  3jˆ along the directions of  ˆi  ˆj
77  17
and  ˆi  ˆj ? (NCERT)
 = cos–1 (0.2764) = 7357’

T
Ans: Angle between two vectors is 7357’ Solution: Y
Q.60. Find the angle between the vectors ĵ

N
 
A = î + 2 ĵ  k̂ and B =  î + ĵ  2 k̂ . ˆi  ˆj
Solution: 1
X

TE
Let angle between the vectors be  2 î
 

 cos  = A B ˆi  ˆj
 
| A || B |

| A | = 12  22  (1)2 = 6

(1)2  12  (2)2 =

N
|B| = 6 | î + ĵ | = 12  12  2(1)(1)cos90 ( î  ĵ )
 
A  B = 1  (1) + 2  1 + (1)  (2) = 2
= 1 + 2 + 2 = 3 = 1.414 units

 cos  =

AB


=
3
O From the above figure,
1
 
6 6 tan 1 = = 1  1 = 45
| A || B | 1
C
3 1 i.e., vector ( î + ĵ ) makes an angle of 45 with X-axis.
cos  = =
6 2
Similarly | î  ĵ | = 12  12  2(1)(1)cos90 ( î   ĵ )
  = cos1  1  = 60
2   = 2 = 1.414 units
E

  = 60 From the figure,

Ans: The angle between the vectors is 60. 1
tan 2 = = 1  2 =  45
  1
Q.61. If A = 2iˆ  7jˆ  3kˆ and B = 3iˆ  2jˆ  5kˆ , find
PL

i.e., vector ( ˆi  ˆj ) makes an angle of  45 with X-axis.

 
the component of A along B .  

Solution: Let B  ˆi  ˆj then component of A in the direction


Let component of A along B be A cos.
 
of B =

A B


=
 2iˆ  3jˆ    ˆi  ˆj  2  3  5
units

 
|B| 1 1
2 2
2 2
M

As A  B = AB cos = B (A cos)
 
Let C  ˆi  ˆj , then component of A in the direction
 
A B
 A cos = 
|B| 
of C =

A C


=
 2iˆ  3jˆ    ˆi  ˆj  2  3  1 units
SA


12  12 2 2
  
 
|C|
A  B = 2iˆ  7ˆj  3kˆ . 3iˆ  2jˆ  5kˆ

= (23) + (72) + (35)
*Q.63. Find a vector which is parallel to v= ˆi  2jˆ
= 6 + 14 + 15
and has a magnitude 10.
= 35
 Solution:
|B| = 32  22  52 = 9  4  25 = 38 

35
Let the vector be w  wx ˆi  wyˆj
 A cos = 
38 | w |  w 2x  w 2y  10 .…(Given)
35  
Ans: The component of A along B is .  w2x  w2y 100 .…(i)
38
    41 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics
    
Also, v  w  vw *Q.64. Determine a  b , given a  2iˆ + 3jˆ and
  
…(| v | and | w | are parallel vectors) b  3iˆ + 5jˆ .

 
 ˆi  2ˆj  w x ˆi  w y ˆj   1   2 
2 2
 10
Solution:
Using determinant for vectors in two dimensions,
.…  | v |  1   2  

2 2 ˆi ˆj ˆi ˆj
 
  a × b  a x a y  2 3   25   33  kˆ
 wx – 2wy = 10 5 ….(ii)

T
bx by 3 5
Substituting for wx in (i) using equation (ii),  
a × b  10  9 kˆ  kˆ
10  
2
5  2w y  w 2y  100

N
 500  40 5 w y  4w2y 100  0 *Q.65. Determine the vector product of
 
 5w  40 5 w y  400  0 v1  2iˆ  3jˆ kˆ and v2  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ .
2
y

TE
 w 2y  8 5 w y  80  0 Solution:
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Using factorisation formula,  

 b  b 2  4ac
As A  B = A x Ay Az
x= Bx By Bz
2a
Using determinant to find vector product,
8 5   4  1  80
2
8 5 

N
ˆi ˆj kˆ
wy =
2 1 
 
v 1 ×v 2 = 2 3 1
8 5  0 20 1 2 3
 wy   4 5 
2
Using equation (ii),
5
O =  3 3  12  ˆi   11  2 3 ˆj

 20    2 2   31  kˆ

w x  10 5  2  
C
 5  =  9  2 ˆi  1 6 ˆj  4  3 kˆ
40
= 10 5  =  7iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ
5
Ans: Required vector product is  7iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ
10 5  5  40 
50  40 10
E

=      
5 5 5 +Q.66. The angular momentum L  r  p , where r
 10 20
 w  w x ˆi  w y ˆj  ˆi  ˆj 

5 5 is a position vector and p is linear

PL

10 ˆ 20 ˆ momentum of a body.
Ans: Required vector is i j       
5 5 If r = 4 i × 6 j  3k and p= 2 i × 4 j  5k , find L
Alternate method: When two vectors are parallel,
Solution:
one vector is scalar multiple of another,
  
i j k
  
i.e., if v and w are parallel then, w = n v where,
M

A  B = Ax Ay Az
n is scalar. Bx By Bz

This means, w  nv ˆi  nv ˆj x y Using determinant to find cross-product
i j k
SA

 niˆ  2njˆ …. ( v x  1, v y  2)   


L r p = 4 6 3
 n    2n 
2 2
 | w |  5n 2 4 5
 
Given: | w | 10  L = [(6 (– 5) – (– 3)  4] i
10
 n 2 5 + [(– 3)  2 – 4  (– 5)] j + [4  4 – 6  2] k
5
= (– 30 + 12) i + (– 6 + 20) j + (16 – 12) k
 

 w  2 5 ˆi  2 2 5 ˆj = 2 5iˆ  4 5 ˆj
= – 18 i + 14 j + 4 k
2 5 5 ˆ 4 5 5 ˆ 10 ˆ 20 ˆ
 i j  i j Ans: L is – 18 i + 14 j + 4 k
5 5 5 5
  42 
42  
 

Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods

Q.67. Find unit vectors perpendicular to the Ans: i. The unit vector parallel to P Q is
 


plane of the vectors, A  ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ and  2i  6j  k
.
 41
B  2iˆ  kˆ
Solution: ii. Vector perpendicular to P and Q is
Let required unit vector be û .
 
6
41
 2iˆ  6jˆ  kˆ 
A B
û =  
….(i)
Q.69. Find the area of a triangle formed by

T
| A B |  
ˆi ˆj kˆ A  3iˆ  4jˆ  2kˆ and B  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ as adjacent
 
A B = 1 2 1 sides measure in metre.

N
2 0 1 Solution:
Given: Two adjacent sides of triangle,
= [(–2)  (–1) – (1  0)] î + [(1  2) 
A  3iˆ  4jˆ  2kˆ ,

TE
– (1  – 1)] ĵ + [(1  0) – (–2  2)] k̂

= (2 – 0) î + (2 + 1) ĵ – (0 + 4) k̂ B  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ
= 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ To find: Area of triangle
  Formula: Area of triangle
| A B| = (2)2  (3)2  (4)2
1
=  cross product of twoadjacent sides

N
= 4  9  16  29 2
Substituting in equation (i), Calculation:
ˆ ˆ ˆ
û = 2i  3 j  4k  
Cross product of Aand B is given by,
29
Now, û is also a unit vector, perpendicular
O  
ˆi ˆj kˆ
to the plane of vectors. A B = 3 4 2
 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ  1 1 2
C
 – û = 
29
= [(–4 – 2) – (2  1)] î + [(2  1) – (3  – 2)] ĵ
Ans: Unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of the
ˆ ˆ ˆ  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ
vectors are, 2i  3 j  4k ,
  + [(3  1) – (–4  1)] k̂
E

29 29 = (8 – 2) î + (2 + 6) ĵ + (3 + 4) k̂
  = 6iˆ  8ˆj  7kˆ
Q.68. P  i  2kˆ and Q  2i  j  2kˆ are two vectors,  
PL

  | A B| = 62  82  72
find the unit vector parallel to P  Q.
Also find the vector perpendicular to P and  36  64  49
Q of magnitude 6 units. = 149
Solution: = 12.2 unit
   
 
i. P Q  i  2k  2i  j  2k From formula,
M

1  
= k  2j  4j  2i = 2i  6j  k Area of triangle =  | AB |
2
 
Hence a unit vector parallel to P Q is given by, 1
=  12.2
SA

 
      2
P Q
 
= 2i  6 j  k =  2i  6j  k = 6.1 m2
| P Q | 4  36  1 41
Ans: Area of the triangle is 6.1 m2.

ii. Let the required vector be R . Then,
   2.6 Introduction to Calculus
R = 6 [unit vector perpendicular to P and Q ]
     2iˆ  6jˆ  kˆ  Calculus is the study of continuous (not
P Q
= 6     = 6   discrete) changes in mathematical quantities. This
| P Q |   41 
  branch of mathematics was first developed by G.W
=
6
41

2iˆ  6jˆ  kˆ  Leibnitz and Sir Issac Newton and is extensively
used in several branches of science.

43
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

Differential Calculus: We can drop the subscript zero and write a general
Let us consider a function y = f (x). Here x is called formula which will be valid for all values of x as
an independent variable and f(x) gives the value of y dy f  x  x   f  x  df  x 
for different values of x and is the dependent = lim = .…(i)
dx x  0 x dx
variable. For example x could be the position of a
dy
particle moving along x-axis and y = f(x) could be its is called the derivative of y with respect to x
dx
velocity at that position x. We can thus draw a graph
of y against x as shown below. (which is the rate of change of y with respect to
change in x) and the process of finding the derivative

T
y = f(x) is called differentiation.
Let f1(x) and f2(x) be two different functions of x and
let s be a constant.

N
y(x0 + x) B Some of the properties of differentiation are
y d sf  x   df  x 
A  1. =s .…(ii)
y(x0) dx dx

TE
x
d df  x  df  x 
2. [f1 (x) ± f2(x)] = 1 ± 2
dx dx dx
x
x0 (x0 + x) …(iii)
Average rate of change of y with respect to x. d df  x  df  x 
3. [f1 (x)  f2(x)] = f1(x) 2 + f2(x) 1
Let A and B be two points on the curve giving values dx dx dx

N
of y at x = x0 and x = x0 + ∆x, where ∆x is a small .…(iv)
increment in x. The slope of the straight line joining
y d  f1  x   1 df1  x  f  x  df 2  x 
A and B is given by tan  = . 4.   = – 12 ,
x dx  f 2  x   f 2  x  dx f2  x  dx
If we make ∆x smaller, the point B will come
closer to A and if we keep making ∆x smaller and
O where f2 (x) ≠ 0 .…(v)
5. If x depends on the time another variable t
smaller, we will ultimately reach a stage when B will
coincide with A. This process is called taking the then,
C
limit ∆x going to zero and is written as lim . df  x  df  x  dx
x  0 = .…(vi)
dt dx dt
In this limit the line AB extended on both sides to P
and Q will become the tangent to the curve at A, i.e., d
6. f[g(x)] = f [g(x)]  g (x)
at x = x0 dx
E

In this limit both Δx and Δy will go to zero. df

However, when two quantities tend to zero, their Where, f [g(x)] = .…(vii)
dg
ratio need not go to zero. In fact lim  y  becomes
PL

dy dy dv
x  0
 x  In simple terms =
dx dv dx
the slope of the tangent shown by PQ figure below.
dy The derivatives of some simple functions of
This is written as at x = x0.
dx x are given belows:
d
1. (xn) = nxn – 1
M

Q dx
d  ex  d  eax 
2. = ex and = aeax
y = f(x) A dx dx
SA

d 1
3. (ln x) =
dx x
P d
x 4. (sin x) = cos x
x0 dx
Rate of change of y with respect to x at x0 d
5. (cos x) = –sin x
dx
Thus,
dy
= lim
 y  y   y
d
dx x0 x  0 x 6. (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
df  x 
= lim 0
 x  x   f  x 0  d
dx x x  0 x 7. (cot x) = –cosec2 x
0 dx

  44 
44  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods

8.
d
(sec x) = tan x sec x Integration helps us in getting exact area if the
dx change is really continuous, i.e., n is really infinite. It
x b
d
9. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx
is represented as 
x a
f (x) dx and is called the definite

Integral Calculus: integral of f(x) from x = a to x = b.

Integral calculus is the branch of mathematics x b
n

dealing with properties of integrals and their Thus, 

x a
f (x) dx = lim  (x i  x i  1 ) f(xi)
x 
i 1
applications.

T
Physical interpretation of integral of a function The process of obtaining the integral is called
f(x), i.e., ∫ f(x)dx is the area under the curve f(x) integration.
versus x. It is the reverse process of differentiation. We can also Write

N
We know how to find the area of a rectangle, F(x) = f(x) dx
triangle etc. In figure below we have shown y which F(x) is called the indefinite (without any limits on x)
is a function of x, and A and B being two points on integral of f(x). Differentiation is the reverse process

TE
it. to that of integration.
The area under the curve (straight line) from d
 f(x) =  F  x   …(i)
x = a to x = b is shown by shaded area. This can be dx 
obtained as sum of the area of the rectangle b b

ADEC = f(a)  (b – a) and the area of the triangle  F(x) a = F (b) – F (a) = 
a
f (x)dx …(ii)
1 Properties of integration:
ABC =  (b – a)  [f(b) – f(a)]

N
2 1. [f1 (x) + f2 (x)]dx = f1(x) dx + f2(x) dx
Another function of x is as shown below: …(iii)
B 2. K f(x) dx = K  f(x)dx for K = constant
O …(iv)
Indefinite integrals of some basic functions are given
below. Their definite integrals can be obtained by
y = f(x) using the equation (ii)
C
A Integration of some simple function of x
n 1
1. xn dx = x
n 1
x 1
xn xn 2. x dx = ln x
E

a b
3.  sin x dx = –cos x
Area under the curve
4.  cos x dx = sin x
PL

We do not have a simple formula to calculate 5. ex dx = ex

the area under this curve. For this calculation, we
divide the area into a large number of vertical strips Q.70. Internet my friend (Textbook page no.28)
as shown in the figure. i. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vect.
We assume thickness (width) of each strip to be so html#veccon
small that it can be assumed to be a rectangle as ii. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
M

shown in the figure and add the areas of these hframe.html

rectangles. Thus the area under the curve is given by
Area under the curve [Students can use links given above as reference and
n n
collect information about mathematical methods]
=  A =  x  x i  1  f(xi)
SA

i i
i 1 i 1

where n is the number of strips and ∆Ai is the area of Solved Examples
the ith strip.
As the strips are not really rectangles, the area +Q.71. Find the derivatives of the functions.
calculated above is not exactly equal to the area i. f(x) = x8 ii. f(x) = x3 + sin x
under the curve. However as we increase n, the sum Solution:
of areas of rectangles gets closer to the actual area
dx n
under the curve and becomes equal to it in the limit i. Using = nxn – 1,
n →∞. Thus we can write, dx
n
d  x8 
Area under the curve = lim   x i  x i  1  = 8x7
x 
i 1 dx
    45 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

ii. For f1 (x) = x3 and f2 (x) = sin x *Q.76. Obtain derivatives of the following
Using, functions:
x
d df  x  df 2  x  sin x
[f1 (x) + f2 (x)] = 1 + ,
dx dx dx Solution:
  d  sin x  d  f1  x   1 df1  x  f1  x  df 2 (x)
3
d d x
(x3 + sin x) = + Using  = – 2
dx dx dx dx  f 2  x   f 2  x  dx f 2  x  dx
= 3x2 + cos x For f1(x) = x and f2(x) = sin x
 d  sin x 

T
 d  x  1 d(x) x d(sin x)
…   cos x     =  – 
 dx  dx  sin x  sin x dx sin 2 x dx
1 x

N
*Q.72. Obtain derivatives of the following = 1–  cos x
sin x sin 2 x
function: x4 + cos x

 sin x   cos x 
Solution: d
… 
df  x  df  x 

TE
d  dx 
Using [f1(x) + f2 (x)] = 1 + 2
dx dx dx 1 x cos x
= –
For f1(x) = x4 and f2(x) = cos x sin x sin 2 x
d d x4  d  cos x  [Note: As derivative of sin x is cos x, negative sign
(x4 + cos x) = +
dx dx dx that occurs in rule for differentiation for quotient of
= 4x3 – sin x two functions gets retained in final answer]

N
Q.73. Find derivatives of e2x – tan x *Q.77. Using the rule for differentiation for
Solution: quotient of two functions, prove that
d  sinx 
Using
d
dx
df (x)
[f1(x) – f2(x)] = 1
dx
 2
dx
O
df (x)
  = sec2x
dx  cosx 
Here, f1(x) = e2x and f2(x) = tan x Solution:
d d(e2x ) d  tan x  Using,
 (e2x – tan x) =
C
–
dx dx dx d  f1  x   1 df1  x  f  x  df 2 (x)
= 2e2x – sec2 x  = – 12
dx  f 2  x   f 2  x  dx f 2  x  dx
*Q.74. Obtain derivatives of the following For f1(x) = sin x and f2(x) = cos x
function: x sin x
d  sin x 
E

1 d(sin x) sin x d(cos x)

Solution:  =  – 2 
dx  cos x  cos x dx cos x dx
Using,
1 sin x
d df (x)
[f1(x)  f2 (x)] = f1(x) 2
df (x) =  cos x –  (–sin x)
PL

+ 1 f2(x) cos x cos 2 x

dx dx dx
For f1(x) = x and f2 (x) = sin x sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=1+ =
d d  sin x  d(x) cos2 x cos 2 x
(x sin x) = x + sin x
dx dx dx d  sin x  1
  = ….( sin2x + cos2x = 1)
= x cos x + 1  sin x dx  cos x  cos 2 x
M

= sin x + x cos x
 1 
= sec2 x ....   sec x 
+Q.75. Find the derivatives of the functions.  cosx 
f(x) = x3 sin x
SA

Solution: Q.78. Find derivatives of

d
(x  ln x)
Using, dx
d df (x) df (x) Solution:
[f1(x)  f2(x)] = f1(x) 2 + 1 f2(x)
dx dx dx Using,
For f1(x) = x3 and f2(x) = sin x d df (x) df (x)
[f1(x)  f2(x)] = f1 (x) 2 + f2(x) 1
d
(x3 sin x) = x3
d  sin x 
+
d x3  sin x
dx dx
Here, f1(x) = x and f2(x) = ln x
dx

dx dx dx
d d l n x  dx
= x3 cos x + 3x2 sin x  (x  ln x) = x  + ln x 
dx dx dx
 d  sin x  
…   cos x  1
= x  + ln x  1 = 1 + ln x
 dx  x
  46 
46  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
Q.79. Evaluate the following integrals. +v. (x + sin x) dx
+i.  x8 dx Solution:
Solution: Using [f1 (x) + f2 (x)] dx = f1(x)dx + f2 (x)dx
n 1
Here, f1(x) = x and f2(x) = sin x
Using formula  xn dx = x ,
n 1  (x + sin x) dx = x dx +  sin x dx
x 9 x2
 x dx =
8 = + cos x
9 2
…( sin x dx = cos x)

T
5

*ii.  xdx  10 
1 vi.   x
+ e x  dx


N
Solution:
b Solution:
Using,  f(x) dx = F(x) a
b
Using,
a
[f1(x) + f2(x) dx] = f1(x) dx + f2 (x) dx

TE
5 5
x2 Here,
 xdx = 2 10
1 1 f1(x) = and f2(x) = ex
52 12 x
= –  10 10
x 
2 2    x  e  dx =  x dx + e dx
x

25  1
=

N
2 Using  Kf(x) = dx = K  f(x) dx, For K = constant
24 dx
= = 10  + ex dx
2 x

5
= 12
O = 10  ln x + ex
= 10 ln x + ex
 x dx
2
+iii. 4

 (x  x)dx
3
2
vii.
C
Solution: 1
b Solution:
Using  f (x)dx = F(x) a
b
Using f1(x) – f2 (x) = f1 (x) –  f2(x)
a
5 5
Here f1(x) = x3 and f2(x) = x
E

x3
 x dx =
2 4 4 4
  (x  x) dx
3
=  x 3 dx –  x dx
2 3 2 1 1 1

53 23 b b
= – Using  f (x) dx = F(x) a
PL

3 3 a

125  8 4 4
= x4 x2
3 = –
117 4 1 2 1
=
3 44 14 42 12
= –
M

π 4 2
2
256 1 16 1
*iv.  sin xdx
0
=
4
–
2
Solution: 255 15
SA

b
= –
4 2
Using  f (x) dx = F(x) b
a
255  30
a
=
π 4
2 π/2  π  225
  sin xdx = – cos x | = – cos    cos 0 =
0
0  2
   4
Since, cos  π  = 0 and cos 0 = 1
2
π
2

 sin xdx
0
= – (0 – 1) = 1

    47 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

Quick Review

Zero vector Negative vectorEqual vector Position vector Unit vector

         
Types
  Resultant vector
described with magnitude
Physical Quantities  and direction Vectors  
Can be splitted
 

T
 
described with   into components

Operations
magnitude
Resolution of vectors
alone

N
 
Scalars
 

TE
Vector addition Vector subtraction Vector multiplication

Subtraction of a vector B from

vector A is the addition of vector
  
  B  to the vector A
 

N
using
 
Addition by components Triangle law Law of parallelogram

R = A+ B
  
R
 
O
| | = A2  B2  2ABcos 

|R | = A2  B2  2ABcos 
 
=  A x  Bx  i   A y  By  j Q Bsin 
tan  =
C

 A  B cos 
  Az  Bz  k R
 Q S
   B
= R x i  R y j R z k   

O  R 
P    B B
 
E

  A 

O 
P
Resulting A
vector is of the ‘s’ is dimensionless
PL

same
physical quantity
With scalar With vector
Multiplication:
Scalar/dot product Vector/cross product
s  A  = s A
 
M

Resulting vector    
    
is of different ‘s’ has dimensions A B A B   ABsin  nˆ
physical quantity   = AB cos 
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Properties = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
 Ax Ay Az
SA

Bx By Bz
 Commutative
 Distributive over vector addition Properties
 Geometric interpretation: Product of the  Not Commutative
magnitude of one vector by the component of  Distributive over vector addition
the other in the direction of the first  Geometric interpretation: Area vector of the
 
 A  A  A2 parallelogram whose adjacent side are the two vectors as
    coinitial vectors
 A BAB0  
 AA0
   
 A || B  A  B  0
  48 
48  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
iii. Unit vector perpendicular to the cross product,
Important Formulae  
P Q
û =
 
PQ sin 
1. Resultant of addition of two vectors P and Q : iv. Cross product of rectangular unit vectors:
R= P  Q  2PQcos 
2 2
a. î  î = ĵ  ĵ = k̂  k̂ = 0
 
Where, P and Q are two adjacent vectors. b. î  ĵ = k̂ , ĵ  k̂ = î , k̂  î = ĵ

T
2. Direction of resultant vector: 12. Area of parallelogram: cross product of two
 Qsin   vectors representing its adjacent sides
= tan1  P  Qcos  
 

N
13. Area of triangle:
3. Commutative law of vector addition: 1
 cross product of twoadjacent sides
    2
P+ Q = Q + P

TE
4. Associative law of vector addition:   Exercise
       
P + (Q + R ) = (P + Q ) + R
2.2 Vector Analysis
5. Distributive law of multiplication over addition:
       1. Distinguish between scalars and vectors.
P (Q + R )= P  Q + P  R

N
Ans: Refer Q. 2.
6. Distributive law of multiplication over 2. Define the term null vector.
subtraction: Ans: Refer Q. 5. (i)
  
P ( Q  R ) = P  Q  P  R
   
O 3. Define the term position vector.
Ans: Refer Q. 5. (v)
7. Magnitude of resolution of a vector along
two rectangular components: 4. Whether the resultant of two vectors of
C
R= R 2x  R 2y unequal magnitude be zero?
Ans: Refer Q. 6.
8. Magnitude of resolution of a vector along of 5. Explain unit vector.
three rectangular components: Ans: Refer Q. 7.
E

R= R 2x  R 2y  R 2z 2.3 Vector Operations

9. Angle of inclination of resultant with 6. Explain addition of vectors.

PL

positive direction of X-axis: Ans: Refer Q. 10.

 Ry  7. i. What is triangle law of vector addition?
 = tan1  
 Rx  ii. Explain the process of adding two
vectors which are not lying in a straight
10. Scalar (dot) product of two vectors: line, using triangle law of vector
M

 
i. P  Q = PQ cos  addition.
 
Ans: i. Refer Q. 14. ii. Refer Q. 15.
P Q
ii. cos =   8. Prove that: addition of two vectors obey
SA

| P || Q | commutative law.
iii. Dot product of rectangular unit vectors: Ans: Refer Q. 17.
a. ˆi  ˆi = ˆj  ˆj = kˆ  kˆ = 1
9. Determine magnitude and direction of
b. ˆi  ˆi = ˆj  ˆj = kˆ  kˆ = 0 resultant vector using parallelogram law of
vector addition.
11. Vector (cross) product of two vectors: Ans: Refer Q. 20.
 
i. P  Q = PQ sin  10. Points, P and Q, have co-ordinates (1, 2, 3)
 

P Q and (4, 5, 6), respectively. Find PQ .
ii. sin  = 
| P || Q |


Ans: 3 i + j + k 
    49 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

2.4 Resolution of Vectors 22. A body acted upon by a force of 50 N is

displaced through a distance of 10 m in a
11. Define the following terms.
direction making an angle of 60 with force.
i. Resolution of vector.
Calculate the work done by the force.
ii. Components of vector.
Ans: 250 J
Ans: i. Refer Q. 32. (i) ii. Refer Q 31. (i)
23. The diagonals of a parallelogram are given by
12. Find the components along X and Y axes of a
vector 20 unit long when it makes an angle of the vectors 3 î + ĵ + 2 k̂ and î  3 ĵ + 4 k̂ . Find

T
30 with the Xaxis. the area of the parallelogram.
Ans: 10 3 unit, 10 unit Ans: 8.66 sq. unit

N
2.5 Multiplication of Vectors
Multiple Choice Questions
13. i. Define scalar product of two vectors.
ii. State the characteristics of scalar product. 1. Which of the following is a vector?

TE
Ans: i. Refer Q. 42. (i) ii. Refer Q. 43. (A) speed (B) displacement
14. i. Define vector product of two vectors. (C) mass (D) time
ii. Explain vector product of two vectors 2. The minimum number of numerically equal
with suitable examples. vectors whose vector sum can be zero is
Ans: i. Refer Q. 45. (i) (A) 4 (B) 3

N
ii. Refer Q. 45. (iii) (C) 2 (D) 1
15. State the characteristics of the cross product of     

two vectors. 3. If A + B = A  B then vector B must be

(A) zero vector (B) unit vector
Ans: Refer Q. 47.
16. Find the angle between two equal vectors if
O (C) Non zero vector (D) equal to A


their resultant is equal to either of them. 

4. If 
n is the unit vector in the direction of A
C
Ans: 120 then,
 
17. The velocity of a particle is v = 3 î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ .  A 
 
(A) n=  (B) n = A |A |
Find the vector component of the velocity along |A|
the line î  ĵ + k̂ .
E


|A| 
(C) 
n=  (D) 
n=
n A
4 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ans: (i  j + k) A
3
PL

    *5. For two vectors to be equal, they should have

18. Find P Q where P  2i  j  k and Q  i  j  2k the
Ans: 3 (A) same magnitude.
(B) same direction.
19. Find the angle between the vectors (C) same magnitude and direction.
 
A  4i  2j  4k and B  i  4j  3k.
 (D) same magnitude but opposite direction.
M

Ans: 90 6. A force of 60 N acting perpendicular to a force

of 80 N, magnitude of resultant force is
 
20. If A = 2 î + 3 ĵ + k̂ and B = 3 î + 2 ĵ + 4 k̂ , (A) 20 N (B) 70 N
SA

    (C) 100 N (D) 140 N

then what will be the value of (A  B)  (A  B) ?
7. A river is flowing at the rate of 6 km h1. A
Ans: 20 î + 10 ĵ + 10 k̂ man swims across it with a velocity of
  
9 km h1. The resultant velocity of the man
21. If vectors P , Q and R have magnitudes 5, will be
  
(A) 15 km h1
12 and 13 unit respectively and P + Q = R ,
  (B) 45 km h1
find the angle between Q and R .
(C) 117 km h1
Ans: cos  12 
1

 13  (D) 225 km h1

  50 
50  
 
  Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods
          
8. If A  B  C and magnitudes of A , B and C 16. The vectors A and B are such that A B  C
are 5, 4 and 3 unit respectively, then angle and A2 + B2 = C2. Angle  between positive
   
between A and B is directions of A and B is
(A) sin1 (3 / 4)  2
(A) (B) 0 (C)  (D)
(B) cos1 (4 / 5) 2 3
(C) tan1 (5 / 3)
(D) cos1 (3 / 5)
17. The expression 1
2
 ˆi  ˆj is a _______.

T
  (A) unit vector
9. If A  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ and B  3iˆ  2ˆj  k,
ˆ then the
(B) null vector
area of parallelogram formed from these (C) vector of magnitude

N
2
vectors as the adjacent sides will be (D) scalar
(A) 2 3 square units
  

TE
(B) 4 3 square units 18.  P  Q  is a unit vector along X-axis.
 
(C) 6 3 square units  
If P = ˆi  ˆj  k,
ˆ then Q is
(D) 8 3 square units
(A) ˆi  ˆj  kˆ (B) ˆj  kˆ
10. A person moves from a point S and walks along ˆi  ˆj  kˆ ˆj  kˆ
the path which is a square of each side 50 m. (C) (D)

N
He runs east, south, then west and finally north. 19. The magnitude of scalar product of the vectors
Then the total displacement covered is  

(A) 200 m (B) 100 m

O A  2iˆ  5kˆ and B = 3iˆ  4kˆ is
(C) 50 2 m (D) zero (A) 20 (B) 22
(C) 26 (D) 29
*11. The resultant of two forces 10 N and 15 N   
acting along + x and – x-axes respectively, is 20. Three vectors A , B and C satisfy the relation
C
(A) 25 N along + x-axis.     
A  B = 0 and A  C = 0, then A is parallel to
(B) 25 N along – x-axis.
 
(C) 5 N along + x-axis. (A) B (B) C
(D) 5 N along – x-axis.    
(C) B C (D) A C
E

The maximum value of magnitude of  A  B 

 
12.
  21. What vector must be added to the sum of two
is vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and 3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ so that the
PL

(A) AB (B) A resultant is a unit vector along Z axis?

(C) A+B (D) A 2
 B2  (A) 5iˆ  kˆ (B)  5iˆ  3jˆ
(C) 3jˆ  5kˆ (D)  3jˆ  2kˆ
13. The magnitude of the X and Y components of
        
A are 7 and 6. Also the magnitudes of the X 22. If A = 5 i  2 j + 3 k and B = 2 i + j + 2 k ,
M

 

and Y components of A B are 11 and 9 then component of B along A is



respectively. What is the magnitude of B ? 28 28
(A) 5 (B) 6 (A) (B)
38 38
SA

(C) 8 (D) 9
28 14
(C) (D)
14. What is the maximum number of components 48 38
into which a force can be resolved?
23. Choose the WRONG statement
(A) Two (B) Three
(C) Four (D) Any number (A) The division of vector by scalar is valid.
(B) The multiplication of vector by scalar is

15. The resultant of two vectors of magnitude | P | valid.
 (C) The multiplication of vector by another
is also | P |. They act at an angle vector is valid by using vector algebra.
(A) 60 (B) 90 (D) The division of a vector by another
(C) 120 (D) 180 vector is valid by using vector algebra.
    51 
 
 Std. XI Sci.: Precise Physics

24. The resultant of two forces of 3 N and 4 N is  

9. A  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ and B  3iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ
5 N, the angle between the forces is
 
(A) 30 (B) 60  Area of parallelogram = | A B |
(C) 90 (D) 120 ˆi ˆj kˆ
25. The unit vector along 
i +j is = 1 2 3
 i +j 3 2 1
(A) k (B)

i + j i +j = ˆi (2  6)  ˆj(1  9)  kˆ (2  6)

T
(C) (D)
2 2 = 8iˆ  8ˆj  8kˆ
*26. The magnitude of scalar product of two unit  Area = 82  82  (8)2 = 82  3

N
vectors perpendicular to each other is
(A) zero (B) 1 = 8 3 sq. units.
(C) –1 (D) 2  
13. Given that, | Ax | = 7 and | A y | = 6

TE
*27. The magnitude of vector product of two unit   
vectors making an angle of 60° with each Let A  B  C
other is  
(A) 1 (B) 2 Given that, | Cx | = 11 and | C y | = 9
3 3   
(C) (D) Now, | Cx | = | Ax | + | Bx |
2 2

N
 
    11 = 7 + | Bx | or | Bx | = 4
*28. If A , B and C are three vectors, then which   

of the following is not correct? Also, | C y | = | A y | + | B y |

(A)

     
A  B  C = A B + A C
 
O 

9 = 6 + | B y | or | B y | = 3



     |B| = | Bx |2  | By |2 = (4)2  (3)2 = 5
(B) A B = B A
C
   
(C) A B = B  A 3
27. | û p  û Q | = uP uQ sin  = 1  1  sin 60 =

     
2
(D) A   B  C = A  B + B  C
     
28. A  B = –B  A
E

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (A)
PL

5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (B)

9. (D) 10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (C) 16. (A)
17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (C)
21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (C)
25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (D) 28. (C)
M

Hints to Multiple Choice Questions

7. As man swims across the river, he is
SA

swimming perpendicular to the flow of river.

Here, 


vr
| v r | = 6 km/hr,

| vm | = 9 km/hr

From the figure, the vm 
resultant velocity of vR
the man,
| vR | = 62  92

= 117 km/h

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