Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Hernando Nier Contreras

Group 47
1063961601

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020-30-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

propagation modes are the pathways or media that can

use electromagnetic waves to go from the emitter to the
receiver:
 online spread of sight
 Propagation by reflection on the ground plane
 Propagation by atmospheric reflection
 Propagation by satellite retransmission
 Propagation via microwave bonds
 Multi-reflection propagation

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Is the phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light at such a medium

refractive index n 2 lower than the refractive index n 1 in which it is
located, is refracted in such a way that it is not able to surface both
between media reflecting completely.

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

It is the change in direction and speed that a wave experiences when

passing from one medium to another with a different refractive index. It
only occurs if the wave is incident obliquely on the separation surface of
the two media and if they have different refractive indices. Refraction
originates from the change in the speed of propagation of the indicated
wave.
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of
waves?
Snell's law, in a formula that is used to know the relationship between
the path taken by a ray of light when crossing the limit or the separation
surface between two substances in contact and the index of refraction of
each of them.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
 1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 47 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃+1 = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, incident from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) , perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (611) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted
power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝜂2 − 𝜂 1 611 − 120𝜋
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Γ = = = 0.24
𝜂2 + 𝜂 1 611 + 120𝜋
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠: 𝑅 = |Γ|2 = 0.242 = 5.76%
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅 = 94.24%
𝑚𝑊
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑃 −| = 5.76% ∗ 120 = 6.9𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
1
𝑚2
𝑚𝑊
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑃 +| = 94.24% ∗ 120 = 113.1𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
2
𝑚2

𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (|𝑃1−|) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑚𝑊
𝑡𝑜: 6.9 𝑚𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 (|𝑃+|) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜: 113.1
𝑚2 2 𝑚2

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 94% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 6% 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 47 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃 +1 = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚 2, coming from a
wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
(611) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative mate rial. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located
20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎

𝜇0 𝜂0 2
𝜂 = √ 0 𝜖𝑟 → 𝜖𝑟 = ( )
𝜖 𝜂
120𝜋
2
𝜖𝑟 = ( 611 ) = 0.380

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝜔
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0𝜖𝑟 = √𝜖𝑟
𝑐0
6
2𝜋 ∗ 47 ∗ 10
𝛽= √0.380 = 0.607𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
3 ∗ 108
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂1
120𝜋 + 𝑗611𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.607 ∗ 0.2)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 611Ω
611 + 𝑗120𝜋𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.607 ∗ 0.2)

𝐼𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = (380.4465 − 𝑗45.904)Ω
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝛤1 = = 0.008204 − 𝑗0.0601
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜏1 = 1 + Γ1 ⇒ 𝜏 = 1 + 0.00820 = 1.008204 − 𝑗0.0601
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑇1 = 1 − |Γ1|2 ⟹ 𝑇1 = 1 − |0.008204 − 𝑗0.0601|2 = 0.9963 = 99.63%
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1 = 1 − 0.9963 = 0.0037 = 0.37%

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝛤2 = = −0.2369
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑇2 = 1 − |Γ2|2 ⟹ 𝑇2 = 1 − |−0.2368|2 = 0.9439 = 94.39%

𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2 ⇒ 𝑅2 = 1 − 0.9439 = 0.0561 = 5.61%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 ⇒ 𝑇𝑡 = 0.9404 = 94.04%
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑇1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 94.04% 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑡.
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
𝑊𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵
𝜃𝑎 = 44.9° − 90° = 45.1°
𝑊𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙′𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑦
𝑛1
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 1.31
−1
)) ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( sin(45.1°))
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
𝑛2 1.0002926
𝜃𝑏 = 68.07°
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝜃𝒄 = 90° − 𝜃𝑏 ⟹ 𝜃𝑐 = 21.93°
𝑊𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑛3 = 𝑛2𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜃𝑏) ⟹ 𝑛3 = 1.0002926 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(68.07) = 2 .48
𝑊𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙′𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛3 2.48
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 )) ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( sin(21.93°))
𝑐 𝑑
𝑑
𝑛 1.5
4
𝜃𝑑 = 38.13
𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 (611𝑚𝑚),
𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
 𝑊𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵
𝑥
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜃𝑏) =
611
𝑥 = 611 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(68.07) = 1517.6𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶
𝑥
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜃𝑐) =
611
𝑥 = 611 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(21.93) = 246𝑚𝑚
𝑥
𝑊𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜃𝑑) =
611
𝑥 = 611 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(38.13) = 479.6𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 2242.6𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚, 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜:
2242.6𝑚𝑚
𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.
𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 ′𝐷′
 Application example

Electromagnetic waves have been present in our life for a long time, we are in
contact with them on a daily basis, but most people are not even aware of it. A
clear example is the use of cell phones, they emit electromagnetic waves all
the time, which it uses to allow us to communicate with other people.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/p6orpvbHrFk

References

 Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic

Press, (págs. 519-524). Recuperado de
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ost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=e
host-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_519

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas electromagnéticas.

Inalámbrico de banda ancha fija. (págs. 25-70). Recuperado de
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ost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=e
host-live