Mechanical Engineering Department

Thermal fluid lab

Instructor: EN Mamoun Khdier

Student Name: hussain salh alomary

Section: 11

Experiment Name: impact of jet

Abstract 5%
Introduction 10%
Theory 10%
Apparatus & procedure
10%
Data & calculations 40%
Tables & figures 10%
Discussion 10%
Conclusion 5%
Total 100%
:Abstract
In this experiment we are going to introduce different types of pumps and how they work, we
.will connect the pumps in two ways Parallel and series

:Introduction
Centrifugal pumps are often used together to enhance either the flow rate or the delivery
pressure beyond that available from the single pump. For some piping system designs, it may
be desirable to consider a multiple pump system to meet the design requirements. Two typical
options include parallel and series configurations of pumps which require a specific
performance criterion. In serial operation the heads of the pumps are added and in parallel
.operation the flow rates (capacities) of the pumps are added

The experimental unit provides the determination of the characteristic behavior for single
operation and interaction of two pumps. The apparatus consists of a tank and pipework which
delivers water to and from two identical centrifugal pumps. The unit is fitted with electronic
sensors which measure the process variables. Signals from these sensors are sent to a
computer via an interface device, and the unit is supplied with data logging software as
.standard

Theory
A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the
liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller
which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A
vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump.
The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The energy
transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The
faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid
energy transferred to the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity Laws.

A single pump may be insufficient to produce the performance required. Combining two pumps
increases the pumping capacity of the system. Two pumps may be connected in series, so that
water passes first through one pump and then through the second. When two pumps operate
in series, the flow rate is the same as for a single pump, but the total head is increased. The
combined pump head capacity curve is found by adding the heads of the single pump curves at
.the same capacity

:We are going to use the following equation an excel sheet will be provided

Pd −Ps
H= --------- 3.1
ρ.g

Torque=( F s 1−F s 2 )∗R ------- 3.2

Torq∗2 πN
PW R inp=
60
-------------- 3.3

Apparatus & procedure

This experiment contains of three parts:

Part one (single pump), we are going to measure the Volume metric floor it and the difference
between the in pressure and out pressure taking in consider the RPM [Rotation per minute ] of
the shaft and calculating the Torque by measuring be force.

Part two and part three are going to be the same but we are going to use Parallel and series
taking all the Previous parameters in mind, we will change the RPM [Rotation per minute] and
take multiple readings.

Data & calculations

Because of the Pandemic situation we didn’t do the experiment, and this is the experiment
results as provided from our instructor:

SMALL PUMP:
SMALL PUMP
Delta P bar Force (Newtons) Flowrate (L/sec)
0.3 9 2.5
 0.6 9.5 2.2
1 8.9 1.9
Table 5.1 data from the instructor small pump

r (cm) 17 r is the distance from force to the center of shaft

D(mm) 53 D is the impeller diameter
N 1385 RPM
Table 5.2 small bump Constance

F(N) P(N/m²) Q (m³/sec) T(N.m) Pin(Pm) (W) P out (Pm) (W) % Head Loss
8.5 30000 0.0025 1.53 221.7939 75 34 3.058104
8.1 60000 0.0022 1.615 234.1157833 132 56 6.116208
7.3 100000 0.0019 1.513 219.3295233 190 87 10.19368
table 5.3 small pump calculations it would be provided in an Excel sheet

:BIG PUMP

BIG PUMP
Delta P bar Force (Newtons) Flowrate (L/sec)
0.35 14 2.8
0.8 12.5 2
1.1 10.5 1
Table 5.4 data from the instructor big pump

r(cm) 17 r is the distance from force to the center of shaft

D(mm) 140 D is the impeller diameter
N 1600 RPM
Table 5.5 big bump Constance

F(N) P(N/m²) Q (m³/sec) T(N.m) Pin(Pm) (W) P out (Pm) (W) % Head Loss
14 35000 0.0028 2.38 398.5706667 98 25 3.567788
12.5 80000 0.002 2.125 355.8666667 160 45 8.154944
10.5 110000 0.001 1.785 298.928 110 37 11.21305
table 5.6 big pump calculations it would be provided in an Excel sheet
PUMPS IN SERIES:

PUMPS IN SERIES
Delta P bar Force (Newtons) Flowrate (L/sec)
0.3 12 2.8
 0.9 11.5 2.5
1.7 13 1.9
Table 5.7 data from the instructor pumps in series

F(N) P(N/m²) Q (m³/sec) T(N.m) Pin(Pm) (W) P out (Pm) (W) % Head Loss
12 30000 0.0028 2.04 637.3572 84 13 3.058104
11.5 90000 0.0025 1.955 610.80065 225 37 9.174312
13 170000 0.0019 2.21 690.4703 323 47 17.32926
table 5.6 pumps in series calculations it would be provided in an Excel sheet

:Data figures

etar wolF .sv ssoL daeH

02
81
61
41
21
pmup llams
01 pmup gib
seires
8 ni spmup
ssol daeH

6
4
2
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
)ces /³m( etar wolF

Figure 5.1 it shows the relation between Head Loss and Flow rate for small pump,
Big pump and when both are connected in series.
 Power in (Watt) vs. Flow rate
350

300

250
Head loss

200 small pump

big pump
150 pumps in series
100

50

0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Flow rate (m³/sec)

Figure 5.2 Show the relation between Power in (Watt) and Flow rate (m³/sec) for small pump,
big pump and when both are connected in series

%Efficiency vs.Flow Rate

100
90
80
70
60
Head loss

small pump
50 big pump
40 pumps in series

30
20
10
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Flow rate (m³/sec)

Figure 5.3 Show the relation between efficiency and Flow rate (m³/sec) for small pump,
big pump and when both are connected in series
Discussion
From the experiments, characteristics of pumps ran at different conditions are observed and
drawn in graphs. These characteristics curves are essential in defining the properties of a pump,
since only size and shape cannot be enough to select a pump for certain purpose. Standard test
was done according to the procedures defined by the lab manual and characteristics curves are
drawn.

Initially, we study the variation of head available with change in flow rate. With pumps in
parallel we can increase the flow almost twice for the same head delivered, while head
delivered can be increased twice by arranging pumps in series. Hence, where a single pump is
inappropriate for large flow rate or high head, pumps can be arranged in series and parallel or
combination of both to suite our requirement.

we see that overall efficiency of the pumps against flow rate. It should be efficiency of pumps in
combination is higher than a single pump. Even, efficiency of pumps in series is higher than that
in parallel. More closely, we can also see that efficiency of pumps in series is better in lower
flow rate i.e. at higher head delivered and pumps in parallel is better for higher flow rates and
low head delivered.

The hydraulic power produced by pumps against flow rate are drawn. In case of series
connection, the hydraulic power produced by a pump is higher than that of parallel connection
at lower flow rates. At higher flow rates we can predict that curve of pumps in parallel will cross
that of in series.

As the pumps are connected in series or parallel, the input power to the pumps increases than
that of a single pump.

In case of field operation to select a particular type of pump or a particular combination of the
pump, first of all the characteristics curves, provided by manufacturer, should be studied
carefully and then only it should be use in field.

The main aim of the practical was to draw up the characteristics curve. With the help of
characteristics curve and the actual field conditions (i.e.. Head available, input power required,
required flow rate). We should have to compromise in efficiency for the fulfillment of the actual
field condition situations. So the characteristics curve helps to optimize the field conditions and
to select a particular type of pump or a combination of pump for a particular site.

Conclusion
There are many different types of pumps for many different uses and dissimilar fluids, It’s
important to know the way that we will connect the pumps in parallel or in series way, When
we increase the flow rate the pressure decreases which leads to the increase of the power
consumption by the two pumps.