Heat Treatments: Welding Inspection Welding Inspection

13/12/55
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1 WI 3.1
Heat Treatments
Welding Inspection
Heat Treatments
Course notes section reference 18
Copyright © 2005 TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining Technology Copyright © 2005 TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining Technology
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Heat Treatments WI 3.1
Heat Treatments
All heat treatments are basically cycles of three elements
§ Heating
§ Holding (soaking)
§ Cooling
Post weld heat treatments are used to change the properties of

the weld metal, controlling the formation of structures
Pre heat treatments are used basically to increase weldabilty,
control expansion and contraction forces during welding.
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
The Iron Carbon Diagram
The relevant variables for heat treatment process, which
must be carefully controlled are as follows. 910oC Upper Critical Point FERRITE
α Alpha
AUSTENITE
§ The heating rate AUSTENITE +

CEMENTITE
TEMP oC
Body Centred Cubic

§ Temperature attained 723oC
FERRITE +
§ The time at the attained CEMENTITE Lower Critical Point
AUSTENITE
temperature (soak time) γ Gamma
0.2 0.4 0.8

§ Cooling rate CARBON %
Face Centred Cubic
1
13/12/55
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Heat Treatments
Annealing
The basic heat treatments are:
§ Temperature
Temperature: 920oC hold for sufficient time
§ Cooling
Cooling: Furnace cool to 650oC then cool down in air
§ Annealing § Normalising
§ Result
Result: Produces a very soft, low hardness material
suitable for cold working or machining operations.
§ Hardening § Tempering Decreases toughness and lowers yield stress
Normalising
§ Stress relieving § Pre-heating § Temperature: 920oC hold for sufficient time
§ Cooling: Slow cool in air
The method of applying the heat to the material may vary from
§ Result: Relieves internal stresses improves mechanical
procedure to procedure. e.g flame, electrical resistance and
furnaces properties and increases toughness, grain refinement.
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Heat Treatments
Quench Harden Stress Relief
§ Temperature
Temperature: 920oC hold for sufficient time § Temperature
Temperature: 550 to 680oC hold for sufficient time
§ Cooling
Cooling: Fast cool, quench in water, oil.
§ Cooling
Cooling: Slow cool in air.
§ Result:
Result Hardens carbon steels. After this
treatment the material is very hard and highly § Result
Result: Relieves residual stresses improves mechanical
stressed. The material is brittle but with high properties and increases toughness, may also be used to
tensile strength. reduce hydrogen levels
Tempering
Post Hydrogen Release
§ Temperature: 250 to 680oC hold for sufficient
time § Temperature: Approximately 250oC hold up to 10 hours
§ Cooling
Cooling: Slow cool in air § Cooling
Cooling: Slow cool in air
§ Result
Result: Relieves residual stresses improves
mechanical properties and increases § Result
Result: Relieves residual hydrogen
toughness, may also be used to reduce
hydrogen levels
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Heat Treatments
Preheat
Preheat temperatures are arrived by taking into
We can preheat metals and alloys when welding for a consideration the following:
number of reasons. Primarily we use most pre-heats to
achieve one or more of the following:
1. To control the structure of the weld metal and HAZ on §The heat input
cooling
2. To improve the diffusion of gas molecules through an §The carbon equivalent (CE)
atomic structure.
3. To control the effects of expansion and contraction. §The combined material thickness
Preheat controls the formation of un-desirable microstructures that §The hydrogen scale required (A, B, C, D, E)
are produced from rapid cooling of certain types of steels.
Martensite is an undesirable grain structure very hard and brittle it
is produced by rapid cooling form the austenite region.
2
13/12/55
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Preheat Comparison Chart
200
180
Pre-heat Requirement 175 150 125 100 75 50 20 0
Combined material thickness

160
§The heat input Increased Reduced
140
120
§Carbon Equivalent Increased Increased
100
80
§Hydrogen content Increased Increased
60
40
A B C D E
§Combined material thickness Increased Increased 20 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.53 0.55
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Heat input
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Methods of Measuring Preheat
Advantages of preheat § Temperature indicating crayons (Tempil sticks)
§ Thermocouples or touch pyrometers
§ Slows down the cooling rate, which reduces the risk of
hardening § At intervals along of around the joint to be welded
§ The number of measurements taken must allow the inspector
§ Allows absorbed hydrogen a better opportunity of to be confident that the required temperature has been
diffusing out, thereby reducing the risk of cracking reached
§ Removes moisture from the material being welded § In certain cases the preheat must be maintained a certain
distance back from the joint faces
§ Improves overall fusion characteristics
§ If a gas flame is being used for preheat application the
§ Lowers stresses between the weld metal and parent temperature should be taken form the opposite side to the
heat source
material by ensuring a more uniform expansion and
contraction § If this is not possible time must be allowed before taking the
preheat temperature e.g 2 mins for 25mm thickness
M.Rogers M.Rogers
WI 3.1 WI 3.1
Questions
Any Questions Heat Treatments

QU 1. How can the levels of hardness be controlled in the
HAZ?
QU 2. What is the maximum recommended heat treatment
temperature for steel weldments?, state which heat
treatments may be considered when maximum toughness
is required
QU 3. What are the four main considerations for determining
preheat temperatures, and as a welding inspector which
factors require inspection when applying pre-heat to a
carbon steel joint to be welded?
QU 4. What factors need to be checked/controlled during a heat
treatment process
QU 5. Which heat treatment process is required when maximum
ductility is required for example for extensive cold working
operations.

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13/12/55

Post weld heat treatments are used to change the properties of

§ The heating rate AUSTENITE +

Body Centred Cubic

0.2 0.4 0.8

Combined material thickness

Any Questions Heat Treatments

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