DRDO/ASL/CPDC Chapter-3: Literature Review

CHAPTER – 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Composite materials are widely used in several structural applications like in aerospace,
and transportation, and consumer goods. When there was a need for great strength materials,
with its hundreds of applications fiber reinforced composites have been widely used. There are
numerous customized formulations that deal Grid – stiffened structure with a variety of tensile
and flexural strengths. As soon as compared with classic materials such as metals the
combination of great strength and lower mass has made Grid- stiffening structures as prevalent
selection for refining a product’s scheme and enactment.

3.1 Literature survey associated with current study

Jaunky. N et al., Knight N et al., & Ambur, D et al. 19987: In this paper composite
materials have a higher importance in the aerospace and aircraft production. The foremost
reasons for the accomplishment of composite materials employed in the aerospace industry are
the great enactment versus weight ratios that it is likely to reach using these materials and the
requirement of dropping the weight of the aircraft as much as potential in demand to improve its
efficiency.

Sudhir S Shunoy et al. 20028: This paper states that initial aluminum iso-grid stiffening
notions were developed further as an extension in the form of Advanced Grid Stiffened structure,
a rib-shell shape structure. Due to their higher impact and fatigue resistance, high strength and
Stiffness to weight ratios and damage tolerance these structures have extensively been advanced
and used for aerospace and civil infrastructure applications in recent years. Another significant
distinctive feature of these constructions was great Specific Energy Absorption (SEA).

Ambur D. Reddy et al., R. Rao Valisetty et al., and Lawrence W. Rehfieldet et al. 19849:
The outline of this paper is that the lightweight iso-grids were not ever fully realized due to very
low fiber volume fraction and poor part quality despite numerous composite iso-grid launch
vehicle components were flown in the USSR (erstwhile Russia). Additional research keen on
composite iso-grid fabrication sustained effectively in the US at an amount of academies and
aerospace companies.

Helms et al. 200110: This paper outlines that as a possible solution to the difficulties that
are inherent to laminated composite structures the AGS composite structures are attaining
attention. Grid design is not a novel essential concept they are employed by aeronautical
engineers to strengthen spaceship solar cell arrangements. Structural engineers and design

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Page 22

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD
DRDO/ASL/CPDC Chapter-3: Literature Review

engineers use these grid structures as structural supporters. The application of these grid
stiffened composites was enhanced with the advent of novel industrial methods in filament
winding and automated fiber placement methods as well as new innovative tooling ideas have
reduced the manufacturing problems.

Jaunky et al. 199511, Phillips et al. 199012, Wang et al. 199513: In this paper author
elucidated hopeful future of grid stiffened composite, which has in chance led to a wide
investigation effort to this extent.
Kidane et al. 200214: This paper explains that when the high cost of each kilogram of the
payload is concerned weight saving was of even good significance in designing space structures.
The conventional metal structures were replaced by composite lattice structures that provide a
great possibility by offering greater strength to weight ratio and it is one among many
applications of these structures in aerospace and aircraft industries aircraft fuselage and launch
vehicle fuel tanks.

Huybrechts et al. 2 200215: As per the author grid stiffened composite structures are
classified by a shell structure which is sustained by a lattice design of stiffeners. Generally, these
stiffeners path in 2-4 orders throughout the shell developing an iterating design.

Totaro et al. & Gürdal et al. 2005, 200916: The author successfully developed an
optimising technique for composite lattice shell structures subjected to axially compressive
loads. The proposed investigative method produces the least quantity solution under buckling
and strength constraints, regardless of extra likely design shortcomings, such in place of shell
stiffness constraints.

Vasiliev V.V et al., Baryin VA et al., & Rasin AF et al. 200017: Investigation described
that the composite shells due to its great strength to weight ratio, are extensively used in
industry. According to the article significant features of composite structures such as high
strength and ease of fabrication, are always used by engineers in the design and manufacture of
satellites, aircraft wings, and fuselages. Hence, in the recent years the use of composite materials
in different industries such as aerospace industry prolonged significantly. These materials when
used in the construction of space structures instead of metallic materials, decrease the weight by
up to 30 percent.

And also an analysis was done with a 3-dimensional entity was generated for iso-grid
structures with or without shell with the help of ANSYS workbench. The iso-grid lattice
structure element was used indicating the elementary geometric parameters of the structure.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Page 23

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD
DRDO/ASL/CPDC Chapter-3: Literature Review

Lattice composite structures are generally constructed in the method of thin-walled cylindrical
shells and contain a structure of ±ϕ.

G. Gatta et al. & F. Romano et al. 200818: This paper elucidates the required design
criteria are a no-strength failure and no-buckling failure at ultimate load for the beam elements of
the ribs. The superlative lattice structure has all the margins of safety (MS) as positive and the
minimum mass. In particular, the limits to check are beam tension MS, beam compression MS
and global buckling MS.

Frulloni et al. 200719: Investigation on failure behavior of lattice composite hollow

structures that need to be stayed laid open toward an external hydrostatic pressure existed
offered using the finite element modeling.

Slinchenko. D et al. & Verijenko. V.E et al.20: In this paper, several smeared models
have been investigated and the stiffness matrix of the corresponding shell be presently achieved
by smearing the ribs centered on spacing, while the ultimate analysis was done by numerical
analysis.

M. Buragohain et al. & R. Velmurugan et al. 200921: Paper investigates on drive

centered smeared stiffener technique which stayed evolved to achieve equivalent stiffness
coefficients of an iso-grid cylindrical shell containing hexagonal lattice arrangements. The
elaborate finite element forming cover diverse illustrative sizes need to be remained carried out.
By means of the equivalent stiffness coefficients, Ritz buckling analysis was achieved. The
smeared method was evaluated by equating with the projected buckling loads.

Rahimi. G.H et al. & Yazdani. M. et al. 201022: In this recent series of investigation on
grid composite structures have tended to focus on the axial loading mainly even though the
structures are treated to transverse loadings as well as axial loadings. This research mainly
emphasizes to study the grid composite cylindrical shell below transverse loadings, both
experimentally and mathematically.

M. Buragohain et al. & R. Velmurugan et al. 201123: In this article detailed account of
design and analysis of grid-stiffened cylindrical structures subjected to axial compression was
proposed. 3D modeling and numerical calculation have been broadly divided into two major
stages-initial stages and final stages. In the early stage of design parametric investigation through
smeared-stiffeners method was used to arrive at an ideal shape and finite element modeling was
used in the later stage of design.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Page 24

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD
DRDO/ASL/CPDC Chapter-3: Literature Review

W.M. van den Brink et al., W.J. Vankan et al. & G. van de Vrie et al. 201524: This research was
done to evaluate buckling and strength performance of a single panel using numerical methods,
taking into account composite curing aspects, manufacturing and testing of this enhanced design.
The final weight increase theoretically was 8.4 kilograms for the forward fuselage structure. This
amounted to around 1% of the total structural weight. Analysis showed a stable post-buckling
behavior for the panel and a damage tolerant structure. The curing analysis, however, showed
large remaining stresses and distortions, therefore, preventive measures were taken in the panel
manufacturing process itself.

Jafar Arashmehr et al., Gholam Hossein Rahimi et al., & Seyed Fazel Rasouli et al.
201325: In this article, author elucidated about stress investigation of the structure, under a
clamped-free boundary condition and subjected it to shear end load in cooperation
experimentally and mathematically. The specimen used to investigate was made through a
specifically intended filament winding machine it was designed and constructed in Tarbiat
Modares University. This machine performs an uninterrupted technique to construct the case in
that the ribs remain first made, the shell remained straightaway wound about it, and then the
specimen was cured. This procedure certifies a solid fusion of the ribs to the skin. Glass fibers
and a room-temperature curing resin epoxy matrix were used for the manufacturing.

Huybrects S et al., Hahn S et al. & Meink TE et al. 199926: In this paper, it was noticed
that typically, Grid structures were developed by means of constant fiber organic composite
materials. These constructions are classified based on shell structure reinforced by a lattice
pattern of stiffeners.

Bradley et al. & Harris et al. 191727: Studies using unidirectional high carbon steel wires
to raise the effect the properties of epoxy resin reinforced with unidirectional carbon fiber was
considered. Inopportunely, flexural design approaches rely on their experimental boundary
situations and the particular laminate setup, because scaling of the effects was very hard. The
incidence of failure modes under flexural load conditions, like delamination, matrix tensile
fracture, and localized compressive failure and Fiber shear failure was extremely reliant on the
material formation and the loading type.

Jawad Kadhim Uleiwi et al. 200728: This article studied the effect of fiber volume
fraction on the flexural properties of the laminated composite ended up of dissimilar layers. One
of the composite structure was taking reinforced glass fiber and the other layer was constructed
with Kevlar fiber has been analyzed experimentally. The results showed that tension stress drops

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Page 25

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD
DRDO/ASL/CPDC Chapter-3: Literature Review

through the increase in fiber volume fraction of glass fiber of the lower layer although tension
stress increases by an increase of Kevlar volume fraction of the upper layer.

Benjamin Lazarus et al. 201229: The author studied mechanical properties of natural
fiber which was constructed by using a plant fiber which is generally employed on behalf of
green manuring called Sunhemp. Polyester was used as the matrix to make the composite. The
outcome obtained the applications of the composite structures for several particular uses can be
determined upon because the highest significance of strength was accomplished for a specific
Fiber length and Fiber weight ratio.

30
N.K. Naik et al. : The paper throws light on the investigation of the interlaminar shear
performance of classic polymer matrix composites subjected to high strain rate shear loading.
Tensional split Hopkinson bar tool was employed for the investigation in the shear strain rate
range of 496-1000/ s. From the studies, it was identified that the inter-laminar shear strength at
an elevated strain rate was improved when compared to the quasistatic loading. Additionally, it
was witnessed that interlaminar shear strength improved with increasing shear strain rate in the
sort of shear strain rate was taken.

Slavisa Putic et al., 200931: This paper elucidates the study of interlaminar shear
strength, as the serious mechanical property of composite construction of structural elements
situated among two thin glass material layers. In this, a layer was placed on the glass fabric of
the identical structure but of dissimilar density, with varied polyester resin matrices. The
importance of the shear strength lies in the matter that for every type of composites it was
strongly affected by factors waning the boundary fixes.

Jane Maria Faulstich de Paiva et al., 200932 : This article deals with experiment relating
to four dissimilar laminates based on 2 epoxy resin systems (8552TM and F584TM) with
mechanical and morphological characterizations. The outcomes show that the 8552 composites
were inferior to F584-epoxy matrix laminates that showed better mechanical properties in the
tensile and compressive tests. Moving forward it was observed that PW laminates on behalf of
together matrices indicated better flexural and interlaminar shear characteristics.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Page 26

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD