32/Heat Treater's Guide 1018: Microstructures (continued) Conditions 8 (g, except Carbon has diffused rer grain boundaries.) 35 mal, 20DX, al (885 °C), 2 hr. Cooled in fur 1019 Chemical Composition, AISI and UNS: Nominal. 0.15 to 0.20 C, 0.70 to 1.00'Mn, 0.040 P max, 0.050 § max Similar Steels (US. and/or Foreign). UNS G10190; ASTM A510, A513, A519, Ad, A548, A576, SAE 3403, J412, J4d Characteristics. Excellent forgeability, reasonably good cold ‘mability, and excellent weldability. As carbon content increases, strength also increases, accompanied by a stnall decrease in cold formability. Machinability is relatively poor compared with the 1100 and 1200 grades. The slightly higher manganese (compared with 1018) pro vides a slight increase in strength and hardenability furnace with ai leak Fura 2'tv 10 min. ir cooled to room temperature, Thin decarburized layer (erie), caused by furnace leak, covers surface. Metrix is pealite, with {abide 2t prior austenite grain bounces. (i) 1% nal, BOOK. Gas carburized, urmace cooled, nd cooled to room temperature under same imace leak was mote severe. Decarburized layer (ert) caused by leak s thicker and covers mnaix of peaite oniided, 4 in; 1860 *F (845°C), Propane, 62 remainder, endothermic 85. Oil quenched. Cooled to ~100 °F (~74 °C). Tempered Lvs hr at 300 (150 *C), Tempered mariensite, some si Goroonitided ar, 1550 °F (84 °C). Ol quenched not tempered. Stabilized by subzera temperature Normal es Contains martensite, carbide particles, and small amount of retained austenite. (Pi Fully annealed structure consists of pales of pear (Source: Afetals Handbook, 8th ed, Vl 7, American Sockly tor Metals, ‘00 Nital, 100% ‘stuctute far carbon steel, 200%. Annealed by austentizing at 1625 °F atk areas) in matin of ferrite Wight areas), 972), Forging. Heat to 2825 °F ( 1670 "F (910°C) 275°C). Da not forge below Recommended Heat Treating Practice Normalizing. Heat to-1700 °F (925 °C), Air eval Annealing. Heat to 1625 °F (885 °C). Cool slowly, preferably in a cooler or by furnace cooling Hardening. May be case hardened by carburizing, (See pro- cedure for 1020.) More often, it is subjected to light case hardening by earbonitriding or easing in a liquid bath. (See procedure for 1008 steel.) In many instances, forg ings of this grade are used in service either as forged or as forged and normalizedCarbon Steels (1000 Series)/33 1018: Isothermal Transformation Diagram. Costaining 0.17 0.92 thn. Austenitized at 2400 *F (1315 °C). Grain size, O10 2 Noartensite temperatures estimated. (Saurce. fas of Isothetms Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, Ametican Society tor Metals, 1977), Ta 1018; End-Quench Hardenability,0.5:in, (12.7-mm) diam bar. 10.17 ¢, 0.92 Min, Grain size, Oto 2. ustenitized at 2400 °F (1315 °C), Guenched trom 1600 °F (870 °C). (Source: Aas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooting Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1977) wold eT p ai g TT nate] “ r T T T ‘1019: Hardness Versus Tempering Temperature. Represents an a average Based ona fll quenched struclire (no case hardening) is — 1020 Chemical Composition, AISI and UNS: Nominal. 0.18 to 0.28 G, 0.30 to 0.60 Mn, 0.040 P max, 0.050 max Similar Steels (U.S. and/or Foreign). UNS G10200; AMS 5032, 5045; ASTM A510, A519, A544, A575, A576, A659, MIL. SPEC MIL-S-11810 (CSi020); "SAE 4403, J412, J414, GW. Ger) DIN 1.0402; (Fr.) AFNOR CC 20; tItal.) UNI C 20; (Swed.) S5y« 1450; (U.K) B.S. 040 A 20, 070 M20 Sharactristies. Most widely used of several similar grades containing about 0.20% carbon. Available in a variety of product. forms, Excollent forgeubility and weldabilty. Even with a maximum earhon content of 0.23%, no pre- heating or postheating required for the vast majority of welded structures. When most of the fabricating opera- tions consist of some form af machining, this grade is not recommended because machinability is notably poor Widely used os a carburizing stel Forging. Heat to 2300 °F (1260°C), Do not forge below 1650 *F (800 °C) Recommended Heat Treating Practice Normalizing. Heat to 1700 °F (925 °C). Air coo] Annaling, Heat to 1600 °F (870 °C). Cool slowly, preferably Hardening. Can be case hardened by any one of several processes, whieh range from light ease hardening, auch as carbonitriding and the others described for grade 1008, to deeper case carburizing in gas, solid, or liquid media. ‘Most carburizing is done in a gaseous mixture of methane combined with one of several carrier gases, using the tem- perature range of 1600 to 1760 °F (870 to 955°C). Car- bburize for desired case depth with a 0.90 carbon potential Case depth achieved is always function of time and temperature, For most furnaces, a temperature of 1750 "F (955 °C) approaches the practical maximum without caus- ing excessive deterioration in the furnace, With the advent of vacuum carburizing, temperatures up to 2000 °F (1095 °C) can be used to develop a given case depth in about one half the time required at the more conventional tomperature of 1700 °F (925 °C) Hardening after carburizing is usually achieved using one of three procedures: 1 Quench directly into water or brine from the carbu- izing temperature 2 Aftor the desired carburizing eycle has been completed, decrease the furnace temperature or use lower temperature-zone-of-a-continuous-farnace-to-1650-"F- (645 °C) for diffusion cycle, Quench into water or brine34/Heat Treater's Guide 3 Cool slowly to room temperature after earburizing. Reheat to 1500 °F (815 °C). Quench in water or brine For very thin sections of nal over ve or % in. (6.85 to 9.53 ‘mtn), fall hardness usually can be obtained by oil quench. ing. in earbonitriding, oil quenching will also provide full hhardness. The liguid carburizing method using molten salt may also achieve relatively deep cases on 1020 and similar grades of earbon steel Tempering. Although many carburized and hardened parts are placed in service without tempering, it is eon- Sidered good practice to tempor at 300 °F (150 "C) or some- ‘what higher for 1 hr if some sacrifice in hardness an be tolerated Recommended Processing Sequence © Forge ¢ Normalize (omit for parts machined from bar stock) Rough machine and/or rough grind ‘¢ Semifinish machine and grind © Carburize Lower temperature for diffusion eycle © Quench, © Temper ‘© Finish grind (removing no more than 10% of the elec tive caso per side) 1020; Normalizing. Effect of mass and section size on cooing ‘curves obtained in stillar at 73 °F (23 °C), Gin, (152.4mm) ‘iam. Approximately 122 Ib (64 ig). (Source: Metals Handbook, fined, Vol 2, American Society for Metals, 1964) 1020: Influence of Sodium Cyanide Concentration on Case Dept in, (25.4-mm) dam bor, eyanided 30 min at 1500 *F (015 °C) a. ~Deth of case ACN ont omer Toosd 0.1524 160. og = 01778 Boe. 0.0060 0.1524 20, : 0060 0.1524 302 0.0060 0.1524 ans. 6.0055 0.1897, ib Gonso — a.1270 ios Hood — 0.1036 62. 0.0020 0.0508, Source: Metas Honda tho, Vol, American Seo for Metals 1964 1020; Effect of Cyaniding Temperature and Time on Depth of Case Cyanide Depth of enee cemporaeufe " 7 i Produced by immersion for 15 rain 1.00025, ‘00635 1300708 Goss Gosaas 1400760 hoor Goaaas © 1001s 6.00320 0.08198 i600 870, Prodweed by immersion for 80 min 0.90050 01270 1300705 8.00280 6.08380 100780, 5.00800 8.10160 : 3500815 0.00480 oxzis2 3600870, Produced by immersion for 45 min 0.00100 ‘02540 1300705, 9.00875 o.ogg25 2: 1400780, 0.00800 o.yat00 «0. 100 BI, ‘o0atoo 015240 5600870, ml 22.66) Seas tas Bondo, hd, Vl 2 sian Sct for Meal, 2964 | 1020; tect of Cyniding Mass on Depth of Case | : mi cyanidedat 1500 “F(815 °C) F | Bator of pecinen Case dete ~ I mo Sain immersion j— 380, 6350 ooois §—uatas te 12700 Canes eRe SET a 0750 19.050 Si 9lo030 o07e2 vn 100 25400 - Sine 0886 oe 2.000 50.800 0.0025 6.0635 Boo 76200 tones ORB TOU as Carburzing,Carouraea to & hn belch trace io-min immersion {Saree Metals Handbook Bin. Yol 2, American Society for | Qe cae eer TT fas. 1968), 00 ko Soo ane Ot nt. ed 18.050 tos) horse © een ms 140 35400 i ed 1a * 20 sam toss ess 0 38200 ono see Sours tus Hundboc ie. Vols Ameren Sai Met 264 jem orl) SSSCarbon Steels (1000 Series)/35 1020: Oil Quenching. cFfect of mass and section size on cooling cures in oll quenching. Oi at 89 °F (37 *). 6, (152.4smnm) diam. Approximately 142 Ib (54 kg). (Source: Metals Handboa, Bh ed., Vol 2, American Society fr Metals, 1964) 1020: Liquid Carburizng, ertect of carburizing temperature and time at temperature on case depth and case hardness fradlent. Specimens 0.75-in.(19.05-mm) diam by 2 in (0.8 mm). Liquid carburized, air coated, reheated in neutral salt at 1550 (B45 °C), and quenched in salt at 360 °F we (G80) a) Catburizad at 1600 (870) 0) 1650°F {900d} 1700 (925 0). (Source HetasHendtook, 2,062 a Btn ed, Vl 2, American Soci for Wells, 1964) 7 1. : 2 Za ed ecto i im | “S ua Ot OOF GaeoI OR i i cy rhe ae C ow 3 AR Time, min 2 ap—} 1020; Gas Carburzng. Variations of carbon content, 0.010 in {0.25 mm below the frac. Tice slr bath races, ) ued Twenty ve teats in each, (Source; Meals Handbook, ered, Vol 2, American Solty fr Metals, 1964) , ee] ay i” . lh a. i Ad 3 al a F a bile eo Weel 1a ae ew eae ae o Canes the 1020: Liquid Carburizing. comparison of case depth and case hatness of 27 specimens, 0.4375¢in. (11. 1125mm) diam by 0.25 in (6.35 mm). Lguid carburized, 2 hy, at 1575 °F {855 °C). Brine quenched and tempered, 300 *F {150 °C), ‘Source: Metals Handbook, Bt ed., Vol2, American Society for Metals, 1964)36/Heat Treater’s Guide 1020: Liquid Carturizing. carbon gracients prosuced in low. and high-temperature baths. I-n,(25,4-n) diam bar carburized, for time shown, at: (2) 1550 °F (845 °C); (b) 1600 *F {870 °C} () 1750 (955 °C), (Source Metals Handbook, sth ee, Vol 2, Bmeriean Society for Metals, 1964) eo jo (NO ; 7 3 ad — Dn no tc i Os non en i: ow 2 a 7 7 1020: Hardness Versus Tempering Temperature, Reprosents an [4HCarbon Steels (1000 Series)/37 1020: Liquid Carburzing. E1fect o time ane temperature ‘on case depth (a) I-n. 25.4-mm) outsige diam by 6 In. (52.4 min). Specieen carburized at temperature indicate, (il quenched. b) 0.437551. (11.1125-mm) dam by 0.25 in, (6.35 mm), Specimen carbunzed at 1575 °F (855 °C, brine ‘quenched, and tompered at 300 °F (150 °C). (Source: Metals ‘Handbook, 8th ec, Vol 2, American Seciely fr Metals, 1964) 020: Liquid Carburizing of Typical Pars. Seiective carburizing by partial immersion. Only that portion to be carburized (shased area) is immersed in bat. a) Compression tod, Depth of case, 0.020 to 0.025 in. (0-508 to 0.635 mm), Hardiness, 55 to 60 HRC. (b) Contra linkage. Depth of case, 0.005 to0.020 in. (0.127 to 0.254 mm). Hardness, 55 t0 {60 HRC. (c) Ball connecting rod. Depth of case, 0.040 to 0.015 in, (0.254 to 0.381 mm). Hardness, 55 to 60 HRC, (Source: Metals Handbook, Bth ed, Vo 2, American Society 1020: Water Quenching. Erfect of mass anc section size on cooling cures in water quenching. Water st 115° (46 °C). No agitation. 6:in. (152.4-mm) alam, Approximately 142 1b (64 Kah, (Source: Metals Handbook, Bth e0., Vol 2, American Society or Metals, 1964) im ated oO) e tS a TT eetanetetin a ¢ G se or carne aren 1p 62 ow sace 1020: Liquid Carburizing. Case hardness gradients, obtained in ten| 7 ‘anthem fet showng tated sonal nar, Cases neem « fonbot Sed Yl Ren ery rei oe i al : i #4 . i 00 0 2 : ‘38/Heat Treater's Guide 1020: Gas Carbonitiding. cHects of ammonia concentration and inlet-gas dew point on carbon and nitrogen gradients. Carbonitrided a1 1550" (B45 °C), 4 Iv, loll gas: 88 methane, remainder, carrer ges. Air coled (a) 5% Nis ‘Den points 15°F (~26 °C), {hy 5% NH, Dew point, #32 °F (20 *C). (a) 5% NH, Dew point, +74 °F (+24 %). (1% Ny. Dew point, 20 °F (~29 {e) 1% NH. Dew poin, +32 °F (20°C. If) 196 NH). Dew point, +72 °F (+22 C). (Source: Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol 2, Pmerican Society for Metals, 1964) 7 An \ . s 8 [ 7 wi jonas | A = | “ Oise ow tin ta ron tn | ro One wo, « Demet en re en par 1 (20°C) 7 cn rete ae ——— ; —— °Carbon Steels (1000 Series)/39 1020: End-duonch Hardenabilty: Carbonitriding and Carburizing. As-auenced harsenabiity measured along surface. Inlet carbontriding atmosphere was 5% ammonia, 5% methane, andthe remainde, carer gas. Soli ine carbontrided 4 hr at 1650 °F (00 °C), Dotted tne: ‘carburized 3 heat 1700 °F (925°). (Source: Metals Handbook, led, Vol 2, Rmerican Sociely for Metals, 1964) 1020: Gas Carbonitrding.Etfects of temperature and duation of earbonitriding on depth of case. Total fumace time incited, (Source: Metals Hendoook, Sth ec, Vo 2, American Social for Nets, 1964) enh ot co. ee (a) Nita, 500K. Carbonitrided and oil quenched, showing etfect of too high 2 carbon potential. Outer white layer, cementite; folloned by Interlaced martensite neecles in retained austenite. Martensite matrix on rant. (b) 2% nital, 550K, Cyanided in salt bath, 1550 °F (845 °C), for 1 hr. Waler quenched. As quenched concition shows caarse martensite with some carbide particles. Free of ferite () 2% nial, 100X, ‘Same as (0), but lower magnification; showing case, transition, and care stuctures, Dark impressions are 500-p Tukon microhardness indentations, 0.003 in. (0.0762 mim) apart. Equivalent hardness, 61 HRC incase and 25.5 in core. (Soutee: Metals Handbook, th ed. Vol 7, American Society for Metals, 1972),