3CL Romero Altair

I. Problem Solving (20 Points)

1. Given: A ship is proceeding on course 240° at a speed of 18 knots. The apparent wind is (S) 040° and
relative wind is at 30 knots. (4 points)
Required: The direction and speed of the true wind (TWD / TWS). Equivalent observation in Beaufort
scale and State of Sea and or State of Wind.

TWD = 315 deg

TWS = 20 kts
Beaufort Scale = 5
Wind / Sea Condition = Fresh Breeze

2. Given: A ship is proceeding on course 175° at a speed of 15 knots. The apparent wind is (S) 050° and
relative wind is at 20 knots. (4 points)
Required: The direction and speed of the true wind (TWD / TWS), Equivalent observation in Beaufort
scale and State of Sea and or State of Wind.

TWD = 274 deg

TWS = 15 kts
Beaufort Scale = 4
Wind / Sea Condition = Moderate Breeze

3. Given: A ship is proceeding on course 070° at a speed of 12 knots. The apparent wind is (P) 030° and
relative wind is at 8 knots. (4 points)
Required: The direction and speed of the true wind (TWD / TWS). Equivalent observation in Beaufort
scale and State of Sea and or State of Wind.

TWD = 289 deg

TWS = 6 kts
Beaufort Scale = 2
Wind / Sea Condition = Light Breeze

4. Given: A ship is proceeding on course 345° at a speed of 13 knots. The apparent wind is (S) 060° and
relative wind is at 15 knots. (4 points)
Required: The direction and speed of the true wind (TWD / TWS). Equivalent observation in Beaufort
scale and State of Sea and or State of Wind.

TWD = 99 deg
TWS = 14 kts
Beaufort Scale = 4
Wind / Sea Condition = Moderate Breeze
3CL Romero Altair

5. Given: A ship is proceeding on course 085° at a speed of 14 knots. The apparent wind is (P) 020° and
relative wind is at 10 knots. (4 points)
Required: The direction and speed of the true wind (TWD / TWS). Equivalent observation in Beaufort
scale and State of Sea and or State of Wind.

TWD = 302 deg

TWS = 6 kts
Beaufort Scale = 2
Wind / Sea Condition = Light Breeze

II. ESSAY

1. Describe the position and climate at earth pressure belt. (10 points)
Seven pressure belts exist on the surface of the earth. The two Subtropical peaks, the two
Subpolar lows, and the two Polar highs are the Equatorial Lows. With the exception of the equatorial
low, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the others form matching pairs. There is a pattern of
high and low-pressure alternate belts above the earth. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth,
which evenly heats various areas of the earth. Throughout the year, the Equatorial region receives a
great amount of sun. The air at the Equator increases, causing low pressure, as warm air is light. The
cold heavy air at the poles allows the generation / forming of high pressure. It is due to the earth's
rotation as well. The rotation of the earth moves the bulk of the air towards the Equator in the
Subpolar region around latitudes 60 ° to 65 ° north and south of the Equator, forming a low-pressure
belt in this area.

2. Describe the development and type of weather associated with cold and warm front. (10 points)
A weather front is a convergence region at the surface of the Earth between two distinct air
masses. There are particular temperature and humidity characteristics of each air mass. At the front,
which is the boundary where two separate air masses come together, turbulence is always present.
Clouds and storms can be caused by turbulence.
When a cold air mass pushes through a warmer air mass, a cold front emerges. Cold fronts in the
weather can cause drastic changes. They travel quickly, up to twice as quickly as a warm front. The
heavier cool air pushes under the lighter warm air as a cold front moves through an area, causing it to
rise up into the troposphere. Lifted warm air in front of the front creates clouds of cumulus or
cumulonimbus and thunderstorms.
When a warm air mass pushes into a colder air mass, a warm front emerges. As the warm air
mass at the surface rises above the cold air mass, creating clouds and storms, warm fronts also bring
stormy weather. Warm fronts travel more slowly than cold fronts because moving the cold , dense air
over the surface of the Earth is more difficult for the warm air. On the east side of low-pressure
systems, warm fronts frequently develop where colder air from the south is forced north.
3CL Romero Altair

3. Describe the condition of high and low pressure systems. (10 points)
At the center of the Earth, the bottom of the atmosphere the pressure varies from day to day. This
is, in part, because the Sun does not heat the Earth equally. Since the warm air rises, places where the
air is heated also have lower pressure. Such areas are called systems of low pressure. High pressure
systems are characterized as areas where the air pressure is high.
A low pressure system has lower pressure than the areas surrounding it. Winds blow at low
pressure, and in the atmosphere where they meet, the air rises. The water vapor within it condenses,
creating clouds and sometimes precipitation as the air rises. Winds from a low pressure system swirl
counterclockwise north of the equator and clockwise south of the equator because of the Earth's
rotation and the Coriolis Effect.
A high pressure system has higher pressure than the areas surrounding it. Blowing winds away
from high pressure. Swirling from a low-pressure system in the opposite direction, the winds of a
high-pressure system rotate north of the equator clockwise and south of the equator counterclockwise.
Anticyclonic flow is called this. When air is blown outward, air from higher in the atmosphere falls
down to fill the gap left.

4. Explain the importance of WMO weather observations. (10 points)

The omportance of WMO weather observations are to protect the life and property and
safeguarding the environment. They also contribute to have a sustainable development, Promoting
long-term observation and collection of meteorical, hydrological and climatological data including
related environmental data. Also the promotion of endodenous capacity building and meeting
international commitments and contributing to international cooperation at weather observarion.

5. Discuss what is the ship’s synoptic code used by weather reporting ships and why are coded
messages are used for the international exchange of meteorological information? (10 points)
Atmospheric research accomplishments have their origins in observations. They have The end to
end forecast process is a crucial first step. This system consists of the Receiving and coding
observations, transmitting and receiving data, processing observations, Data analytics and research,
followed by the preparation and issuance of warnings and forecasts. More precisely, meteorologists
use observations to test your local Weather conditions, and the location and determination of the
strength of such weather systems Such as fronts, masses of air, systems of high and low pressure,
tropical storms, and hurricanes. Accurate marine data is also used for the preparation of long-range
climate forecasts, In tracking climate change, ocean currents, temperature, and precipitation, and to
research air and sea interactions.