APPENDIX III

COST ANALYSIS OF PILE BREAKWATER

A comparison of the cost of conventional rubble mound seawall with the

single row of suspended perforated hollow pile breakwater made up of
a) Reinforced Cement Concrete
b) P. V. C. pipes
is presented in this section.

Arrangement of piles

From the design consideration the wave forces and the moment about the mud
line are calculated using Morrison's equation which works out to be very nominal.
Computation of wave force and moment arc given below:

The pile structure is assumed to be constructed at 4m water depth and at this

depth of water the maximum non breaking wave height is
0.78x4 = 3.12 m

Hence the height of supporting pile above the sea bed level is,
4+ 3.12/2 = 5.56 m
= 6 m (say)

Suspended perforated hollow piles of Reinforced Cement Concrete

In this case both supporting piles and suspended perforated hollow piles are
of RCC. Based on the experimental investigation it was found that the diameter of
perforated hollow pile has .insignificant effect on wave attenuation. Further it is
convenient to have smaller diameter perforated hollow piles from the point of view
of handling at the time of construction. Hence 600 mm diameter hollow pipes having
wall thickness of 100 mm are considered with percentage of perforations of 25% (p),
b/D=0.15 and submergence ratio y/h=50%.

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 The total length of these suspended perforated piles is,
4/2 + 3.12/2 = 3.56
= 4.0 m (say)

For b/D = 0.15 and D=600 mm, the clear spacing between the perforated piles
is equal to 90 mm. By providing seven suspended perforated hollow pipes in between
two supporting piles the clear spacing between the supporting piles works out to be
6.0 m as shown in Fig. A .

From Morrison's equation, the wave force on the supporting pile per meter
length is calculated as 1.6 KN. For total projected length of 6 m above the mud line,
the total force on each supporting pile is,
1.6x6 = 9.6 KN
= 10 KN (say)

The wave force on the suspended pile (without considering the perforations)
is 1.6 KN per meter length. So the total wave force on each suspended pile of 4m
length is,
1.6 x 4 = 6.4 KN

Total lateral wave force on seven perforated hollow piles is,

7 x 6.4 = 44.8 KN
= 45 KN (say)

Hence, total maximum horizontal wave force acting on a supporting pile =

Wave force on supporting pile + wave force on seven suspended hollow piles,
10 KN + 45 KN = 55 KN

Bending moment at mud line due to wave force is,

45 x 4 + 10 x 6/2 = 210 KN-m

Hence, for this force and moment it is decided to choose 1 m diameter for
supporting piles.

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 Assuming the soil below foundation to be medium stiff clay having undrained
cohesion, Cu = 40 KN/m2 (along D. K. coast 2m to 3m thick sand layer exists above
a medium stiff clay layer of 6m to 10m), the depth of penetration of the supporting
pile has been obtained as 6m using Bruins’ theory (Poulos and Davis, 1980).

The cost analysis for 100 m length of the suspended perforated hollow pile
breakwater is worked out as per the available local rates. The summary is given in
Table A. From the table, the cost of suspended perforated pile breakwater is
Rs.20,200/- per meter length.

Minor Irrigation Department, Karnataka Government is involved in the

execution of the rubble mound seawall for the protection of coastline against erosion
along D.K. Coast. As per their estimate, for conventional type seawalls, the cost of
construction per meter length is Rs. 30,000/-.

From the comparison of costs, it can be seen that perforated hollow pile
breakwater of RCC is cheaper by Rs. 9,800/- per meter length. Thus it is seen that
the suspended perforated hollow pile breakwater is an alternative cost - effective and
eco - friendly solution for sea erosion problems in D. K. district.

CONCLUSION

From the cost analysis it can be concluded that the suspended perforated
hollow pile breakwater is cheaper than the conventional rubble mound seawall
adopted along Karnataka coast.

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 TABLE A
The quantities are worked out for 100m length of pile breakwater. Material used
for suspended perforated hollow pipes is Reinforced Cement Concrete
SI. Description Quantity Unit Rale in Amount
No. Rs. in Rs.

1 Boring/ Drilling/Bailing in all types of soil 102 m 1250 1,27,500/-

including gravel, clay, sand, soft rock
from the existing sea bed level upto a
depth of 6 m for the construction of 1000
mm diameter pile.

2 Providing and placing M35 grade 160 m3 3,410 5,45,600/-

concrete, laid in-situ by standard method
of placing by tremie pipe including cutting
of concrete and liner upto the cut-off level
as directed by the engineer for the solid
supporting pile of 1000 mm diameter and
12 m length.

3 Providing and fixing 600 mm diameter 102 m3 3,410 3,47,820/-

(external) and 100 mm thick pre-cast RCC
suspended perforated hollow piles of 4 m
length, with a clear spacing of 90 mm
between the piles etc. complete.

4 Providing in-situ concrete grade M30 in 120 m3 3,045 3,65,400/-

top and bottom beams to support
suspended perforated hollow pipes ,
including shuttering, handling and placing
in position but excluding reinforcement.

5 Fabricating and fixing TISCON - CRS 25 Ton 25,220 6,30,500/-

steel/lISCR RIB steel reinforcement cage
in piles, including cutting, bending,
welding and lying etc., and placing in
position as specified and as shown in the
drawings.

Total cost per 100 m length 20,16,820/-

Therefore cost per meter length (say) 20,200/-

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 Section on SR

Elevation

Fig. A, SINGLE ROW OF SUSPENDED PERFORATED

HOLLOW PILE BREAKWATER

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