17 Mathematical Reasoning 1

Level-I
Chapter 17
Mathematical Reasoning
Solutions (Set-1)
Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Write three mathematical acceptable statements.
Sol. (i) p : Grass is green.
(ii) q : There are 366 days in a leap year.
(iii) r : Product of an even and odd number is an even number.
2. Give three examples of sentences which are not statements.
Sol. (i) p : He is a chemistry graduate
(ii) q : It x and y are two positive integer then x – y is always greater than zero.
(iii) r : How much old he is
3. Write the definition of negation of a statement p with an example.
Sol. Definition : If p is a statement, then the negation of p is also a statement and is denoted by ~p, and read as
not p.
Example : p : 4 32 is an irrational number
So, ~ p : 4 32 is not an irrational number
4. Write the component statement of statement p, where p : Aeroplane flies in the air and ships sails on the
water.
Sol. Component statements are
q : Aeroplane flies in the air
r : Ships sails on the water
5. Check whether following statements are true or not, with reason

(i) p : 16 is a multiple of 2, 3 and 4.
(ii) q : 16 is a multiple of 2, 3 or 4.
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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Mathematical Reasoning 141
Sol. (i) p is false. In p basic connective “and” is used, and one component statement is false, so p is false.
(ii) q is true. In q basic connective “or” is used and in this case statement is true if any one of it’s component
statements are true.
6. Identify the type of “or” used in the following statements.
(i) To open bank account a person need a voter I-card, driving licence or Passport.
3
(ii) 64 is a rational number or an irrational number.
Sol. (i) Inclusive OR
(ii) Exclusive OR
7. Write the contrapositive of P : If a person has bachelor degree then he can apply for the post of P.O..
Sol. If a person cannot apply for post of P.O. then he has not a bachelor degree.
8. Write the converse of p : If x is not a real number then it is complex.
Sol. If x is complex number then it is not real.
9. Given below are two pairs of statements combine these two statements using “if and only if”.
(i) p : If base radius and height of a cone and cylinder are equal then volume of cone is one third of volume
of cylinder.
(ii) q : If volume of cone is one third of a cylinder then base radius and height of cone and cylinder are equal.
Sol. Volume of a cone is one third of cylinder if and only if base radius and height of cone and cylinder are same.
10. By giving a counter example show that the following statement is false. p : If n is an even integer, then n is
not prime.
Sol. n = 2, is a prime number and even number also.
Short Answer Type Questions :
11. Give three examples of sentences which are statements with reason.
Sol. (i) p : There are 33 days in a month. We know that a month cannot have 33 days, so above sentence is
false, so we can say this sentence is statement.
(ii) p : The product of 5 and 6 is 30. This sentence is true so it is statement.
(iii) p : Sum of two positive numbers is always positive. This sentence is always true, so it is statement.
12. Give three examples of sentences which are not statements, with reason.
Sol. (i) Call the police. It is an order, so it is not a statement.
x
(ii) If x and y are integers, then is an integer. This sentence is sometimes true, sometimes false, so it
y
is not a statement.
(iii) Chandigarh is far from here. This sentence does not specify particular place, so it is not a statement.
13. Write the negation of following statement and check whether they are true or not.
(i) p : 0 is a natural number.
(ii) p : 70 is a multiple of 20.
(iii) p : Longest chord of a circle is diameter.
142 Mathematical Reasoning Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)
Sol. (i) ~p : 0 is not a natural number. (True)
(ii) ~p : 70 is not a multiple of 20. (True)
(iii) ~p : Diameter is not the longent chord of circle.
14. Are the following pairs of statements negation of each other? Give reason
p : We can insert infinitely many rational numbers between two rational numbers.
q : We cannot insert infinitely many rational numbers between two rational number.
Sol. Yes, they are negation of each other. Since negation of a statement p is also a statement, and we can form
negation of statement using phrases like “It is not the case” or “ It is false that” before p or, if possible by
inserting in p the word “not”.
15. Write the negation of following statement in three ways.
p : Square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8q + 1, for some positive integer q.
Sol. ~p : It is false that square of an odd integer is of the form 8q + 1, for some positive integer q.
or
~p : It is not the case that square of an odd positive integer is of the form of 8q + 1, for some positive integer k.
or
~p : square of an odd positive integer is not of the form 8q + 1, for some positive integer q.
16. Write the component statement of compound statement p and verity they are true or not.
p : Taj Mahal is in India and Niagara falls is in U.S.A.
Sol. Component statements of p are
q : Taj Mahal is in India (True)
r : Niagara falls is in U.S.A. (True)
17. Write the component statements of the compound statement p and check whether they are true or not.
p : 12 is a rational, an irrational or complex number.
q : 12 is a rational number (False)
r : 12 is an irrational number (True)
s : 12 is a complex number (False)
18. Form the compound statement by using basic connective “And” and “OR” from following statements.
p : Rational number follows commutative property for addition.
q : Rational number follows commutative property for multiplication.
Sol. Compound statement using connective AND “rational number follows commutative property for addition and
multiplication”.
Compound statement using connective OR “rational number follows commutative property for addition or
multiplication”.
19. Form the compound statement by using basic connective “And” and “OR” from following statement
p : All sides of two congruent triangles are equal.
q : All angles of two congruent triangles are same.
Sol. (i) By using basic connective “And”
All sides and all angles of two congruent triangles are equal
(ii) By using basic connective “OR”
All sides or all angles of two congruent triangles are equal
20. Check whether the given compound statement p is true or false.
p : Chord of a circle lies within the circle and tangent of a circle lies both outside and inside of circle.
q : Chord of a circle lies within the circle (True)
r : Tangent of circle lies both outside and inside of circle (False)
In compound statement p basic connective “And” is used and it is true only when all component statement
are true.
So, compound statement p is false.
21. Check whether the given compound statement p is true or false.
p : From a point outside the circle we can draw two tangent to a circle or from a point inside the circle we
can draw one tangent to circle.
q : From a point outside the circle we can draw two tangents to a circle (True)
r : From a point inside the circle we can draw one tangent to circle (False)
In compound statement p basic connective “OR” is used, so p will be true if at least one component statement
is true, so compound statement is true.
22. Identify the quantifier in the following statements and also write their negation.
(a) p : For every natural number x, 7x is greater than 7.
(b) q : There exists a tangent which is chord to the circle.
Sol. (a) In p quantifier is “for every”.
~p : For every natural number x, 7x is not greater than 7.
(b) In q quantifier is “There exists”
~q : There does not exist a tangent which is chord to the circle.

23. Write the following statements in the form “if then”
(a) p : Three common tangent can be drawn to two circles if they touch each other.
(b) q : Chord of a circle which subtends an angle 90º in alternate segment implies it is diameter.
Sol. (a) p : If two circle touch other then we can draw three common tangents to both circle.
or
If three common tangent can be drawn to two circles then they touch each other.
(b) q : If chord of a circle subtends an angle 90º in alternate segment then it is diameter.
24. Given below are two pair of statements combine these two statements using “if and only if”.
p : If a convex polygon is pentagon then it has 5 diagonals.
q : If a convex polygon has 5 diagonals then it is pentagon.
Sol. A convex polygon is pentagon if and only if it has 5 diagonals.
25. Write the contra positive of following statements.
(i) p : If two chords bisect each other then they are diameter.
(ii) q : If two triangles are similar then their corresponding angles are equal.
Sol. (i) If two chords are not diameter then they will not bisect each other.
(ii) If corresponding angles of two triangles are not equal then they are not similar.
26. Write the converse of following statements
(i) p : If two circles are congruent then their radius are equal
(ii) p : If two polygons are congruent then they will overlap each other.
Sol. (i) If radius of two circles are equal then they are congruent.
(ii) If two polygons overlap each other then they are congruent.
27. If p and q are mathematical statements, then write the rule to show that the statement “p and q” and “p or q”
is true.
Sol. In order to prove that “p and q” is true, we have to follow following steps.
Step-1 : Show that the statement p is true.
Step-2 : Show that the statement q is true.
In order to show that “p or q” is true, one must consider the following
Case-1: By assuming that p is false, show that q must be true.
Case-2 : By assuming that q is false, show that p must be true.
28. By giving a counter example show that following statement is false.
p : If area of two figures are equal then they are congruent.
Sol. Numerical value of area of a circle and area of a triangle can be equal but they are not congruent.
29. By giving a counter example show that following statement is not true.
p : The graph of equation x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0, will cut axis at only two points.
Sol. x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
 (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
So, given equation has three roots, so it will cut x-axis at three times.
Long Answer Type Questions :
30. Sentences which are questions are never considered as statements, in the same manner. Can you classify
four types of such sentences which are never considered as statements. Give examples also.
Sol. Following are four types of sentences which are never considered as statement
Type-1 : Sentences involving variable time such as “Today”, tomorrow” or “Yesterday” are not statements,
because it is not known what time is referred here.
Example : Tomorrow is Friday.
Type-2 : Sentences which are an order are never considered as statements.
Example : Bring a glass of water
Type-3 : Sentences which are exclamation are not considered as statements.
Example : Too smooth.
Type-4 : Sentences with pronouns unless a particular person is referred to.
Example : He is a football player
31. Explain why following sentences are not statements.
(a) p : Hisar is far from here
(b) q : Yesterday was Saturday
(c) r : Too large!
Sol. (a) p contains pronoun “here” which refers to variable place, here it doesnot mention the place from which
we are measuring the distance of Hisar.
(b) q is true only on Sunday but not on other days.
(c) r is exclamation so it is not a sentence
32. Write the negation of following sentences in three ways and also write interpretation of negation of statement
(i) p : Every one in Europe plays football.
(ii) q : Every quadratic equation has two real roots.
Sol. (i) ~p : It is false that everyone in Europe plays football
or
~p : It is not the case that everyone in Europe plays football
or
~p : Everyone in Europe does not play football.
~p says that at least one person in Europe does not play football.
(ii) ~q : It is false that every quadratic equation has two real roots
or
~q : It is not the case that every quadratic equation has two real roots
or
~q : Every quadratic equation has not two real roots.
~q Says that at least one quadratic equation exists whose roots are not real
33. Write the definition of compound statement and give three examples of it.
Sol. Definition : A compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more statements. In this case,
each statement is called a component statement.
Examples are
(i) Ganga is a river and Mansarover is a lake.
(ii) 8 is a natural number of integer.
(iii) Product of a rational and an irrational number is real or irrational number.
34. Write the rules regarding the basic connective “And” to prove true or false of a compound statement with
examples.
Sol. We have the following rules regarding the connective “AND”.
Rule 1 : The compound statement with “And” is true if all its component statements are true.
Example : p : 110 is a multiple of 2, 5 and 55.
Component statements are
q : 110 is a multiple of 2 (True)
r : 110 is a multiple of 5 (True)
s : 110 is a multiple of 55 (True)
∵ All component statements are true so statement p is True.

Rule-2 : The compound statement with “And” is false if any of its component statements is false (This includes
the case that some of its component statements are false or all of it’s component statements are false).
Example, p : 110 is multiple of 2, 3 and 5
Component statements are
q : 110 is a multiple of 2 (True)
r : 110 is a multiple of 3 (Flase)
s : 110 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Since all the component statements are not true. So p is false.
35. Write the rules regarding the connective “OR” to prove a compound statement with example.
Sol. We have the following rules regarding the connective “OR”
Rule-1 : A compound statement with an “OR” is true when one component statement is true or if both the
component statements are true.
Example, p : 15 is an odd or prime number.
Component statements of p are
q : 15 is an odd number (True)
r : 15 is a prime number (False)
One of the component statement is true, so p is true
Rule-2 : A compound statement with an “OR” is false when the component statement are false.
Example : p : 15 is an even or prime number.
Component statements of p are
q : 15 is an even number (False)
r : 15 is a prime number (False)
Since both component statements are false, so p is false.
36. Explain with examples how we will decide which type of OR (Exclusive OR, inclusive OR) is used in a given
compound statement.
Sol. When connective “OR” is used in the sense of statement “p or q or both, i.e., at least one of the two alternatives
we call it inclusive “OR”.
Example : A person who is graduate or has an experience of five years can apply for post of sales executive.
Here, in above example, A person who is graduate p and has an experience of five years can also apply, as
well as a person who is only graduate or only having a experience of five years can apply for sales executive.
So, this type of statements uses inclusive “OR”.

Now, when connective “OR” is used in the sense of statement “p or q but not both” i.e., exactly one of the
two alternative occurs is called exclusive “OR”
Example : p : All integers are even or odd.
Here all integers cannot be both even or odd.
If they are even then they are not odd and if they are odd then they are not even.
37. Rewrite the following statement with “If then” in five different ways conveying the same weaning.
p : If two circles are apart from each other then we can draw four common tangents to them.
Sol. Following are the five different ways of writing p which convey the same meaning.
(i) Two circles are apart from each other implies we can draw four common tangents to them.
(ii) Knowing that two circles are apart from each other is sufficient to conclude that we can draw four common
tangents to them.
(iii) Two circles are apart from each other only if we can draw four common tangents to them.
(iv) For two circles to be apart from each other it is necessary condition that we can draw four common
tangents to them.
(v) If we cannot draw four common tangents to two circles then the two circles are not apart from each other.
38. Check whether “OR” used in the following compound statement is exclusive or inclusive? Write the component
statements of the compound statements and use them to check whether compound statement is true or not.
Justify your answer.
p : A quadratic equation has real or complex root.

q : A quadratic equation has real roots.
r : A quadratic equation has complex roots.
When statements q is true, r becomes false and when r is true q become false. So type of OR used in the
statement p is exclusive “OR”
So, at least one of the compound statement is true at a time
So, compound statement is true.
39. Show that the following statement is true by the method of contra positive.
p : If x is an integer and x3 is odd, then x is also odd.
q : x3 is odd
r : x is odd.
We have to check whether the statement q  r is true or not, that is, by checking its contrapositive
Statement i.e., ~q  ~r.
Now, ~q : It is false that x3 is odd, then x3 is even
Then x3 = 2n for some integer n.
∵ x3 is even so x is also even.
It shows that ~q is true.
40. Verify by method of contradiction
 
p : For every real number x 0,  , we have sinx + cosx  1.
 2
 
Sol. Suppose p is not true. Then there exist an x  0,  for which sinx + cosx < 1.
 2
 
Since x  0,  , neither sinx nor cosx is negative,
 2
So, 0  sinx + cosx < 1

 02  (sinx + cosx)2 < 12
 02  sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx.cosx < 12
 0  1 + 2sinx.cosx < 1
So, 1 + 2sinx cosx < 1
Subtracting 1 from both sides gives 2sinx.cosx < 0, but This contradicts the fact that neither sinx or cosx is
negative. So p is true
41. Verify by the method of contradiction
p : The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number.
Sol. Let x be non-zero rational number and y be an irrational number. Then, we have to show that xy is an irrational
number. If possible let xy be a rational number. Since the quotient of two non-zero rational numbers is a rational
number.
So, xy is a rational number and x is a rational
 xy 
  x  is a rational number
 
 y is a rational number
But, it contradicts the fact that y is an irrational number.
So, our assumption is wrong.
42. By giving a counter example show that p is false
p : For all integers a, b and c if a|bc then a|b or a|c.
Sol. Counter example is
a = 12, b = 3, c = 4
12|3*4, but neither 12|3 nor 12|4.
43. For the given statements identify the necessary and sufficient conditions.
r : If you pass NTSE Test then you will get scholarship.
Sol. Let
p : You pass NTSE Test
q : You will get scholarship
So, given statement is in the form of If p then q. In such case q is necessary condition for p.
So, you will get scholarship is necessary condition.
Also, p is a sufficient condition for q.
To get scholarship it is sufficient condition that you pass NTSE Test.

Level-I
Chapter 17
Mathematical Reasoning
Solutions (Set-2)
Statement and Negation of Statement 

1. Which of the following sentences are statements
p : Hockey is the national sport of India
q : Do your homework
r : There are 400 days in a year
(1) p only (2) q only (3) p and r only (4) All p, q and r
Sol. Answer (3)
p is true and r is false, so they are statements but q is an order.
2. Which of the following option is statement?
(1) He is post graduate in Commerce
(2) Day before yesterday was Sunday
(3) Delhi is far from here
(4) The product of a positive and a negative number is negative
Sol. Answer (4)
Sentence
(1) Does not refer a particular person (2) Represents variable time
(3) Represents variable place (4) Is true sentence so it is a statement
3. Statement p : 15 is a rational number
(1) p is true (2) p is false
(3) p is both true and false (4) p is ambiguous
Sol. Answer (2)
A sentence is called mathematically acceptable statement if it is either true or false.

4. Which of the following is not a statement?
(1) Brush your teeth (2) 11 is a prime number
(3) p is an irrational number, if p is prime (4) 15 is composite number
Sol. Answer (1)

(1) is an order, so it is not a statement.
5. Negation of statement “Newyork is in America and Mumbai is in India” is

(1) Newyork is in India and Mumbai is in America
(2) Newyork is not in America and Mumbai is in India
(3) Newyork is not in America and Mumbai is not in India
(4) Newyork is in America and Mumbai is not in India
Sol. Answer (3)
6. Negation of the statement “There does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal
length” is
(1) It is not the case that there does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length
(2) It is false that there does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length
(3) There exists a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)

While forming the negation of a statement, phrases like, “It is not the case” or “It is false that” are also used.
So all (1), (2) and (3) represent negation of statement.
7. Negation of statement “Everyone in China knows Martial Art” can be interpreted as

(1) No person in China knows Martial Art
(2) At most one person in China does not know Martial Art
(3) At least one person in China does not know Martial Art
(4) None of these
Sol. Answer (3)

Negation of given statement is it is false that everyone in China knows Martial Art. So, it can be interpreted
as at least one person in China does not know Martial Art.
8. Which of the following is true?

(i) If p is a statement then ~p is not a statement
(ii) If p is a statement then ~p is also a statement
(iii) Negation of p : 0 is a positive number is, 0 is a negative number
(1) Only (ii) (2) Only (i) (3) (i) & (iii) (4) (ii) & (iii)
Sol. Answer (1)
9. Negation of the given statement p is

P : There exists a rational number y such that y3  108.
(1) There exists an irrational number y such that y3 = 108
(2) There exists an irrational number y such that y3  108
(3) There does not exist a rational number such that y3 = 108
(4) There does not exist a rational number such that y3  108.
Sol. Answer (3)
Compound Statements
10. Which of the following option can be used as basic connectives?
(1) “far”, “near” (2) “And”, “Or” (3) It is false (4) Is

Sol. Answer (2)
11. The compound statement with “And” is true when

(1) All its component statements are true
(2) All its component statements are false
(3) At least one component statement is true
(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (1)
Compound statement with And is true when all its component statements are true.
12. The compound statement with “And” is false if

(1) All its component statements are false
(2) Any one of its component statements is false
(3) All its component statements are true
(4) Both (1) & (2)

Sol. Answer (4)
The compound statement with “And” is false when any one of its component statement is false or all its
component statements are false.
13. In which of the following statements “And” is not used as basic connective?
p : 63 is a multiple of 3, 7, 9 and 21
q : Product of 8 and 4 is even number
r : H.C.F. of 2 and 3 is one
3
s: 8 is a rational number and 8 is a perfect cube
(1) q and r (2) p and s (3) p, r and s (4) p, q and r

Sol. Answer (1)
q and r are not compound statements. Therefore word “And” is not used as basic connective.
14. In which of the following statement “And” is not used as basic connective
p : L.C.M. of 5 and 3 is 15
q : 108 is a multiple of 2, 3, 6 and 36
r : Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen
s : Product of an even number and odd number is always odd
(1) p only (2) q and r only (3) p, r and s (4) p and s
Sol. Answer (3)

p, r and s are not compound statements, so they are not connected by basic connective “And”.
15. Which of the following compound statements is/are true?
p: 7 is an irrational number and 12 is a rational number
q : Cow gives us milk and ox is used for ploughing

r : 105 is multiple of 3, 5, 7 and 35.
(1) p only (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (2)

All component statements of q and r are true, so compound statement q and r is true.
16. Which of the following compound statements are false?

p : 17 is odd and prime number
q : 23 is even and prime number
r : Volume of cube is a3 and total surface area is 4a2, where a is the length of side of a cube
(1) p and q (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) None of these
Sol. Answer (2)

Component statement of q is
23 is an even number. (False)
23 is a prime number. (True)
So, q is false
Also, component statement of r is
Volume of cube is a3. (True)
Total surface area of cube is 4a2. (False)
So, r is false.
Hence, option (2) is correct
17. A compound statement with “OR” is true when

(1) At least one component statement is true (2) All the component statements are true
(3) All the component statements are false (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (4)

A compound statement with connective “or” is true when one component statement is true or all the component
statements are true. So both (1) and (2) are correct.
18. A compound statement with “OR” is false when
(1) At least one component statement is false

(2) At most one component statement is false
(3) All the component statements are false
(4) Only one component statement is true other are false
Sol. Answer (3)

A compound statement with an “or” is false when all the component statements are false.
19. Which of the following compound statements is/are true?
p : All fraction numbers are rational or all rational numbers are fraction
q : Number of prime factors of 12 is 3 or number of total factors is 6

r : Square of an integer is always positive or cube of an integer may be negative or positive
(1) p only (2) q only (3) q and r (4) p, q and r
Sol. Answer (4)
One component statement of p is true, so p is true, all component statements of q and r are true, so all p,
q and r are true.
20. x : x = 5 or x = 1 is the root of equation (x – 5)2 = 0, statement p is true since
(1) Both the component statements are false

(2) Both the component statements are true
(3) One of the component statements is true
(4) None of these
Sol. Answer (3)

x = 5 is root of equation (x – 5)2 = 0, so one of the component statement is true therefore, compound
statement is true.
21. Which of the following statements is/are true?

p : 137 is an integer or rational number
q : Birds has wings or colour of sky is blue

r : One of every three consecutive integer is divisible by 3 or product of every two consecutive integer is odd
(1) p only (2) q only (3) p and q only (4) p, q and r
Sol. Answer (4)
All of the above compound statements are true.
22. Which of the following compound statements contains inclusive OR
p : 35 is a rational or an irrational number
q : 12 is an even or rational number
r : To apply for post paid mobile connection you should have voter I-card or driving license
(1) p only (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) p and q
Sol. Answer (2)
Statement p contains exclusive OR, since a number can be irrational or rational not both. Statement q and
r contains inclusive OR since a number can be both even and rational number, similarly. If a person can have
voter I-card or driving license or both.
23. Which of the following compound statement contains ‘exclusive OR’

p : Student can take computer or physical education as their fourth subject with PCM
q : Sun rises or moon rises
r : An integer greater than 1 is prime or composite
(1) p only (2) q only (3) r only (4) All p, q and r
Sol. Answer (4)
Each statement p, q and r contains exclusive, since if one component statement of all statement is true then
other is false and vice-versa.
24. p : For every integer x, x2 is positive integer, (x  0) statement p can be interpreted as

(1) There is at least one integer exists such that its square is positive integer
(2) There is at most one integer exists such that its square is positive integer
(3) In the set of integers square of all integers are positive integer
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)
“For every” means for all, so square of every integer is positive.
25. p : There exists a natural number which is prime. Statement p can be interpreted as
(1) Every natural number is prime number
(2) There is at least one natural number which is prime
(3) There is at most one natural number which is prime
(4) Every prime number is a natural numbers
Sol. Answer (2)
Direct method, Contrapositive, Converse, Equivalent 

26. “If p then q” (where p and q are statements) says
(1) If p is true, then q must be true (2) If p is false, then q must be false
(3) Not happening of p has no effect on happening of q (4) Both (1) & (3)
Sol. Answer (4)
If “p then q” does not say anything (or places no demand) on q when p is false.
27. “If p then q“ is same as (where p and q are statements)

(1) p only if q (2) p is a sufficient condition for q
(3) ~q implies ~p (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
28. p : If a number is multiple of 5 then its end digit will be 5 or 0.
Contrapositive of above statement is
(1) If a number is not multiple of 5, then its end digit will not be 5 or 0.
(2) If end digit of a number is not 5 or 0 then it will not be multiple of 5.
(3) If a number is not multiple of 5, then its end digit will be 5 or 0
(4) If end digit of a number is 5 or 0, then the number will be 5.
Sol. Answer (2)
29. Contrapositive of “if p then q” is (where p and q are statement)
(1) If ~p then ~q (2) If ~q then ~p (3) If ~q then p (4) If ~p then q
Sol. Answer (2)
Contrapositive of “If p then q” is “if ~q then ~p”.
30. p : If an octagon is regular than all its side and angles are equal.
Contrapositive of statement p is
(1) If all sides and angles of an octagon are not equal then octagon is not regular
(2) If all sides and angles of an octagon are equal then it is regular
(3) If all sides and angles of an octagon are not equal then it is regular
(4) If all sides and angles of an octagon are equal then it is not regular
Sol. Answer (1)
Contrapositive of “If p then q” is “if ~q then ~p”.
1 2
31. p : If a cylinder is right circular cylinder then its volume is r h .
3
Contrapositive of statement p is
1 2
(1) If the volume of a cylinder is r h then it is not right circular cylinder
3
1 2
(2) If the volume of a cylinder is not r h then it is not right circular cylinder
3
1 2
(3) If a cylinder is not right circular cylinder then its volume is not r h
3
1 2
(4) Volume can’t be r h
3
Sol. Answer (2)
32. The converse of a given statement “if p, then q” is (where p and q are statements)
(1) If q, then p (2) If ~p, then q (3) If ~q, then p (4) If ~p, then ~q
Sol. Answer (1)
Converse of “if p then q” is “if q, then p”
33. p : If nth term of a sequence is linear then sequence is in A.P.
Converse of statement p is
(1) If a sequence is not in A.P. then its nth term is linear
(2) If a sequence is in A.P. then it’s nth term is not linear
(3) If a sequence is in A.P. then its nth term is linear
(4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (3)
The converse of a statement “If p then q” is “If q, then p”. So, converse of statement is If a sequence is in
A.P. then its nth term is linear.
34. p : If a triangle is equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and incentre lies at same point.
Converse of statement p is
(1) If centroid, circumcentre and incentre of a triangle lies at same point then it is equilateral
(2) If a triangle is not equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and, incentre will not lie at same point
(3) If a triangle is equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and incentre will not lie at same point
(4) If centroid, circumcenter and incentre of a triangle does not lie at same point then it is not equilateral
Sol. Answer (1)
Converse of statement “If p then q” is “If q then p”. Hence, converse of given statement is option (1).
35. r : If a finite set has n elements then its total number of subsets is 2n.
Converse of statement r is
(1) If a finite set has n elements then its number of subset is not equal to 2n.
(2) If a finite set has not n elements then its number of subset is equal to 2n.
(3) If number of subset of a finite set in not 2n than it is not finite
(4) If total number of subset of a finite set is 2n then it has n elements
Sol. Answer (4)
Converse of statement “If p then q” is “if q then p”. Hence, option (4) is correct.
36. Equivalent form of “if and only if” for the given statements p and q is
(1) p if and only if q
(2) q if and only if p
(3) p is necessary and sufficient condition for q and vice versa
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
37. r : Two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre if and only if they are equal in length
Statement r can be interpreted as
(1) Two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre if they are equal in length
(2) Two chords of a circle are equal in length if they are equidistant from the centre
(3) Both (1) & (2)
(4) None of these
Sol. Answer (3)
For the given statement p and q equivalent forms of “if and only if” is
(i) If p, then q (ii) If q, then p
38. r : Two polygons are congruent if and only if they are equal in shape and size
Statement r can be interpreted as
(1) If two polygons are congruent then they are equal in shape and size
(2) If two polygons are equal in shape and size then they are not congruent
(3) If two polygons are equal in shape and size then they are congruent
(4) Both (1) & (3)
Sol. Answer (4)
39. Converse of given statement p is, where
p : If an event is sure event then its probability of occurrence is 1.
(1) If probability of occurrence of an event is not 1, then it is not same event
(2) If probability of occurrence of an event is 1, then it is sure event
(3) If is probability of occurrence of an event is not 1, then it is sure event
(4) If probability of occurrence of an event is 1, then it is not sure
Sol. Answer (2)
Converse of a given statement “if p then q” is if q, then p.
40. Contrapositive of given statement p is, where
p : If slope of a straight line is 45º, then it is equally inclined to both the axes.
(1) If a straight line is equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is 45º
(2) If a straight line is equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is not 45º
(3) If a straight line is not equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is not 45º
(4) If a straight line is not equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is 45º
Sol. Answer (3)
Contrapositive of statement “if p then q” is “if ~q then ~p.
Miscellaneous
41. For the given statements identify the necessary condition
p : If a function is even then it will be symmetric about y-axis
(1) Function is even (2) Symmetric about y-axis
(3) Function is not even (4) Function does not exist

Sol. Answer (2)
“If p then q” statement indicates that q is necessary for p.
42. For the given statements identify the sufficient condition
p : If discriminant of a quadratic equation is not a perfect square then its roots are irrational
(1) Roots are irrational (2) Discriminant is a perfect square
(3) Discriminant is not a perfect square (4) Roots are rational
Sol. Answer (3)
“If p then q” indicates that p is sufficient for q.
43. Which type of OR is used in following pair of statements?
(i) A function is onto or one-one
(ii) A function is even or odd
(1) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR (2) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR
(3) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR (4) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR
Sol. Answer (4)
(i) A function can be both one-one and onto. So inclusive OR.
(ii) A function which is even cannot be odd or a function which is odd cannot be even.
44. p : xy = yx, is true for every real number x and y.
q : There exists real number x and y for which xy = yx.
Above pair of statements are
(1) Negation of each other (2) Not negation of each other
(3) Converse of each other (4) Contrapositive of each other
Sol. Answer (2)
45. Which type of OR is used in following statements?
p : A physical quantity is scalar or vector
q : A number is multiple of 5 or 25
(1) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR (2) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR
(3) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR (4) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR
Sol. Answer (2)
46. Which of the following is not a logical statement?
(1) There are finitely many real numbers
(2) The product of rational number and irrational number is always irrational
(3) Every square is a rectangle
(4) She is a beautiful girl
Sol. Answer (4)
47. Which of the following is true about the statement? "A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by
chemical methods"
(1) It is compound statement (2) Connective is and
(3) It is not compound statement (4) Connective is 'or'
Sol. Answer (3)
48. Which of the following is a logical statement?
(1) Are you going to Kolkata? (2) Give me a pen
(3) He will be next chiefminister (4) Sum of two irrational numbers is always irrational
Sol. Answer (4)
49. Which of the following is not equivalent form of "if and only if" for the given statements p and q?
(1) If p then q
(2) q if and only if p
(3) p if and only if q
(4) p is necessary and sufficient condition for q and vice-versa
Sol. Answer (1)
50. p : If a natural number is odd, then its square is also odd. Which of the following doesn't convey the same
meaning as that by statement p?
(1) A natural number is odd implies that its square is odd
(2) For a natural number to be odd it is necessary that its square is odd
(3) If the square of a natural number is not even then it is odd
(4) If the square of natural number is not odd then it is odd
Sol. Answer (4)
51. p : If you are born in India, then you are a citizen of India.
q : If you are not a citizen of India, then you were not born in India.
Which of the following is true?
(1) p is contrapositive of q (2) p is converse of q
(3) ~ p is contrapositive of q (4) ~ p is converse of q
Sol. Answer (1)
52. p : If two integers a and b are such that a > b then a – b is always a positive integer
q : If two integers a and b are such that a – b is always a positive integer, then a > b
Which of the following is true regarding statements p ane q?
(1) ~ p is converse of q (2) ~ p is contrapositive of p
(3) p is converse of q (4) p is contrapositive of q
Sol. Answer (3)

53. Which of the following is not true regarding the statement "p if and only if q"?
(1) If p is true, then q is true
(2) If q is true, then p is true
(3) ~ q  ~ p
(4) ~ q  p
Sol. Answer (4)
54. In which of the following examples an inclusive "or" is used?
(1) Two lines intersect at a point or are parallel
(2) Students can take French or Spanish as their third language
(3) To apply for a driving licence, you should have a ration card or a passport
(4) All integers are positive or negative
Sol. Answer (3)
Truth table 
55. The statement ( p  ∼ q )  ( ∼ p  q ) is
(1) A tautology (2) A fallacy
(3) Equivalent to p  ( ∼ q ) (4) Equivalent to ( ∼ p )  q
Sol. Answer (1)
p q ∼q p  ∼ q ∼ p  q ( p  ∼ q )  (∼ p  q ) p  ∼ q ∼ p  q
T T F T T T T F
T F T T F T T F
F T F F T T F T
F F T T T T T F
As all truth values are true, it is a tautology.
56. The following statement ( p ∼ q )  ( ∼ p  q ) is
(1) Equivalent to p  q (2) Equivalent to ∼ ( p  q )
(3) A fallacy (4) A tautology
Sol. Answer (2)

p q ∼q p ∼ q ∼ p ∼ p  q ( p  ∼ q )  ( ∼ p  q ) p  q
T T F F F T F T
T F T T F T T F
F T F T T T T F
F F T T T F F T
Hence given statement is equivalent to ∼ ( p  q ).

57. The statement p  q is logically equivalent to
(1) ( ∼ q )  p (2) ∼ q  ∼ p (3) p  ( ∼ q ) (4) ( ∼ p )  ( ∼ q )
Sol. Answer (2)
p q p  q ∼ q ∼ p ∼ q ∼ p (∼ p)  (∼ q )
T T T F F T T
T F F T F F F
F T T F T T F
F F T T T T T
58. If ∼ q  p is false, then
(1) p is true and q is true (2) p is true and q is false

(3) p is false and q is true (4) p is false and q is false
Sol. Answer (4)
 q is T
p is F
Hence p and q both are false.
59. The boolean expression ( p  q )  ( ∼ q  ∼ p ) is
(1) Equivalent to ( ∼ p  ∼ q ) (2) Equivalent to ( ∼ p  q )
(3) A fallacy (4) A tautology

Sol. Answer (4)
p q p  q ∼ q  ∼ p ( p  q )  (∼ q  ∼ p) ∼ p  q ∼ p  ∼ q
T T T T T F T
T F F F T T F
F T T T T T F
F F T T T F T
Hence tautology.


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Level-I

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Sol. (i) p : Grass is green.

(ii) q : There are 366 days in a leap year.

(iii) r : Product of an even and odd number is an even number.

2. Give three examples of sentences which are not statements.

Sol. (i) p : He is a chemistry graduate

(iii) r : How much old he is

3. Write the definition of negation of a statement p with an example.

Example : p : 4 32 is an irrational number

So, ~ p : 4 32 is not an irrational number

Sol. Component statements are

q : Aeroplane flies in the air

r : Ships sails on the water

5. Check whether following statements are true or not, with reason

(i) p : 0 is a natural number.

(ii) p : 70 is a multiple of 20.

(iii) p : Longest chord of a circle is diameter.

Sol. (i) ~p : 0 is not a natural number. (True)

(ii) ~p : 70 is not a multiple of 20. (True)

(iii) ~p : Diameter is not the longent chord of circle.

15. Write the negation of following statement in three ways.

p : Taj Mahal is in India and Niagara falls is in U.S.A.

Sol. Component statements of p are

q : Taj Mahal is in India (True)

r : Niagara falls is in U.S.A. (True)

p : 12 is a rational, an irrational or complex number.

Sol. Component statements of p are

q : 12 is a rational number (False)

r : 12 is an irrational number (True)

s : 12 is a complex number (False)

p : Rational number follows commutative property for addition.

q : Rational number follows commutative property for multiplication.

p : All sides of two congruent triangles are equal.

q : All angles of two congruent triangles are same.

Sol. (i) By using basic connective “And”

(ii) By using basic connective “OR”

All sides or all angles of two congruent triangles are equal

20. Check whether the given compound statement p is true or false.

Sol. Component statements are

q : Chord of a circle lies within the circle (True)

r : Tangent of circle lies both outside and inside of circle (False)

So, compound statement p is false.

21. Check whether the given compound statement p is true or false.

Sol. Component statements of p are

(a) p : For every natural number x, 7x is greater than 7.

(b) q : There exists a tangent which is chord to the circle.

Sol. (a) In p quantifier is “for every”.

~p : For every natural number x, 7x is not greater than 7.

(b) In q quantifier is “There exists”

~q : There does not exist a tangent which is chord to the circle.

23. Write the following statements in the form “if then”

p : If a convex polygon is pentagon then it has 5 diagonals.

q : If a convex polygon has 5 diagonals then it is pentagon.

Sol. A convex polygon is pentagon if and only if it has 5 diagonals.

25. Write the contra positive of following statements.

26. Write the converse of following statements

Long Answer Type Questions :

Example : Tomorrow is Friday.

Type-2 : Sentences which are an order are never considered as statements.

Example : Bring a glass of water

Type-3 : Sentences which are exclamation are not considered as statements.