Notebook

Information needed before going to lab.

Part 1: An aliquot of the 0.05M CoCl2·6H2O solution that was in 6.0M HClwas taken. The
UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to record the absorbance spectrum of the equilibrium
mixture between 400 and 800 nm. Then, the absorbance was recorded every 10 nm
between 400 and 800 nm.
Part 2:
The wavelength of the spectrophotometer was set at the max value close to the 700 nm
obtained in part 1. The absorbance values for the 0.05 M CoCl2·6H2O solution was measured at
various temperatures 10C, 20 C, 30C, and 40C. The concentration of the products formed in
parts 2 was calculated by using Beer’s Law. The reported molar absorptivity value for [CoCl4]2-
at around 700 nm was given to be 577.2 M-1cm-1. Then, the absorbance for the chloro complex
was measured and the equilibrium was calculated. The concentration of the chloro complex was
calculated. Then, by using the ICE table the equilibrium
concentrations of the aqua complex was calculated. Next, the concentration of Cl- in the
equilibrium mixture was calculated by using chemical stoichiometry principles and the ICE
table. The equilibrium constants for the reaction at those temperatures and
the corresponding standard Gibbs free energies using equation 1 were calculated.
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Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities for a Chemical Reaction

By

Misael Barradas Balderrama

Report submitted to Chemistry Faculty

October 30th, 2020

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Introduction

Thermodynamics is the relationship of heat and any other forms of energy. It tells how thermal

energy goes from one form of energy to another and how it affects matter.

In this experiment the thermodynamic quantities will be determined as well as the standard

enthalpy, standard entropy, and standard free energy by using equilibrium constant(K) values

which will also be calculated. The Gibbs Free energy can be used to calculate the equilibrium

constant K by using the equation DeltaG = - R T lnK

Pre-lab Questions:

1. What should be the sign of Gibb’s free energy DG for a reaction to be favorable

(spontaneous)? K>1 which means it has to be exothermic(negative sign) to be spontaneous

2. What is the relationship between the numerical values of equilibrium constant Kc and

Gibb’s free energy DG? When K>1 the reaction is exothermic or spontaneous and when K<1

the reaction is endothermic or nonspontaneous

3. Based on the YouTube videos, is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction in the

forward direction? endothermic

4. Based on your answer in question #3, do you expect Kc values to increase or decrease as

the temperature increases for this equilibrium? Decrease

Safety and Hazard information

Goggles were worn to prevent any foregin fluids from getting in contact with the eyes. Lab

aprons were worn to prevent clothes getting in contact with chemicals. Latex gloves were worn

to avoid direct contact with the chemicals. Reading the experiment before lab class to have an
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idea of what the experiment was going to be like helped to organize and handle material

properly. Cleaning and disinfecting the lab glassware and table before and after use to prevent

contamination and spread of COVID-19.

Materials and Methods

The chemicals used in this experiment were CoCl2*6H2O and HCl. The materials used were

Spec 20 spectrophotometer, hot plate, beaker, thermometer, test tubes, and distilled water.

Procedure:

Part 1: An aliquot of the 0.05M CoCl2·6H2O solution that was in 6.0M HClwas taken. The

UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to record the absorbance spectrum of the equilibrium

mixture between 400 and 800 nm. Then, the absorbance was recorded every 10 nm

between 400 and 800 nm.

Part 2:

The wavelength of the spectrophotometer was set at the max value close to the 700 nm

obtained in part 1. The absorbance values for the 0.05 M CoCl2·6H2O solution was measured at

various temperatures 10C, 20 C, 30C, and 40C. The concentration of the products formed in

parts 2 was calculated by using Beer’s Law. The reported molar absorptivity value for [CoCl4]2-

at around 700 nm was given to be 577.2 M-1cm-1. Then, the absorbance for the chloro complex

was measured and the equilibrium was calculated. The concentration of the chloro complex was

calculated. Then, by using the ICE table the equilibrium

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concentrations of the aqua complex was calculated. Next, the concentration of Cl- in the

equilibrium mixture was calculated by using chemical stoichiometry principles and the ICE

table. The equilibrium constants for the reaction at those temperatures and

the corresponding standard Gibbs free energies using equation 1 were calculated.

Results and Discussion

- Temp: 10 degrees Celsius

C=A/εb

C=0.502/(577.2)(1)

C=8.70 x 10^-4

R [CO(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- [CoCl4]2- + 6H2O

I .05 .05 0

C -x -4x +x

E .05 – x .05 – 4x +x

K=x/(.05-x)(.05-4x)

K=8.70 x 10^-4/(.05 - 8.70 x 10^-4)(.05 – 4(8.70 x 10^-4))

K=0.38

DeltaG= -RTlnK

DeltaG=(-0.0821)(283.15)ln(0.38)

DeltaG=22.49

- Temp: 20 degrees Celsius

C=A/εb

C=0.768/(577.2)(1)
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C=0.0013

K=x/(.05-x)(.05-4x)

K=0.0013/(.05 -0.0013)(.05 – 4(0.0013))

K=0.612

DeltaG= -RTlnK

DeltaG=(-0.0821)(293.15)ln(0.612)

DeltaG=11.82

- Temp: 30 degrees Celsius

C=A/εb

C=1.29/(577.2)(1)

C=0.0022

K=x/(.05-x)(.05-4x)

K=0.0022/(.05 -0.0022)(.05 – 4(0.0022))

K=1.140

DeltaG= -RTlnK

DeltaG=(-0.0821)(303.15)ln(1.140)

DeltaG= -3.26

- Temp: 40 degrees Celsius

C=A/εb

C=1.42/(577.2)(1)

C=0.0025

K=x/(.05-x)(.05-4x)

K=0.0025/(.05 -0.0025)(.05 – 4(0.0025))

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K=1.289

DeltaG= -RTlnK

DeltaG=(-0.0821)(313.15)ln(1.289)

DeltaG= -6.53

K T (degree celsius) ∆G
0.38 10 22.49

0.612 20 11.82

1.140 30 -3.26

1.289 40 -6.53

The aqua complex was needed for this experiment to be done, without it there couldn’t be a way

to complete the rest of the calculations. After finding this value was 577.2 the absorbances were

able to be found at each temperature (10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees Celsius). With the absorbances

and aqua complex it was possible to find the concentration at each temperature by just plugging

in the values from the equation: C=A/εb. The concentration was related to the equilibrium

constant by using the R.I.C.E. method and by using the equation K=x/(.05-x)(.05-4x). Then by

using the equilibrium constant the free energy was possible to be found by the equation DeltaG=

-RTlnK. When the absorbances were being done in the spectrophotometer it was found that at 30

degree celsius a color change from purple to blue was witnessed. This change proved that the

reaction at that temperature was spontaneous.

Conclusion
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It was found that the reaction done at 30 degrees Celsius at a standard free energy of -3.26 was

spontaneous.This means that it was going to a specific direction without being able to be

reversed.

References

Jessie A. Key (2020). Gibbs Free Energy Retrieved from:

https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/gibbs-free-energy-2/