Mind maps Topic 1

Chlorella/Scenedesmus [A] Paramecium [A]

Striated muscle/giant Stargardt’s
Plants Animals algae/aseptate fungal disease [A]
Nutrition, metabolism, hyphae [NoS][A]
growth, response, excretion, Advantages? Used to treat Expression of
homeostasis and Unicellular Therapeutic
uses some genes
reproduction Ethics [NoS]
Multicellular Develop not others
All living organisms are from
Evidence? Endosymbiont Stem cells
composed of cells To enable Differentiation
theory Life processes
larger
Pasteur experiment organisms
Cell theory Develop into
[A][NoS] Surface area: specialised
Why are cells
Origin of cells the size they volume issues tissue
Cells come 1. Cell biology are?
from pre-
Origin of Magnification
existing cells
molecules of life Calculation
Cell division Drawing cells and tissues
Actual size of structures
Cell wall: murein
Practical 1 [S]

Mitotic index [S] Stages of mitosis [S] How see internal structure? [NoS]
Draw Binary fission [A]
Controlled by
Used when studying ultrastructure [S] Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Draw ultrastructure [S]

80S ribosomes 70S ribosomes

Oncogenes Correlation Cyclins [NoS] Cell wall Cytoplasm Nucleoid
with Mitochondria (plants/ Singer–Nicolson vs Davson–Danielli [S][NoS]
smoking [A] Pili; flagella
fungi)
Cancer Nucleus
Draw fluid
Affect Cytoplasm Models Diffusion
mosaic [S]
Other membrane-bound organelles
Osmosis
Metastasis Controls
Mutagens Structure/
Practical 2 [S]

Contains cholesterol [A] Cell membrane entry/exit Facilitated diffusion

function
from cell
Expt. method [NoS]

Identify organelles and deduce function Active transport

of specialised cells [A][S]
Sodium/potassium pumps [A] Osmolarity of tissues [A][S] Endo/exocytosis

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis 2017
 Mind maps Topic 2
Polar Hydrogen bonds form Solvent Transport in blood plasma Glucose, amino acids,
Water molecule properties of selected molecules [A] cholesterol, fats, oxygen, NaCl
2. Molecular biology between water
molecules [NoS]
Covalent bonding Coolant Sweat [A]
Cohesion Adhesion Thermal properties Water vs
Molecules to metabolism Carbon basis of life methane [A] Polyunsaturated
Carbohydrates and lipids Lipids in
Saturated
isomers

diets Monounsaturated
Cis/trans

Metabolism Production Drawing

= web of all of urea [NoS][A] 3 fatty acids + glycerol
glucose, ribose, Monosaccharide Disaccharide
enzyme-catalysed [A][NoS] Fatty acids Triglyceride
saturated fatty Condensation
reactions acid, amino acid Glycogen
[S]; identification Sucrose Lactose Maltose pH
Cellulose Body mass Temperature
Anabolism Catabolism from molecular index [S]
Starch Polysaccharide Proteome =
diagrams [S]
Rubisco; insulin; Denaturation [A] entire set of
Condensation Hydrolysis proteins expressed

Visualisation [S]
Amylose immunoglobulin;
Energy storage Range of by the genome
rhodopsin; functions
Macromolecules Macromolecules Amylopectin value of lipids vs of the individual
collagen; spider

Structure/function [A]
from monomers into monomers carbohydrates [A] organism
silk [A]
Formation of
PCR [A] 1 or
Proteins Amino acids Polypeptides Protein peptide bond [S]
Photosynthesis Respiration more =
Practical 3
20 Synthesised
Limiting mRNA codons [S] Coded by

Universality [A]
factors Anaerobic on ribosomes Enzymes Temperature

Semi-conservative
replication [NoS][S]
DNA Active pH
Yeast [A] Model: Structure of Molecular Denaturation
Temperature proteins in different motion/ site
ATP Crick and Substrate
Carbon dioxide Humans [A] organisms [NoS] collisions concentration
Watson
Transcription Industrial applications
Experiments [NoS][S]

Light intensity [NoS][A]

action spectrum [S]

Aerobic Structure: double

Absorption spectrum;
Sketch graphs
helix/strands/hydrogen bonds Lactose-free milk [A] of activity
Effect of limiting factors Translation
[S][NoS]; chromatograph Changes to DNA; RNA Polymers
Respiration rates; Nucleotides Drawings [S] Immobilisation of lactase
[S] (Practical 4) Earth [A] (differences?) of
respirometers [S][NoS]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 3
Sickle cell anaemia [A] Alleles – different forms Locus – a gene occupies a specific Human Genome Project Number of genes in humans
of the same gene position on a chromosome compared to other species
Caused by [A]

Mutation Genome – the whole of the genetic Comparison between

information of an organism different species [A] Gene sequencers: used for
Identify the locus of a human gene
Genes the sequencing of genes
and its polypeptide product [A]
[NoS]
Differences in the base sequence of a
Contain gene in two species [S]
Autoradiography: used to Inheritance of cystic fibrosis and
establish the length of DNA Number of chromosomes is Huntington’s disease [A]; use of
molecules in chromosomes [NoS]; a characteristic feature of pedigree charts [S]
Chorionic villus
Cairns’ technique [A] members of a species [A] A heritable factor that
sampling;
consists of a length of DNA
amniocentesis [A] Predicting the outcome of
Sex and influences a specific
Prokaryote vs eukaryote Chromosomes monohybrid crosses
chromosomes characteristic
Karyogram/ (Punnett squares) [S]
karyotype
3. Genetics Mendel’s principles of
Homologous chromosomes: Inheritance inheritance [NoS] Blood groups [A]
carry the same sequence of
genes but not necessarily the Down syndrome [A]
Discovered by Sex
same alleles of those genes Genetic Role of radiation and Hiroshima; Chernobyl [A]
microscope linkage diseases mutagenic chemicals
examination of Haploid: one [A]
dividing germ- chromosome of DNA profiling
Diploid: pairs of homologous Genetic modification
line cells [NoS] each pair [A][S]
chromosomes & biotechnology
Gametes are haploid
so contain only one PCR
Diploid → haploid Non-disjunction [A] Gel electrophoresis
Meiosis allele of each gene
Genetic modification
Variation Allows for fertilisation Somatic cell [NoS]
Age of parents [A] Cloning
Fertilised cells: alleles nuclear transfer
DNA replicated Gene transfer
Random may be homozygous [A] Crops [A]
in interphase 1 → 4 cells Crossing over to bacteria [A]
assortment or heterozygous
Drawing diagrams to show the stages of meiosis Experiment design: Risks to monarch
resulting in the formation of four haploid cells [S] Co-dominant Dominant Recessive stem cuttings [S] butterflies of Bt crops [S]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 4
Recognising and interpreting Consumers Chemical energy in carbon Energy decreases at
statistical significance [S] compounds flows through food Pyramids of energy [S] each trophic level
Heterotrophs Detritivores chains by means of feeding
Energy released from carbon
Testing for Quantitative model
Saprotrophs Method of nutrition [S] compounds by respiration is used
association between Converted to in living organisms and converted
two species using the chemical energy in
Energy flow to heat
chi-squared test with carbon compounds
data obtained by Plants and algae are by photosynthesis
quadrat sampling [S] mostly autotrophic but Most rely on supply of
some are not [NoS] Autotrophs energy from sunlight Loss of energy as
(complex form of heat (simple form of
Different populations may become energy) energy)
4. Ecology reproductively isolated [→Topic 5]
Species, communities
and ecosystems Species Populations Communities Ecosystems Limits length of food
Climate change chains [NoS]
Groups of organisms Forms an
Global temperatures Retain the Populations of different The supply of
that can potentially ecosystem by Potential to be
and climate patterns heat in the species living together and inorganic
interbreed to produce its interactions sustainable
affected atmosphere interacting with each other nutrients is
fertile offspring with the abiotic over long
environment maintained by
Diagram periods of time
Absorb nutrient cycling
Correlations between global of carbon
long-wave Autotrophs convert Mesocosm [S] –
temperatures and carbon cycle [S]
radiation carbon dioxide into Practical 5
dioxide concentrations [A][NoS] Carbon cycling
carbohydrates and other Carbon fluxes [A]
carbon compounds Photosynthesis
Nitrogen oxides Biomass
Warmed Earth emits longer Data from air monitoring
wavelength radiation Diffuses into Respiration Partial decomposition stations [A][NoS]
Greenhouse gases
Water
Carbon dioxide Peat Fossil fuels
Methanogenic archaeans Oxidisation Combustion
(anaerobic respiration): methane Methane
diffuses into the atmosphere or Reef-building corals Calcium Dissolved
accumulates in the ground Threats to coral reefs [A] and mollusca carbonate carbon dioxide Aquatic ecosystems

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 5
Evolution occurs when heritable Carolus Linnaeus Dichotomous Assists in Prediction of The genus and accompanying
characteristics of a species change keys [S] identification characteristics higher taxa consist of all the
of species shared by species species that have evolved from
Binomial system [NoS] within a group one common ancestral species

Populations of a species can Natural Kingdom, phylum, class, Taxonomists reclassify groups of
gradually diverge into separate system of order, family, genus
Classification of species if new evidence arises
species by evolution classification and species
biodiversity
Divided into Plant kingdom: recognition features of
Hierarchy of
bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta
taxa
5. Evolution and Continuous variation across Three domains (archaea, and angiospermophyta [A]
the geographical range of eubacteria and eukaryote)
biodiversity related populations
Cladistics Animal kingdom: recognition
features of porifera, cnidaria,
Classification of one plant platyhelmintha, annelida,
and one animal species mollusca, arthropoda and
Cladograms: tree from domain to species chordate [A]; recognition of
Explanation of Natural selection
Evidence for diagrams [S][A] level [A] features of birds, mammals,
evolution
evolution amphibians, reptiles and fish [A]
Analogous or homologous traits
Selective breeding of Variation Mutation
Evidence: base sequences of
Fossil record domesticated animals a gene or the corresponding
Clade: a group of organisms
Meiosis amino acid sequence of a
that have evolved from a
Homologous structures e.g. Limited Overproduction protein
common ancestor
pentadactyl limb [A][NoS] resources of offspring Sexual reproduction
Reclassification of the figwort
Evidence from family using cladistics [A][NoS]
Adaptations
Development of Better adapted tend Increases the frequency of cladistics vs
are
melanistic to survive characteristics that make traditional methods Changes in beaks of finches on
characteristics
insects in individuals better adapted Daphne Major [A]
that make an
polluted areas, individual
e.g. Biston suited to its Pass on characteristics Decreases the frequency of Changes within the Evolution of antibiotic
betularia [A] environment to offspring other characteristics species resistance in bacteria [A][NoS]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 6
Dialysis tubing models Membrane Products of starch Absorb Monitoring of ventilation Antagonistic muscle Muscle
absorption [A][NoS] transport digestion transported monomers in humans [S] – Practical 6 action [A] contractions:
to the liver [A] and mineral volume and
Contraction of circular ions Maintains Different muscles are pressure changes
Tissue layers
and longitudinal concentration required for inspiration inside the thorax
in TS [S] Enzymes digest most
muscle (peristalsis) Increase the gradient and expiration
macromolecules in surface area
Annotated diagram food into monomers for absorption
of the digestive The pancreas
Cancer [A] Emphysema [A] Draw a diagram to
system [S] secretes
Ventilation [NoS] Pneumocytes show the structure
enzymes into Small intestine Villi
the lumen of Alveoli (type I and of an alveolus and
Amylase, lipase and Disease
the small type II) an adjacent capillary
an endopeptidase Digestion and absorption
secreted intestine
Gas Structure of Electrical impulses
Sodium–
High pressure Arteries The blood exchange breathing system potassium
system 6. Human Action potential pump
Neurons and Neurons
Exchange Capillaries physiology Threshold
Harvey: blood synapses Myelinated
circulation [A][NoS] potential
Low pressure Synapses
Research into memory Analysis of
Veins Defence against infectious Mucous and learning [NoS] oscilloscope
Valves disease membranes Neurotransmitters traces [S]
Heart [S]
Separate Hormones, homeostasis Pesticide use [A] Acetylcholine
circulation Bacteria Skin Blood Viruses
Pacemaker and reproduction [A]

Identification of blood vessels [S]

for the Glucagon
lungs Florey & Chain: Ingestion by Pancreas
Cardiac cycle [A] Lack a Leptin [A] Hormones
penicillin [A][NoS] phagocytes Insulin
(non-specific metabolism Type I &
Epinephrine Heart attack [A] Appetite Metabolic rate;
Cuts: blood clotting immunity) Thyroxin Type II
HIV temperature diabetes [A]
Sex Melatonin
Blood clot in coronary arteries [A] Platelets Lymphocytes: antibodies hormones Testosterone Menstrual
(specific immunity) Effects; Jet lag [A] cycle
Antibiotics block processes that transmission [A] IVF [A]
occur in prokaryotic cells but not Cascade: fibrinogen to Diagrams of the male and
in eukaryotic cells fibrin by thrombin Harvey: reproduction in deer [A][NoS] female reproductive systems [S] Estrogen; progesterone

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 7
Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray
7. Nucleic acids (AHL) DNA structure and replication Structure Nucleosomes help to diffraction provided
supercoil DNA crucial evidence that DNA
DNA replication is continuous on the
Replication DNA structure suggested a is a double helix [NoS];
leading strand and discontinuous on Some regions of DNA
mechanism for DNA replication role also of Maurice
the lagging strand do not code for
Wilkins [A]
proteins but have
Use of nucleotides Carried out by a complex Analysis of results of other important Use of molecular
containing system of enzymes the Hershey and functions visualisation software to
dideoxyribonucleic acid to Chase experiment
analyse the association
stop DNA replication in providing evidence
Proteins and enzymes involved between protein and DNA
preparation of samples that DNA is the e.g. Regulators of
in DNA replication include: within a nucleosome [S]
for base sequencing [A] genetic material [S] gene expression,
helicase, DNA gyrase, single-
strand binding proteins, DNA introns, telomeres The promoter as an
primase and DNA polymerases and genes for tRNAs example of non-coding
Tandem repeats are used DNA with a function [A]
in DNA profiling [A] I and III
Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes

DNA polymerases can

Epigenetics [NoS] Splicing of mRNA increases the number of
only add nucleotides to Eukaryotic cells modify
the 3’ end of a primer mRNA after transcription different proteins an organism can produce

Analysis of changes in the DNA The environment of a cell and of

Transcription and gene expression Gene expression is regulated by proteins an organism has an impact on
methylation patterns [S]
that bind to specific base sequences in DNA gene expression
Transcription occurs in a 5’ to Translation occurs immediately Protein structure
3’ direction after transcription in prokaryotes Translation (1° → 4°)
(absence of a nuclear membrane) Initiation: assembly of components

RNA polymerase tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme– Bioinformatics [NoS] Termination: disassembly of the components
adds the 5’ end of Identification of
substrate specificity and the role of
the free RNA polysomes [S]
phosphorylation [A] Molecular visualisation software: Synthesis of the polypeptide
nucleotide to the eukaryotic ribosomes and tRNA [S] involves a repeated cycle of events
3’ end of the
growing mRNA Bound ribosomes synthesise proteins primarily for secretion
molecule or for use in lysosomes Free ribosomes synthesise proteins for use primarily within the cell

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 8
Improvements in computing have facilitated research Use of databases to identify potential
Metabolism
8. Metabolism, cell into metabolic pathways (bioinformatics) [NoS] new anti-malarial drugs [A]
respiration and
Metabolic pathways Enzyme inhibitors can Distinguishing different types of
photosynthesis (AHL) consist of chains and cycles be competitive or inhibition from graphs at specified
of enzyme-catalysed non-competitive substrate concentration [S]
reactions
Enzymes lower the
activation energy of the Chemiosmosis:
Calculating and plotting Metabolic pathways can Coupled
chemical reactions that The pathway that protons diffuse
rates of reaction from be controlled by end- to proton
they catalyse converts threonine through ATP
raw experimental product inhibition pumping
to isoleucine [A] synthase to generate
results [S]
Cell respiration ATP [NoS]
Link reaction Krebs cycle Electron
Glycolysis transport chain
Oxidation and ATP: small net gain
reduction of
Phosphorylation Glucose is Pyruvate is decarboxylated Oxidation of acetyl Energy Oxygen is
electron carriers
of molecules converted to and oxidised, and converted groups is coupled released by needed to bind
makes them less pyruvate in the into acetyl compound and to the reduction of oxidation with the free
Mitochondria
stable cytoplasm attached to coenzyme A to hydrogen carriers, reactions is protons to
(anaerobic) form acetyl coenzyme A liberating carbon carried to the maintain the
Electron dioxide cristae of the hydrogen
tomography Analysis of diagrams mitochondria gradient,
used to produce of the pathways of Intermembrane space of by reduced resulting in the
images of active Photosystem I:
aerobic respiration [S] thylakoids NAD and FAD formation of
mitochondria [A] reduced NADP
water
Annotated diagram to
Photosynthesis indicate adaptations Absorption of light Photosystem II generates Electron transport chain
Reduced NADP and ATP by photosystems
linked to function [S] a proton gradient (thylakoid membrane)
are produced generates excited
electrons
Light-independent
Annotation of a diagram to Light-dependent reaction ATP synthase in
indicate the adaptations of a reaction Photolysis Calvin’s experiment to elucidate thylakoids
chloroplast to its function [S] the carboxylation of RuBP [A][NoS] Stroma generates ATP

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 9
Drawing internal Methods used to induce short-day The adhesive property of water and evaporation Measurement of Design of an
structure of seeds [S] plants to flower out of season [A] generate tension forces in leaf cell walls transpiration rates experiment:
using potometers effect of
(Practical 7) [S] temperature
Design of experiments: factors Response to Cohesive properties of water: or humidity on
affecting germination [S] the length of transport of water under tension transpiration
Drawing of Active uptake of mineral ions
half-views of light and dark rates [S]
in the roots causes absorption
animal- periods
Water from the roots is of water by osmosis
pollinated Success depends on
transported to the leaves to Measurement
flowers [S] pollination, fertilisation
Flowering involves replace losses from transpiration
and seed dispersal Transpiration is the inevitable of transpiration
a change in gene
consequence of gas exchange rates using
expression in the Transport in the xylem potometers [S]
Most flowering plants shoot apex in the leaf
Dependence of plants
use mutualistic
on pollinators
relationships with Models of water Drawing the structure of Adaptations of plants in
for reproduction Reproduction in
pollinators in sexual transport [A][NoS] primary xylem vessels [S] deserts and in saline soils [A]
[NoS] plants
reproduction

Transport in the Experimental methods for measuring phloem

Undifferentiated cells in the meristems 9. Plant biology (AHL) transport rates [NoS]; analysis of data [S]
of plants allow indeterminate growth
phloem of plants
Active transport is used to
Micropropagation: Identification of xylem and Plants transport organic load organic compounds
Growth in plants into phloem sieve tubes
rapid bulking up of phloem in stem and root [S] compounds from sources
new varieties; to sinks at the source
production of virus- Micropropagation of Mitosis and cell division Structure–
free strains; plants using tissue in the shoot apex provide function Raised hydrostatic High concentrations of
propagation of from the shoot apex, cells needed for extension relationships of pressure causes the solutes in the phloem at
orchids and other nutrient agar gels and of the stem and phloem sieve contents of the phloem the source lead to water
rare species [A] growth hormones [A] development of leaves tubes [A] to flow towards sinks uptake by osmosis

Plant shoots respond Plant hormones Auxin efflux pumps can set Auxin influences cell growth rates Incompressibility of water allows
to the environment by control growth in the up concentration gradients by changing the pattern of gene transport along hydrostatic
tropisms shoot apex of auxin in plant tissue expression [NoS] pressure gradients

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 10

Mendel’s law of independent assortment could not account for anomalous data from Independent assortment of genes is due to the random orientation of pairs
dihybrid crosses. Linked genes accounted for the anomalies (TH Morgan). [NoS] of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I

Chromosomes replicate in Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids separate

Meiosis
interphase before meiosis crossing over separate in meiosis I in meiosis II

10. Genetics and
evolution (AHL)
Gene loci are said to be
linked if on the same
chromosome
Application: Morgan’s
discovery of non-Mendelian
ratios in Drosophila [A][NoS]
Identification of recombinants
in crosses involving two linked
genes [S]
Reproductive isolation
of populations can be
temporal, behavioural
or geographic
Comparison of allele frequencies of geographically
isolated populations [S]
Drawing diagrams to show The exchange of DNA Chiasmata formation Crossing over
chiasmata formed by material between non- between non-sister produces new
crossing over [S] sister homologous chromatids can result combinations of
chromatids in an exchange of alleles alleles on the
chromosomes of
Inheritance the haploid cells
Unlinked genes
segregate
Calculation of the predicted Punctuated equilibrium
Completion and independently as
genotypic and phenotypic ratio implies long periods
analysis of Punnett a result of meiosis
of offspring (unlinked genes) [S] without appreciable
squares for dihybrid
change and short periods
traits [A]
Variation can be of rapid evolution
Polygenic traits such
discrete or continuous
as human height may
Chi-squared tests
also be influenced by
determine whether Evolution requires that allele
The phenotypes of environmental factors
differences between frequencies change with time
polygenic [A]
observed and expected in populations
characteristics tend
data in a dihybrid cross
to show continuous
are significant or not [S] Can be gradual
variation A gene pool consists of all the genes
and their different alleles, present in
Speciation in the genus Allium by polyploidy [A]; Can occur abruptly an interbreeding population
patterns of chromosome number in some genera can
be explained by speciation due to polyploidy [NoS]
Speciation: caused by divergence of
isolated populations
Gene pools
Identifying examples of directional, stabilising and disruptive selection [A] and speciation

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Topic 11
Antibodies aid the destruction Can be species-specific although Monoclonal Animal size & the development Birth: mediated by positive feedback
of pathogens others can cross species barriers antibodies to HCG of young at birth [A] involving estrogen and oxytocin
are used in
pregnancy test kits Estrogen &
Plasma cells secrete antibodies ABO blood Diagrams of seminiferous Blastocyst
Pathogens [A] progesterone
group [A] tubule and ovary [S]
HCG
Activated B cells multiply to form

Pregnancy
Used to identify Location Placenta
clones of plasma cells and memory Diagrams of mature
cells sperm & egg [S]
Antigens Fertilisation Avoiding polyspermy
Specific immunity
Monoclonal antibodies Number and size
Immunity depends upon the Antibody production are produced by Details of spermatogenesis and oogenesis of gametes
persistence of memory cells hybridoma cells
and vaccination
Sexual reproduction Risks to human male fertility [NoS]
Vaccines contain antigens White cells release histamine
that trigger immunity but 11. Animal Nitrogenous waste in Desert animals: prevention
in response to allergens
do not cause the disease animals: evolutionary history of water loss [NoS]
Movement physiology (AHL) and habitat

Jenner tested his Histamines Length of the loop

Muscles work in Skeletal muscle The kidney and Malpighian tubule
vaccine for smallpox cause allergic of Henle: water
antagonistic pairs fibres: multinucleate; system in insects
on a child [NoS] symptoms osmoregulation conservation in
contain specialised
endoplasmic Osmoregulators & animals
Role of Drawing a
Smallpox was the first reticulum osmoconformers
bones and Antagonistic pairs labelled Blood in the renal
infectious disease of exoskeletons of muscles in an Kidney: structure [S]
Muscle fibres contain diagram of a artery vs blood in
humans to have been insect leg [A] and function
many myofibrils sarcomere [S] renal vein
eradicated by
vaccination [A] Synovial
Sliding filament Nephron [S] Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
joints Each myofibril is made up State of contraction
theory [NoS] of muscle fibres [S]
of contractile sarcomeres Proximal convoluted tubule
Analysis of Annotation
epidemiological of a Role of actin and Role of calcium ions; Blood cells, glucose, proteins and
myosin filaments tropomyosin & troponin Collecting duct
data related to diagram of drugs are detected in urinary tests [A] Loop of Henle
vaccination the human
programmes [S] elbow [S] ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation Treatment of kidney failure [A] ADH Dehydration/overhydration [A]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option A
Neural development Incomplete closure of the embryonic Neurons initially Immature neurons migrate to
Option A: neural tube can cause spina bifida [A] produced by final location
Neurobiology differentiation in
Annotation of a the neural tube
and behaviour diagram of embryonic Neural tube of embryonic chordates Developing neuron forms
tissues in Xenopus (an is formed by infolding of ectoderm An axon grows from multiple synapses
animal model) during followed by elongation of the tube
Strokes may promote each immature
neurulation [S][NoS]
reorganisation of brain neuron in response Synapses that are not used do
function [A] Some axons extend beyond the to chemical stimuli not persist
The anterior part of the neural neural tube to reach other
tube expands to form the brain parts of the body
Brain metabolism Neural pruning involves the The plasticity of the
requires large energy loss of unused neurons nervous system allows it
inputs to change with experience
Use of the pupil reflex Identification Sensory homunculus &
to evaluate brain of parts of the motor homunculus as Perception of stimuli
The human brain damage [A] brain [S] models [NoS] Detection of chemicals in the
air by the many different
Visual cortex, Broca’s Receptors detect changes olfactory receptors [A]
Humans: extensive in the environment
area, nucleus Different parts of the Cerebral folding (increased s.a.)
accumbens [A] brain have specific roles cortex to accommodate Diagram of structure
within the cranium Eye of the human eye [S]
Annotation of
Use of animal Cerebral hemispheres: higher a diagram of
experiments, autopsy, order functions Ganglion cells Information from right
Larger proportion the retina [S]
lesions and fMRI to field of vision from
of the brain;more
identify the role of both eyes sent to the
Brain stem: the Left cerebral highly developed Ear Bipolar cells
different brain parts [A] Rods and left part of the visual
autonomic hemisphere receives in humans
cones cortex and vice versa
nervous system sensory input from Middle ear
Medulla: swallowing,
controls sensory receptors in
breathing and heart Cochlear implants
involuntary the right side of the Analysis of
rate [A] Cochlea [A][NoS] Red-green colour-
processes body & the right correlations
side of the visual blindness [A]
between body
Left cerebral hemisphere controls muscle field in both eyes; size & brain size Semicircular canals Auditory
contraction in the right side of the body vice versa for the in different detect movement nerve to brain Diagram of structure of
and vice versa for the right hemisphere right hemisphere animals [S] the human ear [S]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option A AHL
Some neurotransmitters excite & others inhibit nerve impulses in post-synaptic neurons Slow-acting neurotransmitters modulate fast synaptic transmission in the brain

Impact of MDMA (ecstasy) on Endorphins can act as Effect of psychoactive drugs

Memory and learning
Drug approval serotonin & dopamine painkillers [A] involve changes in
processes [NoS] metabolism in the brain [S] Anaesthetics: action and effects [A]
Effects of two neurones caused by slow-
Initiation or inhibition of nerve stimulants & two acting neurotransmitters
Neuropharmacology Effects of stimulant drugs Addiction
impulses in post-synaptic neurons sedatives [A]
Memory: the process of
Analysis of data from invertebrate Learning: the acquisition of
Option A: Innate and learned encoding, storing and
behaviour experiments [S] skill or knowledge
Neurobiology behaviour accessing information

and behaviour Imprinting: learning occurring at a

Learned behaviour develops
Innate behaviour: inherited from parents and so particular life stage & is independent of
AHL as a result of experience
develops independently of the environment the consequences of behaviour

Reflexes: autonomic and Operant conditioning: a form of learning

involuntary responses that consists of trial and error Reflex conditioning: involves The role of inheritance and learning
forming new associations in the development of birdsong [A]

Reflex arcs comprise the Laboratory experiments & field investigations

neurons that mediate reflexes
Withdrawal reflex of
the hand from a
painful stimulus [A][S]
Ethology
Ethology: the study of animal
behaviour in natural conditions
Learned behaviour can spread
through a population or be lost
from it more rapidly than
innate behaviour
Pavlov’s experiments into Blood sharing in vampire bats as an example
helped in the understanding of different types
reflex conditioning in dogs [A] of the development of altruistic behaviour
of behaviour and learning [NoS]
by natural selection [A]
Natural selection can change the
Migratory behaviour in blackcaps as an example of the genetic
frequency of observed animal behaviour
basis of behaviour and its change by natural selection [A][NoS]
Behaviour that increases the chances of survival and reproduction Foraging behaviour in shore crabs: optimal prey choice [A]
will become more prevalent in a population
Breeding strategies in coho salmon populations [A]
Feeding on cream from milk bottles in blue Courtship in birds of
tits as an example of the development and paradise as an example
loss of learned behaviour [A] of mate selection [A] Synchronised oestrus in female lions in a pride [A]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option B
Gram staining of Gram- Zone of inhibition of Deep-tank batch fermentation in the The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming [NoS]
positive and Gram- bacterial growth [S] mass production of penicillin [A]
negative bacteria [S]
Biogas is produced by Production of biogas in a Probes used to
Microorganisms Production of citric acid in bacteria and archaeans small-scale fermenter [S]
Used industrially to a continuous fermenter by monitor condition
are metabolically from organic matter [A]
produce metabolites diverse Aspergillus niger [A] Conditions are
of interest Carry out by batch or maintained at optimal Microorganisms
Allow large-scale production of Fermenters continuous culture levels for the growth of become limited
metabolites by microorganisms the microorganisms by their own
Optimises genetic and being cultured waste products
regulatory processes Microorganisms: used in
within microorganisms industry because small & Used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields
Microbiology: organisms have a fast growth rate
in industry
Pathway engineering Genetic modification [NoS] Used to produce novel products
Biotechnology Transgenic organisms produce
Option B: proteins that were not previously Inserted into the plant cell and taken up
in agriculture Recombinant DNA by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA
part of their species’ proteome
Biotechnology
and bioinformatics Bioinformatics plays a role in Introduced by
Target gene is linked Can be introduced into whole plants,
identifying target genes direct physical
to other sequences leaf discs or protoplasts
and chemical
that control its
Environmental protection Use of open reading frames [S] methods or
expression
indirectly by Use of tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of
vectors Agrobacterium tumefaciens [A]
Responses to pollution: Microbes are Biofilms Quorum sensing
bioremediation used in
combined with physical bioremediation
and chemical procedures Microorganisms growing in a Production of Amflora Impact of glyphosate-
Emergent biofilm are highly resistant to potato (Solanum tolerant soybeans [S]
Degradation of oil properties [NoS] tuberosum) [A]
antimicrobial agents
Degradation of by Pseudomonas [A]
benzene by
Use of biofilms in trickle filter Genetic modification
halophilic bacteria Conversion of methyl Bacteriophages: Environmental
beds for sewage treatment [A] of tobacco mosaic
such as Marinobacter mercury into used disinfecting problems caused
virus [A]
[A] elemental mercury [A] water systems by biofilms [S]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option B AHL
Metabolites that Innovation in technology has The body of data stored BLAST searches can identify similar
Option B: in databases is
indicate disease can allowed scientists to sequences in different organisms
be detected in blood diagnose and treat diseases Biotechnology and increasing exponentially
and urine [NoS] bioinformatics
BLASTn allows nucleotide
AHL Databases on the sequence alignment while
Use of PCR to detect different strains of internet allow scientists BLASTp allows protein alignment
influenza virus [A] free access to
information [NoS]
Databases can be searched to
Infection by a pathogen can be detected Viral vectors can be compare newly identified
by the presence of its genetic material Medicine used in gene therapy Bioinformatics sequences with sequences of
or by its antigens known function in other organisms

Use of viral vectors in Knockout technology in Gene function can be studied

the treatment of mice to determine gene
Predisposition to using model organisms with
Severe Combined function [A]
Interpretation of the results a genetic disease similar sequences
Immunodeficiency
of an ELISA diagnostic test [S] can be detected
(SCID) [A]
through the Sequence alignment software
presence of Discovery of genes by allows comparison of sequences
markers EST data mining [A] from different organisms
Tracking experiments are
used to gain information Biopharming uses Use of software to align
about the localisation and genetically modified two proteins [S]
interaction of a desired DNA microarrays can EST is an expressed
animals and plants to
protein be used to test for sequence tag that can
produce proteins for Multiple sequence alignment is
genetic be used to identify
therapeutic use used in the study of phylogenetics
predisposition or to potential genes
diagnose the disease
Use of software to construct simple
Tracking tumour cells using Explore chromosome 21 cladograms and phylograms of
transferin linked to Analysis of a simple Biopharming of in databases (e.g. related organisms using DNA
luminescent probes [A] microarray [S] antithrombin [A] Ensembl) [S] sequences [S]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option C
Species and communities Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the The distinction between fundamental
Option C: Ecology same habitat if their niches are identical and realised niche [S]
and conservation The distribution of
species is affected by Each species plays a unique Interactions between species in a Local examples to
limiting factors role within a community community can be classified illustrate the range of
Use of a transect to according to their effect ways in which species
correlate the distribution
can interact within a
of plant or animal species Zones of stress and limits of Keystone species Closed ecosystems The symbiotic community [A]
with an abiotic variable [S] tolerance graphs [NoS]
relationship between
Zooxanthellae and
Food webs Communities and ecosystems Investigation into the
Distribution of one animal and Most reef-building coral
one plant species to illustrate reef species [A] effect of an environmental
species
limits of tolerance and zones The type of stable ecosystem disturbance on an
occupy Analysis of a
of stress [A] that will emerge in an area is ecosystem [S]
different climograph [S]
trophic predictable based on climate Disturbance
Case study of the captive levels in influences the
An example of how
breeding and reintroduction multiple Analysis of data structure and rate
Construction of humans interfere with
of an endangered animal food showing primary of change within
Gersmehl diagrams [S] nutrient cycling [A]
species [A] chains succession [S] ecosystems

Ex situ In situ The percentage of Impacts of humans

Role of biogeographic Pyramids of energy [NoS]
ingested energy on ecosystems
factors [A] Conversion ratio in & comparison from
converted to biomass
Conservation sustainable food different ecosystems [S]
is dependent on the
respiration rate production practices [A] Alien species
Indicator species Biotic index
Introduction of cane toads
Laysan albatrosses Macroplastic & in Australia & one other Invasive species
Conservation of biodiversity & one other microplastic debris Biomagnification
local example [A]
named species [A]
Trade-off between Analysis of data Evaluation of Reduction in
Biodiversity
Preservation of species Simpson’s control of the illustrating the eradication programmes the numbers
involves international reciprocal malarial parasite & causes and and biological control of endemic
cooperation [NoS] Richness & evenness index [S] DDT pollution [A] consequences [S] [S][NoS] species

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option C AHL
Random number Use of the capture- The exponential growth The phases shown in the sigmoid curve can be explained by relative rates of
generator helps mark-release-recapture pattern occurs in an ideal, natality, mortality, immigration and emigration
to ensure method to estimate unlimited environment
population the population size of
sampling is free an animal species [A] Population growth slows as a population Discussion of the effect of
carrying capacity
from bias [NoS] reaches the carrying capacity of the natality, mortality,
environment immigration & emigration
logistic
growth curve
on population size [A]

POPULATION
Sampling techniques are The effect of population size, age
Population ecology
used to estimate and reproductive status on
Modelling the growth
population size sustainable fishing practices [A] TIME curve using a simple
Limiting factors can organism such as yeast
be top down or Evaluating the methods used to estimate the size of or species of Lemna [S]
Option C: commercial stock of marine resources [A]
bottom up
Ecology and Rhizobium associates with roots in a
conservation mutualistic relationship
Bottom-up control of algal blooms by shortage of
AHL nutrients & top-down control by herbivory [A]
N2 in atmosphere Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Nitrogen and Nitrogen cycle convert atmospheric
Assess the nutrient content
phosphorus cycles nitrogen to ammonia
of a soil sample [S]

Agricultural practices can The rate of turnover Drawing and labelling a

disrupt the phosphorus
cycle [NoS]
Phosphorus can be added
to the phosphorus cycle
by application of fertiliser
Phosphorus cycle in the phosphorus diagram of the nitrogen
cycle is much lower cycle [S] Ammonia is converted to
than the nitrogen nitrites and then nitrates
cycle In the absence of oxygen by nitrifying bacteria
Availability of
phosphate may denitrifying bacteria reduce
nitrate in the soil
become limiting Leaching of mineral nutrients from Insectivorous plants as an
to agriculture agricultural land into rivers causes adaptation for low nitrogen
in the future eutrophication & leads to increased The impact of waterlogging availability in waterlogged
biochemical oxygen demand on the nitrogen cycle [A] soils [A]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option D
Cause and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) [A] Production Artificial Allows time for atrial Delay between arrival &
of ascorbic pacemakers [A] systole before the passing on of a stimulus at
acid by atrioventricular valves close the atrioventricular node
Scurvy was thought to be
Lack of essential amino acids some
specific to humans [NoS]
affects the production of proteins mammals, Heart sounds Signals from the Conducting fibres
but not sinoatrial node cannot ensure coordinated
Some fatty others [A]
Calculating Dietary minerals Mapping of pass directly from atria contraction of the
acids and some
intakes of are essential the cardiac to ventricles entire ventricle wall
amino acids
essential chemical elements Vitamins cycle to a

Heart rate under

nutrients normal ECG Epidemiological data and
from a daily Energy content Essential nutrients Structure of cardiac
trace [S] the incidence of coronary

different conditions [S]

of food by Lack of muscle cells
diet [S] heart disease [S]
combustion [S] Vitamin D or
Human nutrition calcium [A]
Control of The heart
Use of defibrillation [A] Causes & consequences of
appetite
Malnutrition: deficiency, imbalance or hypertension & thrombosis [A]
excess of nutrients in the diet Option D: Human Invention of the stethoscope
Overweight
improved knowledge of the Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
individuals: physiology
Starvation → breakdown of body tissue workings of the heart [NoS] measurements [S]
hypertension
and type II
diabetes Digestion Identification of Functions of the liver Removes toxins from the
Breakdown of heart muscle
exocrine gland cells [S] blood and detoxifies
due to anorexia [A]
Cholesterol Components of red Surplus cholesterol
Nervous and Dual blood supply [A]
in blood as Dehydration Adaptations of villi blood cells are recycled is converted to
hormonal control
an indicator due to cholera bile salts
of the risk of toxin [A] Identification of villus Breakdown of Endoplasmic reticulum
coronary epithelium cells [S] Volume and content and Golgi apparatus in
erythrocytes High-density
heart of gastric secretions hepatocytes produce
Rate of lipoprotein could be
disease [A] Stomach ulcers [A] considered ‘good’ plasma proteins
transit of Iron is carried to
Acid conditions cholesterol [NoS]
materials Reduction of stomach the bone marrow
in the stomach
Materials not through acid secretion [A] Intercepts blood from
absorbed are the large Causes and consequences Some nutrients in the gut to regulate
egested intestine The role of gastric acid in digestion [NoS] of jaundice [A] excess can be stored nutrient levels

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017
 Mind maps Option D AHL
Steroid hormones bind to
receptor proteins in the
cytoplasm of the target
cell to form a receptor–
hormone complex
Eliminating the harm
done by iodine
deficiency [NoS]
Some athletes take
growth hormones to
build muscles [A]
The receptor–hormone
complex promotes the
transcription of specific genes
Hormones and metabolism
Peptide hormones bind to
receptors in the plasma
membrane of the target cell
The hypothalamus
controls hormone
secretion by the anterior
and posterior lobes of
the pituitary gland
Binding of hormones to membrane
receptors activates a cascade mediated by a
second messenger inside the cell
Hormones secreted by the pituitary
control growth, developmental changes,
reproduction and homeostasis

Option D: Human Endocrine glands secrete

Identification of pneumocytes, capillary
Control of milk secretion by hormones directly into the
physiology endothelium cells and blood cells in light
oxytocin and prolactin [A] bloodstream
micrographs and electron micrographs of
AHL lung tissue [S]

Transport of respiratory gases

Scientific research has led to
a change in public
perception of smoking [NoS]
Causes and treatments
of emphysema [A]
Oxygen dissociation curves
show the affinity of
hemoglobin for oxygen
The Bohr shift explains the
increased release of oxygen by
hemoglobin in respiring tissues
During exercise the rate of
Consequences of high ventilation changes in Chemoreceptors are
altitude for gas exchange [A] response to the amount of sensitive to changes in
CO2 in the blood blood pH
Analysis of dissociation
curves for hemoglobin and
myoglobin [S]
Carbon dioxide is
carried in solution The rate of ventilation is
Carbon dioxide is transformed in
and bound to controlled by the
red blood cells into
hemoglobin in respiratory control centre in
hydrogencarbonate ions
the blood the medulla oblongata

Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin allowing pH of blood is regulated to stay within the
the transfer of oxygen in the placenta onto the fetal hemoglobin narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45 [A]

Biology for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide © Andrew Davis and C. J. Clegg 2017