2/9/2011 Various CCNA notes

Various CCNA notes or "Super cheat sheet":)

These notes are for myself. Some are sort of cryptic. They may or may not help you out. They are for the Cisco
Certified Network Associate exam.

OSI networking model:

1. Physical layer (bits)
Electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specs, i.e. Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.
2. Data Link layer (frames)
MAC (802.3), LLC (802.2), etc.
3. Network layer (packets or datagrams)
IP, etc.
4. Transport layer (segments)
TCP, UDP, etc.

5. Session layer (data)

NFS, SQL, RPC, X11, Appletalk session protocol, DNA SCP, etc.
6. Presentation layer
PICT, TIFF, JPEG, MPEG, etc.
7. Application layer
www, ftp, email, etc.

DDN/DOD networking model:

1. Network access layer
Equates to OSI Physical and Data Link layers
2. Internet layer
Equates to OSI Network layer
3. Host-to-Host layer
Equates to OSI Transport layer
4. Process/Application layer
Equates to OSI Session, Presentation, and Application layers

Cisco's 3 layer networking model:

1. Core layer
Core of the network, high data rates, FDDI, ATM, Sonet, Fast Ethernet
2. Distribution layer
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Workgroup layer, routing, filtering, separate broadcast domains, and WAN access
3. Access layer
Desktop layer, separate collision domains, hubs, switches

Subnetting:
Binary bits (big endian): 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
example: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129

Bits Subnet Hosts * Wildcard (reversed!)

00000000 = 0 0 255 00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128 0 128 00000001 = 1
11000000 = 192 2 64 00000011 = 3
11100000 = 224 6 32 00000111 = 7
11110000 = 240 14 16 00001111 = 15
11111000 = 248 30 8 00011111 = 31
11111100 = 252 62 4 00111111 = 63
11111110 = 254 126 2 01111111 = 127
11111111 = 255 254 0 11111111 = 255

* Routers can enable subnet zero to increase the host count by 1 (WARNING,
old BSD based UNIX systems use subnet 0 for broadcast! If you have old BSD
systems on your network, do not enable subnet 0)

CIDR addressing (RFC 1519, Introduction date: 1993)

The new (generally accepted around 1997 I guess) way of showing network
address ranges is CIDR addressing (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) which
is written as a slash and a number, i.e. "/24". The slash number represents
how many bits are in the netmask. Thus, a /24 is 24 bits which is a
"classic" Class C address space (the bits go from left to right [big endian]).
CIDR: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
mask: 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
range: x.x.x.0 - x.x.x.255 (remember, everything is octal so 2^8 - 1 is 255)
example: 10.0.0.0 - 10.0.0.255 (A "classic" Class C address space)

There are alot of weird address allocations now that CIDR is being
used (the old Class networks are no longer used for the most part).
For instance, a company may have a /23 address space which is:
CIDR: 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
mask: 255 . 255 . 254 . 0
range: x.x.x.0 - x.x.1.255
example: 10.0.0.0 - 10.0.1.255 (assuming the first subnet of /23)

A Class A network (/8, 255.0.0.0) can have 2^24 - 2 = 16,777,214 hosts

A Class B network (/16, 255.255.0.0) can have 2^16 - 2 = 65,534 hosts
A Class C network (/24, 255.255.255.0) can have 2^8 - 2 = 253 hosts

It's amazing how much address space is wasted. I once consulted at a

company that had a full Class A allocation, but only had around 80,000

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computers in the entire company. (They were also really stupid and put
live addresses on each desktop instead of using private address space
and NAT).

Calculations: 256 - netmask = subnetwork

example: 256 - 240 = 16 so subnetworks are: 0, 16, 32, 48, etc.
broadcast are: 15, 31, 47, etc.
host ranges are: 1-14, 17-30, 33-46, etc.

Number of subnets: 2^x - 2 where x = number of mask bits

example: mask of 192 is 2 bits, 2^2 - 2 = 2 subnets

Number of hosts: 2^x - 2 where x = number of unmasked bits

example: mask of 192 is 6 unmasked bits 2^6 - 2 = 62

Cables
Pinout for a Cisco console cable is: 1-8, 2-7, 3-6, 4-5, 5-4, 6-3, 7-2, 8-1 (using RJ-45)(complete reverse).
Pinout for a T1 back to back: 1-5, 2-4, 4-2, 5-1 (using RJ-45)
Pinout of a T1 loopback: 1-5, 2-4 (using RJ-45)

MISC Notes:
- Interfaces are: type slot/port
- 802.2 frames have DSAP and SSAP fields
- ATM uses 53 byte cells (hardware cell size + header)(payload is 48)(US wanted 64byte payloads)
- Gaint packet > 1518 bits
- runt packet < 64 bits
- Spanning tree is 802.1d
- 100baseT4 uses cat 3 or 4 cable
- Class 1 repeater max allow delay is 140 bit times
- Class 2 repeater max allow delay is 92 bit times (only supports 100baseTX and 100baseT4)
- ports for companies: 255 - 1023 < Is this correct?
- ports for public: 0 -255 < Is this correct?
- Arp entries last 4 hours in Cisco routers
- 802.3 Ethernet
- 802.5 Token Ring
- 802.3u FastEthernet
- 802.3z/802.3ab GigaEthernet
- 802.3ae 10 GigaEthernet
- RIPv2 uses multicast to send routing infomation (224.0.0.9)
- EIGRP and IGRP have default hop-count of 100

Administrative distance:

0 Directly connected interface

0 Static route pointing to an interface

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1 Static route pointing to a next-hop neighbor
5 Summarized EIGRP route
20 External BGP route
90 Internel EIGRP route
100 IGRP route
110 OSPF route
115 IS-IS route
120 RIP route
140 EGP route
170 External EIGRP route
200 Internal BGP route
255 Unknown routing source

SWITCHING:
VLAN 1 is the management VLAN, don't use it for switching!
Static VLAN: Typical and most secure. VLAN is statically assigned to the physical port and never changes.
Dynamic VLAN: VLAN Management Policy Server (VMPS) automatically assigns VLAN based on MAC.

Two types of links in a switched environment: Access and Trunk links.

- Access links: Links that are only part of one VLAN. VLAN information is removed from frame before it goes out
the port.
- Trunk links: Trunks carry multiple VLANs. Used to connect to other switches, routers, or servers.
- Two types of Trunk framing: ISL (Cisco only) and 802.1.q
- Can carry 1 to 1005 VLANs
- Frame tagging: assignes user-defined ID to each frame, sometimes called a VLAN ID.
- Frame types: Inter-Switch Link (ISL) Fast Ethernet and GigaEthernet only. Cisco Only
- Adds a 26 byte header and a 4 byte FCS, can create a GIANT packet (1522 bytes)
IEEE 802.1.q IEEE standard
LAN emulation (LANE) used with ATM
802.10 used with FDDI
- VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
Server, client, and transparent server
Advertisements are sent every 5 minutes or whenever there is a change
VTP pruning: Updates are onyl sent to devices on the VLAN that changed. Off by default.

CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol

Global or per interface
cdp enable
no cdp enable
Update every 60 sec (default) and hold down time is 180 sec

r2509#sh cdp nei

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater

Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID

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r2514 Eth 0 162 R 2500 Eth 0
r2504 Ser 1 175 R 2500 Ser 0
r2501 Eth 0 178 R 2500 Eth 0

r2509#sh cdp nei detail

-------------------------
Device ID: r2514
Entry address(es):
IP address: 10.0.0.14
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Ethernet0, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 124 sec

Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 11.2(17), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 04-Jan-99 17:27 by ashah

-------------------------
Device ID: r2504
Entry address(es):
IP address: 172.16.1.2
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0

--<cut>--

Novell/IPX
- IPX 80bits - 4 bytes for network, 6 bytes for node. In Hex:

00007C80.0000.8609.33E9 7C80 is node address

- SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange

- RIP

- SAP Service Advertisement Protocol

- NLSP Netware Link Services Protocol replaces RIP

- NCP Netware Core Protocol
- GNS Get NearestServer (IPX broadcast) (used by clients)

Ethernet_802.3 up to NW 3.11

Ethernet_802.2 since NW 3.12

Ethernet_II supports both TCP/IP and IPX
Ethernet_SNAP Appletalk, IPX, and TCP/IP

Interface Novell frame type Cisco Keyword

--------- ----------------- --------------

Ethernet Ethernet_802.3 novell-ether (default)

Ethernet_802.2 sap

Ethernet_II arpa
Ethernet_snap snap

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Token Ring Token-Ring sap (default)
Token-Ring_snap snap

FDDI Fddi_snap snap (default)

Fddi_802.2 sap
Fddi_raw novell__fddi

IPX routing is easy:

r2509#conf t

r2509(config)#ipx routing

r2509(config)#int e0
r2509(config-if)#ipx network 10

r2509(config-if)#int s1

r2509(config-if)#ipx network 10a

r2509(config-if)#end

r2509#sh ipx route

Codes: C - Connected primary network, c - Connected secondary network

S - Static, F - Floating static, L - Local (internal), W - IPXWAN

R - RIP, E - EIGRP, N - NLSP, X - External, A - Aggregate

s - seconds, u - uses

2 Total IPX routes. Up to 1 parallel paths and 16 hops allowed.

No default route known.

C 10 (NOVELL-ETHER), Et0
C 10A (HDLC), Se1

Note: "the 1 parallel paths". To enable load balancing, enter

r2509(config)#ipx maximum-paths 2

To enable load balancing on a per host basis, enter:

r2509(config)#ipx per-host-load-share

IPX subcommands:

r2509#sh ipx ?

access-lists IPX access lists

accounting The active IPX accounting database

cache IPX fast-switching cache

compression IPX compression information

eigrp IPX EIGRP show commands

interface IPX interface status and configuration

nasi Netware Asynchronous Services Interface status

nhrp NHRP information

nlsp Show NLSP information

route IPX routing table

servers SAP servers

spx-protocol Sequenced Packet Exchange protocol status

spx-spoof SPX Spoofing table

traffic IPX protocol statistics

ACCESS LIST
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1-99 IP starndard
100-199 IP extended
200-299 Protocol type-code
300-399 DECnet
400-499 XNS standard
500-599 XNS extended
600-699 Appletalk
700-799 48-bit MAC address
800-899 IPX standard
900-999 IPX extended
1000-1099 IPX SAP
1100-1199 Extended 48-bit
1200-1299 IPX summary address

IP extended can be based on IP proto, eigrp, gre, icmp, igmp, igrp, ip, ipinip, nos, ospf,
tcp, udp, ahp, esp

WAN
FR Frame Relay
ISDN Integrated Services Digial Network
LAPB Link Access Procedure, Balanced (used with X.25)
HDLC High-level Data Link Control (proprietary per vendor)
PPP Point to Point Protocol
Layer 2 NCP
LCP
HDLC
Layer 1 EIA/TIA-232, V.24, V.35, ISDN

LMI Local Mangement Interface. Types: cisco, ansi, q933a

ISDN

NOTE: A U interface has a built in NT1, A S/T interface does not. (some Sun computers have a built in S/T. Also,
SGI Indy's have a S/T.)

North America uses U interface (2 wire). Needs NT1 to convert to 4 wire S/T
TE1 Terminal Equipment type 1. Can plug right into ISDN network
TE2 Terminal Equipment type 2. Older equipment, needs TA
NT1 Network Termination 1 implements the ISDN physical layer for user
NT2 Network Termination 2 is the provider's equipment, PBX, etc
TA Terminal Adapter converts TE2 to TE1 wiring.

R reference point. Defines point between non-ISDN equipment (TE2) and TA.
S reference point. Defines point between customer's router and a NT2
T reference point. Defines point between NT1 and NT2. S and T can be the same.
U reference point. Defines point between NT1 and line-termination equipment (NT2) (No
TA/NT1 needed).

ITU Protocols: protocols beginning with:

E deal with ISDN on existing network (POTS)
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I deal with concepts, aspects, services
Q deal with switching and signaling

isdn q921 layer 2

isdn q931 layer 3

Copyright © 1993-2001 by Robert Barnes

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