Assessment of Mangrove Community Structure In

_________Damage to Mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine

Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines:
June 28-29, 2017-06-29
10 years after the 2006 Oil Spill

JHON ROBERT AMISTASGROUP NO ___

Name s of Members

A n Undergraduate Technical Report Special Problem Presented

to the Faculty Division of the Biological Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
University of the Philippines Visayas

In Partial FulfillmentFulfilment of the Requirements

For Biology 160.1
the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Biology

June 2017
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The undergraduate special problem attached hereto, titled “Assessment of

Damage to Mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras,
Philippines: 10 years after the 2006 Oil Spill” prepared and submitted by Jhon
Robert Amistas, in partial fulfillmentfulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Biology, is hereby accepted.

__________________________________
RESURRECCION B. SADABA, PhD.
Adviser

Date Signed: _________________

Accepted as partial fulfillmentfulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Biology.

______________________________________
PROF. MARIE FRANCES P. NIEVALES
Chair, Division of Biological Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences

Date Signed: _____________

i
Amistas, JRA. June 2017. Assessment of Damage to Mangroves in Taklong Island
National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines: 10 years after the 2006 Oil Spill. An
Unpublished Undergraduate Special Problem for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Biology. Division of Biological Sciences.

ABSTRACT

In August 11, 2006, Aapproximately 2 million liters of bunker C was spilled by M/T
Solar I off in the coast of southern Guimaras on August 11, 2006. This is the worst
oil spill in the country to date that and the tragedy affected the mangroves within
Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, 1,100 ha of Taklong and Tandog Islands
National Marine Reserve (TINMR) of Brgys. Lapaz and San Roque, Nueva Valencia,
Guimaras. where 37.51 ha of mangroves was greatly affected. Rapid assessment of
impacts on the mangroves was done one month after the spill and long-term
monitoring done from 2007-2014. This study was conducted to determine the
mangrove status after 10 years 2006 oilafter the spill in terms of community structure.
Specifically, it determined a) species composition, b) stand basal area, c) stand height,
d) relative density, e) relative dominance, e) relative frequency, f) importance value,
g) index of diversity, h) species evenness, i) density of seedling, saplings and trees. In
addition, leaf area was also determined as an indicator of health conditions of species
present. The same five sites in earlier studies were used, namely and leaf area results
in Bagatnan, Pototan, Taklong island (oiled), Tandog islands and Taklong island
(unoiled), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. Results showed that the cCommunity structure
showed an improvement especially in stand, basal area, wilding and tree density while
no change in terms of species diversity due to the absence of new species. because the
same species were recruited and only in The leaf areas of mangroves in Bagatnan
indicated some signs of stress but showed an improvement since 2006. that the leaf
area was low as compared with the rest of the station because of anthropogenic
activities. In general, the oil-affected mangroves in TINMR has shown signs of
recovery. Overall, the conclusion therefor is, mangroves in TINMR are still in
recovering status base on the community structure and leaf area results and analysis
for hydrocarbons in soil is highly recommended.However, it is recommended that
additional monitoring activities be conducted.

Keywords: mangroves, community structure, guimaras oil spill, bunker c, recovery.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to the person that
welcomes me to the world of mangroves, Dr. Resurreccion Sadaba for his valuable
information and guidance that help me in completing this task through various stages.

To my fellow Sadaba’s Angels, I cannot have made this special problem a

reality without your help. Through deep muds to towering prop roots you were there
bringing my tape measures, slate boards and transects. Thank you so much!

I would like also to express my gratitude to BS Bio 2013 for their moral
support and for their trust that I can finish this paper despites of the obstacles being a
clovers governor. Thank you batch mates!

To all Cloveria, thank you so much for your understanding and support
regardless of my absence during our activities. Thank you Clovers and I love you all.

To my parents, Mr. Narciso Amistas and Mrs. Fedelita Amistas, for their
moral support, unconditional love and for their open mindedness in allowing me to go
in Taklong to pursue my special problem without any further discussions, for
supporting me not only financially but also spiritually and for their loving hearts that
never forgets to motivate me on working on this study. My deep sincere gratitude to
you.

iii
 And for the Omnipotent one whom guides us from the very start and
supplying us patience when we are impatient, open mindedness when we’re losing
our temper, strength to continue on working this study, and courage to face problems
and still standing up. Without you, the Almighty, this study is nothing and never be
brought to existence. Thank you

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAG
E
Abstract ……………………………………………………………… i
Certificate of Approval………………………………………………
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………… ivii
Abstract ………………………………………………………………
List of viiii
figures…………………………………………………………...Acknowledge
ment ……………………………………………………
List of Table…………………………………………………………….Table viiiv
of Contents ………………………………………………………
List of figures…………………………………………………………... vi
List of Table……………………………………………………………. vii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study…………………………………………
1.2. Statement of the problem…………………………………………
1.3. Objectives…………………………………………………………
1.4. Significance of the problem………………………………………
1.5. Scope and Limitation………………………………………………
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

iv
2.1 Physico Chemical Factors Affecting Mangroves…………………
2.2. Oil Toxicity………………………………………………………...
2.3 Approaches in evaluating the status of mangrove forest after an oil
spill……………………………………………………………………..
2.4. Impacts and Recovery of Mangroves after an oil
spill……………………………
2.5. Status and community structure of mangroves in TINMR
CHAPTER 23. Methodology
3.1 Description of the study area…………………………………
3.2 Geographic location…………………………………………
3.3 Description of the sampling plots………………………………
3.4 Establishment and selection of plots……………………………
3.5 Measurement of Physico- Chemical factors……………………
3.6 Community Structure Analysis…………………………………
3.7 Analysis of Data………………………………………………...
3.8 Plant Condition………………………………………………….
3.9 Sediment Composition………………………………………
3.10 Documentation…………………………………………………
3.11. Flow Diagram…………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 34. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Taxonomic Analysis of mangrove species within plots in all
station………………………………………………………………
4.2. Mangrove Community Structure in ___________TINMR, 10 years after
the 2006 oil s pill………………………………………………………..
4.3. Plant Condition…………………………………………………
4.34. Physico-chemical parameters
CHAPTER 4 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Map of the Guimaras
2 Map of TINMR

3 Six sampling sites in TINMR

4 Wentworth grade scale
5 Summary of the methods
6 Stand basal area of mangroves in of six station ___1 s in
TINMR as at of June 28, 2017August to D.ecember
2016, 10 years after 2006 oil spill.
7 Stem per hectare of mangroves in Station ___1 in TINMR
as at June 28, 2017.of six stations in TINMR as of August to
December 2016, 10 years after 2006 oil spill.
8 Stand basal area vs Stem per hectare
9 Number of trees of of mangroves in station ___1 in TINMR
as at June 28, 2017.

vi
 six stations in TINMR as of August to December 2016, 10
years after 2006 oil spill.
10 Number of saplings of mangroves in station ___1 in
TINMR as at June 28, 2017.
six stations in TINMR as of August to December 2016, 10
years after 2006 oil spill
11 Number of wildings of mangroves in station ___1 in
TINMR as at June 28, 2017.
of six stations in TINMR as of August to December 2016, 10
years after 2006 oil spill.
12 Percentage of coarse sediments vs number of wildings per
hectare.
13 Percentage of Silt-Clay vs number of wildings per hectare
14 Importance value of species of mangroves in station ___1
in TINMR as at June 28, 2017.in TINMR
15 Shannon- index of diversity of mangroves in station ___1 in
TINMR as at June 28, 2017.of six stations in TINMR as of
August to December 2016, 10 years after 2006 oil spill.
16 Leaf area of Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata,
and Rhizophora stylosaof six stations in TINMR as of
August to December 2016, 10 years after 2006 oil spill.
17 Sediment composition of in station ___1 in TINMR as at
June 28, 2017.six stations in TINMR
18 Sampling site in Sitio BagatnanStation 1- Transect 1
19 Sampling site in Station 1- Transect 2Sampling site in
Pototan
20 Sampling site in Taklong Island (oiled)Station _, transect 3
21 Sampling site in Tandog
22 Sampling site in Tuguisan
23 Sampling site in Taklong Island (unoiled)
24 Avicennia marina
25 Rhizophora apiculata
26 Rhizophora mucronata
27 Rhizophora stylosa
28 Sonneratia alba
29 Aegiceras floridum

vii
 30 Avicennia alba
31 Bruguiera cylindrica
32 Ceriops tagal
33 Lumnitzera racemosa
34 Osbornia octodonta
35 Pemphis acidula
36 Establishment of ing 10 x 10 m plot
37 Measurement ing of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH)
38 Sorting of sediment samples according to grain size
39 Sorting of leaves for leaf area
40 Filed measurements of Taking aair temperature
41 Measurement of Obtaining surface water salinity
42 Measurement Getting pore water salinity

LIST OF TABLES

Table TITLE PAGE

1 Community structure of mangroves in Station 1in six
sampling sites in 2007Differences among five oil groups
2 Taxonomic analysis of mangroves species within plots in all
stations Stage observed impact on mangroves

viii
3 Physico-chemical parameters of Station ____,
TINMRCommunity structure in six sampling sites in 2007
4 Stand basal area in Station ____ in m2 hectare-1Taxonomic
analysis of mangroves species within plots in all stations
5 Stem per hectare Station ____ ,TINMRPhysico-chemical
parameters of six stations in TINMR
6 Percentage of Frequency of species per stationStand basal
area of each station in m2 hectare-1
7 Percentage of Relative density of species in Station ___Stem
per hectare of six stations in TINMR
8 Percentage of Relative dominance of species in Station
_____. Percentage of Frequency of species per station
9 Importance value of species in Station __Percentage of
Relative density of species per station
10 Index of diversity per station Percentage of Relative
dominance of species per station
11 Importance value of species per station
12 Index of diversity per station
13 Leaf area of Rhizophora apiculata in cm2
14 Leaf area of Rhizophora mucronata in cm2
15 Leaf area of Rhizophora stylosa in cm2
16 Percentage of sediment composition

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Mangroves are non- taxonomic group of plants that can withstand a high range
of salinity and grow above the mean sea level in the intertidal and estuarine zone. As
part of the marine greenbelt, mangroves are subjected to different marine pollutants
like oil spill. There were 258 major recorded oil spills and the total of approximate 5.5
million tons of oil released in marine environment worldwide since 1958 to 2016
(Duke, 2016). However, the number and volume of tanker spills dramatically
declined (Burgherr, 2007).

The year 2016 marked the 10-year exposure of mangroves in Southern

Guimaras since the oil spill happened. In August 11, 2006, approximately 2 million
liters of bunker C was spilled by M/T Solar I in the coast of Guimaras. Guimaras oil
spill was said to be the worst environmental accident in the Philippines (Puyat,
2010).It was the fourth largest oil spill worldwide since 1958 (Duke, 2016). The
tragedy affected the 1,100 ha of Taklong and Tandog Islands National Marine
Reserve (TINMR) of Brgys. Lapaz and San Roque, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras where
37.51 ha of mangroves was greatly affected and 5 species showed mortality namely,
Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa,and Sonneratia
alba (Sadaba et al 2009a). Mangroves, corals, seagrass beds were critically damaged
by the oil spill (Sadaba and BarnuevoSadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). Residual oil
degrades very slowly because the soil in mangrove environment is anoxic (Burns et
al, 2000). The complete recovery of mangrove forest after the oil spill will take 10 to
50 years (Lewis, 1983; Getter and Lewis, 2003; Burns et al, 1993). Recovery still
depends on oil type, weathered state of oil, mangrove species, amount spilled,
duration of exposure, and the environmentif it is sheltered or exposed type of
environment (Getter and Lewis, 2003; Yender and Michel, 2014).
.
Mangroves are the most vulnerable during oil spill because oil tends to stick
on their roots, and some areas have minimal wave and wind energy that cannot

1
eliminateoil by natural process, impairment on the transpiration process due to
physical stress in leaf stomata and roots, and the toxicity of the oil itself (Yender and
Michel,2014; Getter et al, 1985). There are lot of literatures that agree that physical
suffocation and the toxicity of oil will kill the mangroves (Hoff and Michel, 2014;
Sadaba et al, 2009b). Mangroves survive low- oxygen and saline environment due to
different specialized organs like pneumatophores, prop roots, large lenticels, and salt-
excreting organs. So when the oil will cover these areas, mangroves will suffer to
suffocation and different physiological changes like reduction in chlorophyll counts
will likely to happen. Aromatic hydrocarbons in oils can damage the cellular
membranes in roots that could impair the salt exclusion and also can bring genetic
damage to mangroves (Hoff and Michel, 2014). Thus, the concentration of aromatic
hydrocarbons is very important in assessing the status of mangroves after an oil spill.

The effects of oil spill to mangroves can be categorized as acute (0-30 days
after an oil spill) or chronic (30 days-10 years after an oil spill) (Lewis, 1983). Since
the oil spill happened ten years ago, chronic effects can still be visible due to the
weathered oil being absorbed by the sediments that can inhibit the growth of seedlings
and trees (Sadaba et al, 2009b). Immediate response like manual removal of oil,
siphoning of the remaining oil in the tank, and use of dispersants were done for at
most one year after the spill happened to lessen the damage on both humans and
environmental habitats (Baleña, 2015).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Mangroves in Taklong Island suffered a devastating effect of oil spill of M/T
Solar I last August 11, 2006.An approximate 2M tons of oil spilled in the coastal of
Guimaras that affected the mangal community, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. This
study is a continuation of the studies that assess if there is a reduction on the impact
damage the recovery status onof mangroves after ten years of exposure from oil spill
in Taklong Island.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
This study was will be conducted to determine the status of mangrovewithin
Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras statusafter the

2
2006 oil spill. Taklong Island and Tandog Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva
Valencia, Guimaras.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives:

a) describe the community structure in terms of:
1. species composition
2. diameter at breast height
3. stand height
4. stand basal area
5. Relativedensity
6. relative dominance
7. relative frequency
8. importance value
9. index of diversity
10. species evenness
11. density of seedling, saplings and trees

b) To determine the mangroveconditions through:

i. leaf sizes of trees
ii. mortality rate of seedlings

c) To determine the following pPhysico-chemical factorsthat can add to

the stress on mangroves:
d) Water and Soil pH
e)
1. wWater salinity
2.
3. Air and Water temperature
4.
5. Pore water pH, salinity, and temperature

a) To determine the following community structure of mangroves:

a. Stem per hectare

3
b. Stand Basal Area
c. Relative Density
d. Relative Dominance
e. Relative Frequency
f. Importance value
g. Index of diversity
h. Zonation pattern
i. Seedling, sapling, and tree density

b) To determine the mangrovePlant cConditions through:

b. Chlorophyll- content of the most important species
c. Leaf sizes of treess
d. Canopy cover
e. Propagules state

c) To determine Determining the the Recruitment and mMortality rate of

seedlings
d) To determine the sediment composition per site

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5
New data will be collected by this studycan to contribute in the assessment of
the recovery status of mangroves in Taklong and Tandog Islands National Marine
Reserve, ten years after 2006 oil spillspill and can contribute to the body of
knowledge about the recovery of mangroves in tropics.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

4
 This study is only limited to Taklong Island and Tandog Island National
Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. This study is also limited to the
parameters mentioned above for the assessment of the recovery status of mangroves.

5
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Physico Chemical Factors Affecting Mangroves

2.1.1 Temperature
Mangroves are tropical species that cannot withstand the coldtemperature like
lessthan 20oC and are not tolerant of freezing temperatures. Their latitudinal limits
worldwide vary depending on air and water temperatures (Mckee, 2002; Alongi,
2008). Mangroves cannot tolerate also high temperatures because it can hinder the
photosynthesis of the plants when the temperature exceeds 35oC (Noor et al, 2015).
Optimal temperatures for mangroves are not only limited by cold temperatures, but
also by high temperatures because they hinder the tree settling and photosynthesis of
most mangrove species sharply declines when the air temperatures exceeds 35oC
(Noor et al, 2015).

6
 The richest mangrove communities occur in areas where the water temperature
is greater than 24ºC in the warmest month and coastal processes such as tidal mixing
and coastal currents may also influence mangrove distribution through affecting
propagule dispersal; and they are taller in areas with high rainfall compared with to
the drier areas (McLeod and Salm, 2006). Residual oil remaining on the sediments
can increase the soil temperature in which the germination and growth of mangroves
are affected (Böer 1993).The abundance of mangroves is also affected by aridity, and
development is much greater along coasts that have high inputs of rainfall (Mckee,
2002). Optimal temperatures for mangroves are not only limited by cold temperatures,
but also by high temperatures because they hinder the tree settling and photosynthesis
of most mangrove species sharply declines when the air temperatures exceeds 35oC
(Noor et al, 2015).

2.1.2 Salinity
Plants do not need salt in order to grow and so the mangroves. Most
mangroves can grow in freshwater but they do not develop in strictly freshwater
habitats because of competition from freshwater species (Mckee 2002). This is a way
of mangroves to avoid other plants that do not have adaptations on saline
environment.
The increased in salinity stress produce shorter mangroves and lower
productivity (State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia, 2000). Leaf area
will reduce as salinity increases because smaller leaves have higher stomatal
conductance and reduce the leaf temperature by decreasing the evaporation rate to
cool the leaf area while maintain high photosynthetic rate (Naidoo, 2016).

2.1.3 pH
Due to the presence of sulfur- reducing bacteria and acidic clays, mangrove
soils are neutral to slightly acidic (Ng and Sivasothi, 2001). The pH of the soil can
dramatically affect the growth of mangroves for it can alter the concentration of both
essential and non- essential elements available in the soil that when exceed the
threshold concentration can be toxic (Joshi and Ghose, 2003). But in Malaysia

7
mangroves can grow with very acidic brackish water, maybe due to aeration of soil
sulphates forming sulphuric acid.

2.1.4 Tidal fluctuations

This is not a requirement for growth but there is an indirect role like inundation with
salt water that reduces competition with other plants, tides bring saltwater into
estuaries that extend mangroves development inlands, tides bring sediments, nutrients,
and clean water in mangrove environment and tides also decreases salinity (Mckee,
2002).

2.2 Oil toxicity

2.2.1 Oil groups
There are five groups of oil divided based on their general behavior,
persistence, and properties (Shigenaka, 2014).

Table 2.1. showed the Ddifferences among between the five oil groups (Shigenaka,
2014).

8
 Group 1: Gasoline products
• Specific gravity is less than 0.80; API gravity >45
• Very volatile and highly flammable
• Evaporate and dissolve rapidly (in a matter of hours)
• Narrow cut fraction that will evaporate with no residues
• Low viscosity; spread rapidly into thin sheens
• Will penetrate substrates but are not sticky
• High acute toxicity to animals and plants
Group 2: Diesel-like Products and Light Crude Oils
• Specific gravity is 0.80-0.85; API gravity 35-45
• Moderately volatile and soluble
• Refined products can evaporate to no residue
• Crude oils can have residue after evaporation is complete
• Low to moderate viscosity; spreads rapidly into thin slices; not likely to form stable emulsions
• Are more bioavailable than lighter oils (in part because they persist longer), so are more likely to affect animals in
water and sediments
Group 3: Medium Crude Oils and Intermediate Products
• Specific gravity of 0.85-0.95; API gravity 17.5-35
• Moderately volatile
• For crude oils, up to one-third will evaporate in the first 24 hours
• Moderate to high viscosity; will spread into thick slicks
• Are more bioavailable than lighter oils (because they persist longer), so are more likely to affect animals and plants in
water and sediments
• Can form stable emulsions and cause long-term effects via smothering or coating
Group 4: Heavy Crude Oils and Residual Products
• Specific gravity of 0.95-1.00; API gravity of 10-17.5
• Very little product loss by evaporation or dissolution
• Very viscous to semi-solid; may be heated during transport
• Can form stable emulsions and become even more viscous
• Tend to break into tarballs quickly
• Low acute toxicity to biota
• Penetration into substrates will be limited at first, but can increase over time
• Can cause long-term effects via smothering or coating, or as residues on or in sediments
Group 5: Sinking Oils
• Specific gravity of >1.00; API gravity <10
• Very little product loss by evaporation or dissolution
• Very viscous to semi-solid; may be heated during transport or blended with a diluent that can evaporate once spilled
• Low acute toxicity to biota (though may have some toxicity if blended with a lighter, more - toxic diluent)
• Penetration into substrates will be limited at first, but can increase over time
• Can cause long-term effects via smothering or coating, and as residues on or in sediments

2.2.2 Oil in Sediments

Concentrations of some organic chemicals including petrochemicals have been
reported in mangrove sediments. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations (ug/g
dry wt) in mangrove sediments have ranged between 35.7-1891.6 in Brazil and the

9
polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)concentrations in sediment have correlated to
increased mutation rates and at 20 mg/L in sediment were toxic to the microbial
community and it was estimated that approximately 5-88% of individual PAH
concentrations in mangrove sediments collected from a site in Brazil could cause
adverse biological effects (Lewis et al, 2011).
Within 6 months, initial weathering will remove first the n-alkane hydrocarbons from
sediments (Burns et al, 1991). The oil will move deeper in sediments and the total
concentration will remain up to 20% of the dry weight for more than 4 years (Burns et
al, 1993).

2.2.2 Effects of oil on mangroves

The location of mangroves in coastal areas means that they are highly
vulnerable to oil spill (ITOPF, 2012). The accidental discharge of petroleum into the
marine environment has been estimated as 1.7x106 to 8.8x 106 m tons per year
(Lewis et al, 2011). Mangrove communities are particularly susceptible to damage
from large oil spills, oil coats breathing surfaces of mangrove roots, stems, seedlings,
and surrounding sediments, as well as fauna present in burrows and root hollows and
taller mature trees and shrubbery, oiled only on their exposed roots and sediments,
might persist for six or more months before dying (Duke, 2016). The intensity of the
effects of oil spill on mangroves is dependent on the type of oil, quantity, and
weathered state of oil, the species of mangroves, the length of seasonal variation of
the place, soil type, and prevailing climatic conditions (Naidoo et al., 2010).

Many of the articles include the effects of oil spill like stunted growth,
yellowing, leaf deformities, stunted propagules, bark fissuring, epithelial scarring,
lenticel expansion, lenticel number reduction, propagule stunting/bending, leaf
stunting, reduced leaf number, reduced pneumatophore density, reduced germination,
increased mutation rates, limb loss, and defoliation (Getter et al., 1980; Burns et al.,
1994; Garrity et al., 1994; Levings and Garrity, 19957). Lethality of oiled mangroves
is very common and the highest killed mangroves in terms of area hectares was in
2004 Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria, caused by Funiwa 5 well that released
approximately 57, 400 tons of crude oil (Duke, 2016).

10
 Mangrove trees that were exposed to oil spill can have a chlorophyll- deficient
mutations and based upon comparative biochemical and ultrastructural analyses of the
homozygous mutant phenotypes, the majority of trees appear to be heterozygous for
different chlorophyll-deficient mutation but there may be as many as 300 different
nuclear loci that can have chlorophyll-deficient alleles. (Klekowski et al, 1994).

In Puerto Rico, dead Avicennia germinans were more likely to contain high
concentrations of aliphatic fractions and aromatic fractions were more likely found in
dead red mangroves and aromatic fractions appear to be more toxic to seedlings, thus,
the results also showed that in Bunker C there was a reduction in the respiration rate
of red mangroves and both species exhibited significantly shorter and narrower leaves
when treated with oils (Getter et al, 1985).
Naturally occurring A. marina seedlings with adventitious roots exhibited
lower leaf CO2 exchange rates, photo chemical efficiency of PSII and leaf
chlorophyll content than similar seedlings without these roots and these results
indicate that bunker fuel oil adversely affects photosynthetic performance of A.
marina and B. gymnorrhiza mangroves and adventitious root production at the base of
the can be a biological indicator of oil or other toxic pollutants in A. marina (Naidoo
et al, 2010).

In Taklong Island Guimaras, Philippines, the community structure showed a

drastic reduction in density and basal area one year after the incident and some trees
of R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa contiguous to be deforested and showed
a significant reduction in leaf size and canopy cover (Sadaba Barnuevo and
BarnuevoSadaba, 2010a10). Also in the same place, the immediate effects involved
death of marine fauna and massive mortality of mangroves which accounted to almost
one hectare and two years after the incident some albino propagules of Rhizophora
stylosa were observed (Barnuevo and Sadaba, 2014). In another oil spill incident in In
Cordova, Cebu, Philippines, in terms of lenticel condition, only the evident lenticels
of Rhizophora species were attempted to be evaluated but showed no significant
difference in the number in all sites studied (Sadaba and Niego, 2016).

2.3 Approaches in evaluating the status of mangrove forest after an oil spill

11
 Community structure analysis studies (includes stand basal area, stems per
hectare, relative density, relative frequency, importance value, and Shannon index of
diversity), mapping the deforested area, litter fall production, analyzing polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, and recruitment and mortality rate, were
common in the assessment of 2006 M/T Solar I oil spill in Guimaras ( Sadaba et al.,
2010). Community structure, oil and mortality analysis, and measurement of
pneumatophores and lenticels was used in 2013 MV St. Thomas Aquinas oil spill in
Cordova, Cebu, Philippines (Sadaba and Niego, 2016). Others used

In other countries like in Cameroon in Africa they used sediment analysis for
hydrocarbon and macrobenthosandmacrobenthos survey (Cameroon,Africa -Fusi et
al, 2016). Hydrocarbon analyses were also common method used in Panama,
Bangladesh, Puerto Rico, India, South Africa, and USA (Naidoo et al, 2010;
Agoramoorthy et al, 2007; Klekowski et al, 1994; Rashid et al, 2009; Burns et al,
1993). Photointerpretation, visual classification, class quantification, ground-truth and
vegetation structure data were combined to evaluate the oil impact in Baixada
Santista, Brazil (Santos et al, 2012). Carbon dioxide measurements, chlorophyll
fluorescence, and chlorophyll content can also be used because they are indicators of
oil stressed (Naidoo et al, 2010). In Puerto Rico, Na and K in leaf tissue can serve as
an indicator of sublethal effects of oil stress in mangrove trees and it was observed
before that the appearance of mangrove trees that were affected by hypersalinity was
the same to the appearance of mangrove trees that were subjected to oil spill. (Page et
al, 1985). Bioremediation was also proposed by
With the introduction of new technologies in the Philippines through
collaborative studies, it is found out that oil pollution and its effects on biological
resources still persisted until now, thus there is a need to apply bioremediation
technique on polluted sites (Sadaba and Koyama (, 2013) for oil affected sites in
Guimaras.

2.4 Impacts and Recovery of Mangroves after an oil spill

Post spill assessments suggest that structural recovery of oil-damaged

mangrove forests takes place over a period of at least 3 decades and once the toxic

12
components of spilled oil have dissipated and broken down to more benign residual
products, mangrove stands may re-establish in similar ways to non oil-impacted
forests, while oil-impacted, fringing mangroves on high energy coastlines are at
greatest risk, it is such exposed stands that maintain and support the integrity of the
structurally delicate inner stands (Duke, 2016).

One of the researcher summarizes the impact of oil spill on mangroves

through the years and the estimated number of years that the forest will have its full
recovery (Lewis, 1983).Visible response to oiling may be almost immediate, with
leaves curling or yellowing, as at the Era and Bahía las Minas spills. and the Ttrees,
however, may survive for a time only to succumb weeks or months later. and Tthe
presence and density of burrowing animals like crabs also affects the persistence of
oil in mangrove areas and can determine whether an exposure is short- or long-term,
because of oil penetration via burrows into an otherwise impermeable sediment. the
presence and density of burrowing animals like crabs also affects the persistence of
oil in mangrove areas and can determine whether an exposure is short- or long-term,
because of oil penetration via burrows into an otherwise impermeable sedimentand
two years after the spill in areas that were known to have been oiled, and were
interpreted to be a response to impairment of normal respiration (Yender and Michel,
2014).

In Seripe pipeline 1894 oil spill, new seedlings and saplings growing and
surviving even with the presence of oil in sediments after 9 years of exposure
(Lamparelli et al, 1997). Adult trees recovered their basal area and dense seedling
growth but with fewer treesafter 10 years of exposure in Panama TROPICS
experiment in 1984 (Dodge et al, 19965). In Refineria Panama oil spill in 1986, after
1 years the canopy and forest structure recovery was observed (Duke et al, 1997).

One of the researcher summarizes the impact of oil spill on mangroves

through the years and the estimated number of years that the forest will have its full
recovery (Lewis, 1983).

13
Table 2.2 Stage observed impact on mangroves (Lewis, 1983).
STAGE OBSERVED IMPACT
Acute 0 - 15 days Deaths of birds, fish, invertebrates
15 - 30 days Defoliation and death of small (<1 m) mangroves.
Loss of aerial root community
Chronic 30 days - 1 year Defoliation and death of medium (<3 m)
mangroves
Tissue damage to aerial roots
1 year – 5 years Death of larger (>3 m) mangroves. Loss of
aerial roots. Regrowth of roots (sometimes deformed)
Recolonization of oiled areas by new seedlings

1 year – 10 years? Reduction in litter fall Reduced

reproduction
Reduced seedling survival
Death or reduced growth of recolonizing trees?
Increased insect damage?

10 – 50 years? Complete recovery

2.4.1 Worldwide
An estimatedof 49 hectares of mangrove forest was affected by 1968 oil spill
in Witwater, Panama and it took akes 23 years for the fringe mangroves to recover
and more than 23 years for the sheltered mangroves (Duke et al., 1997). In 1971,
crude oil affected s the Rhizophora mangle in San Augusta, U.S Virgin Islands and
the recovery took ake more than 7 years (Lewis, 1979). In Zoe Colocotronis, Puerto
Rico, Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia nitita were affected by crude oil on March
1973 and the recovery took ake more than 6 years in mangrove fringe (Nadeau and
Bergquist, 1977; Gilfilan et al., 1987). Bahia las Minas, Panama suffered from crude
oil spilled on April 1986 that affected sRhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa,
Avicennia germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae and it took ake more than 5 years
for the fringing mangroves to recover (Garrnity et al., 1994; Duke et al., 1997). In
Roosevelt roads NAS, Puerto Rico suffered from two oil spilled with the same type of
oil, Jet Fuel (JP-5), one was on November 1986 that deforested 6 hectares of
Laguncularia racemosa and took more than 1 year to recover (Ballou and
Lewis,1989). The second was on October 1999 that impacted the 12.5 hectares of
Laguncularia racemosa and took ake at least 1.5 years to recover. In Era, Australia,

14
Bunker fuel spilled on August 1992 and 75-100 hectares of Avicennia marina was
greatly affected, then, the recovery was more than 4 years (Wardrop et al., 1997). No.
6 and No. 2 fuel impacted the 5.5 acres of Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora mangle,
and Laguncularia racemosa on August 1993 in Tampa Bay and the recovery take
more than 2 years (Levings et al., 1995, 1997).

The fastest recovery recorded was that of Zoe Colocotronis in 1973 it lasted for only 3
months and the overall reduction in soil and water oil levels were observed and the
return of infauna inclusion, polychaetes, and the arthropods and crabs and the
beginning of the return of lower prop root communities (TRC, 1975). After 29 years,
it was already observed that Zoe Colocotrinis mangroves have fully recovered in the
outer fringe forests with mature (10-15 cm DBH) red mangroves with 5-7 meters in
height and closed canopy but the tidal basin forest was still recovering with a mature
(5-8 cm DBH) red anf black mangrove understory 3-4 meters in height beneath an
older but recently killed, chronically oiled mature forest (Getter and Lewis, 2002).
Visible response to oiling may be almost immediate, with leaves curling or yellowing,
as at the Era and Bahía las Minas spills and the tree, however, may survive for a time
only to succumb weeks or months later and the presence and density of burrowing
animals like crabs also affects the persistence of oil in mangrove areas and can
determine whether an exposure is short- or long-term, because of oil penetration via
burrows into an otherwise impermeable sediment. the presence and density of
burrowing animals like crabs also affects the persistence of oil in mangrove areas and
can determine whether an exposure is short- or long-term, because of oil penetration
via burrows into an otherwise impermeable sediment and two years after the spill in
areas that were known to have been oiled, and were interpreted to be a response to
impairment of normal respiration (Yender, 2014).
Comparing spill impacts at several mangrove sites indicates that variable
effects are related to geomorphology and hydrologic kinetics of the mangrove
ecosystem that, in turn, control whether oil persists in the mangrove habitat but oiled
mangrove forests that are sheltered from wave and current exposure are likely to be
more severely affected than well-exposed, “outer fringe” mangrove areas and another
consideration thaLewis (1983) summarizes the impact of oil spill on mangroves
through the years and the estimated number of years that the forest will have its full
recovery as shown in Table 2.

15
Table 2. Stage observed impact on mangroves (Lewis, 1983).
STAGE OBSERVED IMPACT
Acute 0 - 15 days Deaths of birds, fish, invertebrates
15 - 30 days Defoliation and death of small (<1 m) mangroves.
Loss of aerial root community
Chronic 30 days - 1 year Defoliation and death of medium (<3 m)
mangroves
Tissue damage to aerial roots
1 year – 5 years Death of larger (>3 m) mangroves. Loss of
aerial roots. Regrowth of roots (sometimes deformed)
Recolonization of oiled areas by new seedlings

1 year – 10 years? Reduction in litter fall Reduced

reproduction
Reduced seedling survival
Death or reduced growth of recolonizing trees?
Increased insect damage?

10 – 50 years? Complete recovery

t also can be significant is the density of burrows from associated organisms such as
crabs, which can increase the penetration and persistence of oil with depth into
sediments (Yender and Michel, 2014).

2.5 Status and Community Structure of Mangroves in TINMR

2.5.1 Litter fall production (t/ha/yr)

MonitoringfFrom October 2007 to September 2008 showed that , Sonneratia

alba had the highest litter fall that ranges from 1.05- 2.08, followed by Rhizophora
mucronata with the value of 0.90- 1.42, third was Rhizophora stylosa with the value
ranging from 0.86- 1 82, fourth was Rhizophora apiculata with litter fall production
value of 0.84- 1.17, and last was Avicennia marina with the value ranging from 0.52-
0.94 (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

2.5.2 Average standing leaves per shoot

16
 The average standing leaves per shoot last October 2007 to September 2008
was 7-11 leaves (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

2.5.3 Leaf size of trees

The maximum leaf sizes of trees last October 2007 to September 2008 ranged
were ranging from 54.5 cm2 to 57.5 cm2 (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

2.5.4 Propagules state

Propagules at October 2007 to September 2008 had deformities, necrosis towards the
radicle, and highly- grazed leaves (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

2.5.5 Community Structure in 2.5.5 Community Structure in six sampling sites

Site Stem per Ha Number of Number of Number of Stand Basal Shannon-

2
(n/Ha) Trees Saplings Wildings Area (m /Ha) index of
Diversity
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 200 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
6

17
 Bagatnan 1666 1066 299 0.69 0.58
7 7933 7 2333 3001 4867 9 733 59.06 23.86

Pototan -  0.66
- 6267 - 1133 - 3767 - 1367 - 20.57

Taklong
0.7 0.65
Island 495
8533 4833 2783 2900 800 500 0 1433 22.72 17.78
Tandog 258 0.81 0.71
Islands 9999 5700 3813 2200 3600 3300 6 200 85.79 15.17

Tuguisan 0.7 0.54

224
5671 2867 1814 1767 1614 867 3 233 25.73 30.35
Taklong
Island
 - 0.83
(Unoiled
) - 10700 - 1767 - 3233 - 5700 - 12.11
Table 2.3. Community Structure in six sampling sites (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010)

4 sites (Bagatnan, Taklong, Tandog, and Tuguisan)

Stem per ha
In 2006 the mean stem per ha was 10217.5 but reduced drastically in 2007 with the
value of 5333.25 (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

Tree density
In 2006 the mean tree density in TINMR was 4769.25 tress/ha and in 2007 the tree
density was down to 2300 trees/ha (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

Sapling density
In 2006 the sapling density was 2253.75 saplings/ha while in 2007 the sapling density
was 2383.5 saplings/ha (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

18
Wilding density
In 2006, wilding density was 3194.5 wildings/ha and in 2007 it was 649.75
wildings/ha (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

Stand Basal Area

In 2006, the stand basal area was 48.325m2/ha and in 2007 it was 21.7625 m2/ha
(Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

Shannon-weaver index of diversity

In 2006, the Shannon-weaver index of diversity was 0.725 and in 2007 the value was
0.62 (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010).

2.5.6 Mortality

The percentage mean mortality of mangroves in S sitio Bbagatnan was 5.77%,

Sitio Lucmayan was 3.75%, Tandog Island was 3.40%, and Sitio Tuguisan was 5.59%
and the overall percentage of Rhizophora stylosa was 0.48%, R. mucronata was
0.26%, R. apiculata was 0.16%, and Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba was
0.03% (Sadaba et al. 2009b).

19
20
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the Study Area

Figure 1. Map of the Guimaras (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010)

21
 Figures 2. Map of TINMR (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010)

3.2 Geographic location

22
 Fig. 3 Ssix sampling stationssites in TINMR (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010)

The study area will bewas conducted in Taklong Island and Tandog Island National
Marine Reserve, Brgys. Lapaz and San Roque, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. There will
bewere six different stationsites, Bagatnan, Pototan, Taklong Island (oiled), Tandog
Island, Tuguisan, and Taklong Island (unoiled).The distinguishing features of the
study area was monospecific stand frequently dominated by Rhizophora species.

The station in Tandog was an overwashed mangrove forest. Overwashed

forest can be a small island or a narrow extension of land masses that subjected to
extreme daily tidal flushing, hence, there was no strong salinity gradient formation
allowing the success of establishment of species in the interior (Getter et al., 1984).
The rest of the stations were categorized as fringe type of forest with a minimum of
30 meters stretched from seaward to landward (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). This
type of mangrove forest exhibits a zonation pattern where the seaward portion is
constantly exposed to daily flushing and dominated by Rhizophora species while in
the landward portion receives a minimum wave and tidal energy and dominated by
Avicenniaspecies.

3.3 Description of sampling plots

23
 Ocular survey on the quantitative description of the species composition was
done prior to sampling in order to know where should be the plots located to secure
that the plots were the representative of the whole area as much as possible. One
transect line was laid to cover the whole length of each station and several plots were
laid per transect depending on the length of the transect and the species number
found. At least three plots were laid to minimize errors in data. There were a total of 6
stations, 6 transect lines, and 30 plots. Sampling period was on August 2016 to
December 2016.

Table 1. Overall list of Sampling Plots surveyed in Station _____.

StationTransect No. No. of Plots established
1Bagatnan 6
2Pototan 6
3Taklong Island oiled 9
Tandog 3
Tuguisan 3
Taklong Island unoiled 3
Total 30
There will be different stations per site depending on the vastness of the site.
Three plots will be established along the 100m transect line per station. The transect
line will be perpendicular to the sea.

24
3.4 Establishment and Selection of Plots
Modified transect plot method was the appropriate method used in this study
(English et al., 1997). Ocular survey on the quantitative description of the species
composition will be done prior to sampling in order to know where should be the
plots located to secure that the plots will be the representative of the whole area as
much as possible. After the selection of suitable area, a 10 x 10 m plots will bewas
established in the area and mangrove species will bewere identified inside the area
and all basal area and height will bewere measured. Water should also be present for
surface water and pore water salinity. The threeplots per transect will bewere
established randomly based on ocular survey.

3.5 Measurement of Physico-chemical factors

3.5.1 Water Salinity
Water salinity will bewas recorded via refractometer in every plot. One drop
of the salt water was ill be placed on the refractometer and read directly.

3.5.2 Water and Air Temperature

Temperature will bewas recorded via a mercury field/laboratory thermometer

in every plot. The thermometer will bewas stayed in air for 2-3 minutes for air
temperature and same duration for water temperature.

3.5.3 Water pH
Water sample will be collected in every plot and the pH will be measured using a pH
meter.

3.5.34 Pore water

During the low tide or the substrate will already free from salt water, the Ppore
water was measured from a hole dug at least one foot from the surface. or the water
below the soil will be noted for its pH, temperature, and salinity using the same
instruments as mentioned above.

3.6 Community Structure Analysis

25
3.6.1 Identification of the Species

Identification of the species will bewas done with the aid of the following
identification guide:

1. Primavera, J.H., Sadaba, R.B., Lebata M.J.H., Altamiranoi, J.P. 2004.

Handbook of Mangroves in the Philippines-Panay

3.6.2 Measurement of GBH

The girth will bewas measured by an ordinary tape measure and 1.3m height
will be constantly followed as the breast height and using a calibrated bamboo stick
will be used for convenience. But the following guidelines were should be followed
(English et al., 1997):
a. When a stem forks below breast height, or sprouts from a single base close to
the ground or above it, each branch was measured as a separate stem.
b. When the stem forks at breast height or slightly above it, the girth breast
height or just below the swelling caused by the fork was measured.
c. When the stem has prop roots or fluted lower trunk, girth was measured 20 cm
above the root collar.
d. When the stem has swelling, branches or abnormalities at the point of
measurement, the girth was measured slightly above or below the irregularity.

3.6.3 Measurement of Height

The height of the mangrove plant was ill beestimated using a meter stick.

3.7 Analysis of Data

3.7.1 Basal Area
π (DBH )2
BA=
4

26
3.7.2 Stems per Hectare
Total count∈ plot
Stem per acre= x 10000
Area of plot
3.7.3 Relative Density
No . of individuals of a species
Relative Density= x 100
total no . of individuals of all species
3.7.4 Relative Frequency
Frequency of a species
Relative Frequency= x 100
∑frequency of all species
3.7.5 Relative Dominance
Total basal areaof a species
Relative Dominance= x 100
total basal areaof all species

3.7.6 Importance values

Importance Value= Relative Density+ Relative Dominance+ Relative Frequency

3.7.7 Shannon Index of diversity

s
H=−∑ ¿ log ¿
i=1 N N ( ) ( )
s
N=∑ ¿
i=1

Where: Ni= importance value of a species i

N= sum of importance values for all species
S= total number of species in the sample

3.7.8 Zonation Patterns

Zonation patterns will be observed by noting the species density and the type of
substrate the mangrove species will also be observed.
3.7.89 Seedling, Sapling, and Tree Density
Manual counting of each of the species of mangroves of seedlings, saplings
and tree per plot will be were done. Seedlings are those with a height of less than a
meter while saplings are those with girth of less than 12cm and height greater than 1
meter. Trees are those with girth more than 12 cm and height greater than 1 meter

27
3.8 Plant Condition
3.8 Plant conditon
3.8.1 Chlorophyll- content of the most important species
The most important species will be determined based on the importance value. Ten
leaves will be collected per station. The leaves will be wrapped with aluminum foil
and freeze until it is ready to analyze using a spectrometer (Klekowski et al, 1994).
Ice bath will be prepared. This is to keep mortar and pestle, 100 ml beaker, and
graduated cylinders chilled throughout the process. Petiole and midrib will be
removed and 10 g of the resulting leaf material will be obtained. Leaves will be cut
into small pieces in the mortar and 50 ml of cold 0.5M sucrose. The mixture will be
brought to homogenous appearance. Four layers of cheesecloth will be put on a funnel
then the homogenate will be poured and the collected filtrate was chilled in a 100 ml
beaker. The filtrate will be transferred to a two chilled centrifuge tubes. The filtrates
will be centrifuge for 5 mins. The supernatant will be isolated and transferred to a new
two chilled centrifuge tubes and centrifuge for 7 mins. The supernatant of the second
treated samples in a centrifuge was discarded/ the pellets will be mixed in 10 ml of
cold 0.5M sucrose solution. One ml of the aliquot of chloroplast suspension will be
added into a 10 ml graduated and will be diluted to 10 ml with 80% acetone. The
sample was subjected to spectrophotometry and the wavelength will be adjusted to
620 nm. The set up will be calibrated using the blank of 80% acetone. The
chlorophyll content will be calculated using the formula, A=ECd. The concentration
of chlorophyll obtained will be multiplied to a dilution factor in order to the original
concentration of the chlorophyll suspension.

3.8.12 Leaf size of trees

Collected different sizes of Rhizophora species leaves fromt the selected
leaves per species at least ten different trees per speciesper plot. The surface area area
was solved using the software will be solved using a graphing paper or a software
ImageJ.

3.8.3 Propagules state

28
Recording all the physical appearance of the propagules of every species per plot like
deformities, necrosis, highly-graze leaves, and etc.
3.9 Sediment Composition

The sediment per plot were bored using a PVC borer to a depth at about 20
centimeters and sieved using three sieves with different mesh size. The mesh sizes
were, first sieve was 2 mm, second was 500 µm, third was90 µm. The obtained
sediments per sieve was categorized to specific type of sediment based on grade limit
based on Wentworth grade Scale.

Fig. 4 Wentworth grade Scale adapted in English et al. (1997)

3.9 Recruitment and Mortality

The seedling in the 10 x 10m plot will be marked and numbered by a tagging device.
The recruitments and mortality will be scored in a given time interval using the
formula:

Rt+1 = ln{[Nt + NRt+1)/Nt]/ Δt}

Mt+1 = ln{[(Nt - Dt+1)/Nt]/Δt}
where Rt+1, specific recruitment rate for the time interval (day-1); Mt+1, specific
mortality rate for the time interval (day-1); Nt, total seedling population at beginning

29
of time interval; NRt+1, number of new recruits at the end of the time interval; Dt+1,
number of dead seedlings at the end of time interval; Δt, number of days elapsed from
t days to t+1, and average during the study period and multiply by 365 days to
calculate annual specific rates (Padilla et al. 2004 as cited in Barnuevo and Sadaba,
2014).

3.109 Documentation

Photographs of species and presence of flowers and fruits per species was
done using 20.1 mega pixel Sony cyber-shot camera.
3.9.1 Collection of Herbarium Materials
Sample on each plant sample will be collected. Flowers and fruits will also be
collected if available. The leaves, flowers, and fruits sample will be pressed using a
plant presser made of wood along with newspapers and corrugated cardboard.

3.11Overall Scheme of the Study Flow Diagram

30
Fig. 5 Summary of the methods

Overall scheme of the study.

31
 CCHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Taxonomic analysis of mangrove species within plots in all stations

32
 There were 12 species of mangroves comprising to 7 families captured in the
plots in all stations (Table 4). Mangroves species in all stations had a total of 27
species in 2006 based on ocular survey (Sadaba et al., 2009b) and this was 79% of the
total mangrove species in the Philippines (34 species) (Primavera et al., 2004).
Mangroves captured in plots were44% from the total mangrove species in TINMR.

Table 4. Taxonomic analysis of mangroves species within plots in all stations

Family Species Code

Avicenniaceae Avicennia alba AA
Avicennia marina AM
Combretaceae Lumnitzera littorea LL
Lythraceae Pemphis acidula PA
Myrsinaceae Aegiceras floridum AF
Myrtaceae Osbornia octodonta OO
Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica BC
Ceriops tagal CT
Rhizophora apiculata RA
Rhizophora mucronata RM
Rhizophora stylosa RA
Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba SA
TOTAL: 7 12

2Basal area is space covered by a tree stem and can be equated to overall stand
development related to wood volume and biomass (Cintron and Schaeffer, 1984). In
Panama tropics experiment in 1984, adult trees recovered in basal area after 10 years
of oil spill (Dodge et al., 1996). It takes 11 years for Refineria Panama 1986 oil spill
to recovered in terms of canopy and forest structure (Duke et al., 1997).6 as of August
to December 2016

33
(Fig. 6)7 as of August to December 2016,8a9as of August to December 2016,

10 as of August to December 2016,

bHigh percentage of silt influenced the wildings that may lead to poor establishment
and death of wildings (Noor et al., 2015).11 as of August to December 2016,23The
importance value is the contribution of each omponent species to stand in terms of
density, contribution to basal area, and probability of occurrence throughout the plot
(Cintron and Schaeffer, 1984). aeFigure 14 as of August to December 2016,5as of
August to December 2016, Anthropogenic activities slow down the recovery of
mangroves community by introducing constant and persistent stress and can lead to
habitat loss(Martinuzzi et al., 2009; Duke, 2016).6 as of August to December 2016

4Physicochemical Parameters

Salinity is one of the major environmental factors that affect the growth and
development of plants (Noor et al., 2015). Mangroves exist in marine environment
because they are facultative halophytes. Mangroves are well adapted and shown best
growth in salinity that vary from 5 to 75 ppt. The surface water salinity in TINMR
ranged from 33.33 to 36.33 ppt wherein Taklong Island had the lowest salinity and the
unoiled site had the highest salinity (Table 4.1). In terms of pore water salinity, it
ranges from 32.33 to 35. 33 ppt and still the Taklong Island got the lowest salinity
(Table 4.1). Taklong Island being more exposed to wave actions and daily tidal
fluctuations is expected to be least saline. Taklong Island (unoiled) is more sheltered
and receives a minimal wave actions, thus, the salt concentration is increase.
Bagatnan being a residential area showed a high salinity compared to other stations
because excessive loading wastes and other nutrients can increase the salinity of water
(Shiau et al., 2017).

Mangrove do not develop well in area with annual average temperature of

below 19oC (Alongi, 2002; Alongi, 2008). Physiological responses like
photosynthesis are affected when the temperature exceeds at 35oC (Moore et al.,
1973). Air temperatures were recorded during the sampling period and narrow range
of temperatures were observed from 27 oC to 28.5 oC (Table 54.1). Clearly that during
the sampling time, air temperature does not bring stress on mangroves.
34
Table 5.1 Physicochemical parameters of six stations in TINMR as of August to
December 2016

Physico Chem
Pore water
Surface water
  Salinity Air Temperature (oC)
Salinity (ppt)
(ppt)
35.33 ±
Bagatnan 35 ± 0 27
2.52
34.67 ±
Pototan 33.67 ± 1.53 28
0.58
32.33 ±
Taklong Island 33.33 ± 2.89 27.5
2.52
34.67 ±
Tandog 34.33 ± 1.15 28.5
0.58
34.33 ±
Tuguisan 35 ± 0 27
1.15
Taklong Island 34. 67 ±
36.33 ± 1.53 27
(unoiled) 0.58

Chemical contaminants like petrochemicals remained in mangrove ecosystems

between pore water, overlying water and sediments (Lewis et al., 2011). The species
composition and growth of mangroves is directly affected by physical soil
composition because it dictates the permeability of the soil to water which influences
soil salinity and water content (English et al., 1997). Silt-clay and very fine sand
dominates almost all station except in Taklong Island where very coarse sand granules
were dominant (Fig. 4.1). Regardless of sediment composition the mangrove forest is
dominated by Rhizophora species that form a mono-specific stand except in Tuguisan
where it is conquered by Avicennia marina. Interestingly, large Sonneratia albawere
present in all stations. This three species of true mangroves can grow in sandy,
muddy, and coralline substrate (Primavera et al., 2004). The pneumatophores of A.
marina and S. alba and the prop roots of Rhizophora allow them to strive in this
substrates. The sediment composition can help on the removal of oil remains in the
substrate (Duke, 2016). The coarser the sediment the easier for oil to be removed by
water current.

Salinity is one of the major environmental factors that affect the growth and
development of plants (Noor et al., 2015). Mangroves exist in marine environment
because they are facultative halophytes. Mangroves are well adapted and shown best

35
growth in salinity that vary from 5 to 75 ppt. The surface water salinity in TINMR
ranged from 33.33 to 36.33 ppt wherein Taklong Island had the lowest salinity and the
unoiled site had the highest salinity (Table 4.1). In terms of pore water salinity, it
ranges from 32.33 to 35. 33 ppt and still the Taklong Island got the lowest salinity
(Table 4.1). Taklong Island being more exposed to wave actions and daily tidal
fluctuations is expected to be least saline. Taklong Island (unoiled) is more sheltered
and receives a minimal wave actions, thus, the salt concentration is increase.
Bagatnan being a residential area showed a high salinity compared to other stations
because excessive loading wastes and other nutrients can increase the salinity of water
(Shiau et al., 2017).

Mangrove do not develop well in area with annual average temperature of below 19 oC
(Alongi, 2002; Alongi, 2008). Physiological responses like photosynthesisare
affected when the temperature exceeds at 35oC (Moore et al., 1973). Air temperatures
were recorded during the sampling period and narrow range of temperatures were
observed from 27oC to 28.5oC (Table 4.1). Clearly that during the sampling time, air
temperature does not bring stress on mangroves.

Sediment Composition
70

60

50
40
% Sediment

30

20

10
0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(Unoiled)

Stations

Very Coarse sand Granules Medium sand

Very fine Sand Silt-Clay

Figure 74.1 Sediment Composition of six stationChemical contaminants like

petrochemicals remained in mangrove ecosystems between pore water, overlying
water and sediments (Lewis et al., 2011). Silt-clay and very fine sand dominates
almost all station except in Taklong Island where very coarse sand granules were

36
dominant (Fig. 4.1). Regardless of sediment composition the mangrove forest is
dominated by Rhizophora species that form a mono-specific stand except in Tuguisan
where it is conquered by Avicennia marina. Interestingly, large Sonneratia albawere
present in all stations. This three species of true mangroves can grow in sandy,
muddy, and coralline substrate (Primavera et al., 2004). The pneumatophores of A.
marina and S. alba and the prop roots of Rhizophora allow them to strive in this
substrates. The sediment composition can help on the removal of oil remains in the
substrate (Duke, 2016). The coarser the sediment the easier for oil to be removed by
water current

4.1 Species Composition and Community Structure

In general, the present assessment documented a total of 26 true mangrove
species representing 13 families for the overall species composition of which, only
eleven (11)were included within transects and plots (Table 4). The total number of
speciesis consistent with earlier survey of Sadaba et al (2009a) but higher compared

37
with 18 species listed for San Remegio, Cebu (Primavera, 2000) and Cordova, Cebu
(Sadaba and Niego 2016). It is about 88.2% of the Philippine mangrove species
(Primavera et al., 2004). The most represented family was Rhizophoraceae with 9
species. However, some families had only one representative species such as
Arecaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and
Sterculiaceae.

Among the 12 species included in the sampled plots, Avicennia

marina,Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa and
Sonneratia alba were found in all stations assessed (Table 5). Others were found in 1-
3 stations only. These species were also found dominant in Cebu based on the study
of Buot (1994) attributed to the high salinity in these areas.

Diversity index was relatively higher at the reference site, Tandog

(H’=0.67), followed by Taklong Island H’=0.66), Bagatnan (H’=0.621), Pototan
(H’=0.0.64), Taklong Is. (oiled) (H’=0.58), and Tuguisan (H’=0.37) (Table 6).
TINMR, in general, has 26 species higher that Cordova, Cebu with 18 species and
Pagbilao Bay in Quezon province (24 spp.), Aurora province (23 spp.) and Ibajay in
Aklan province (22 spp.), but comparable with Bohol (26 spp.), all listed in
Primavera (2000). The high diversity in TINMR could be attributed to it being a
protected area; hence, not much extraction or damage on mangroves due to
anthropogenic activities unlike those, for example in Cordova, Cebu where

reclamation projects have been observed as the major cause of mangrove loss. In
addition, mangroves and surrounding areas are converted to provide more space for
industrialization and urbanization.

In general, the present assessment documented a total of 26 true mangrove species

representing 13 families for the overall species composition of which, only eight (8)
were included within transects and plots (Table 1). The total number of species is
consistent with earlier survey of Sadaba et al (2009a) but higher compared with 18
species listed for San Remegio, Cebu (Primavera, 2000) and Cordova, Cebu
(Sadaba and Niego 2016). It is about 88.2% of the Philippine mangrove species

38
(Primavera et al., 2004). The most represented family was Rhizophoraceae with 9
species. However, some families had only one representative species such as
Arecaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and
Sterculiaceae.

Among the 8 species included in the sampled plots, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora
apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa and Sonneratia alba were
found in all sites assessed (Table 2). Others were found in 1-3 sites only. These
species were also found dominant in Cebu based on the study of Buot (1994)
attributed to the high salinity in these areas.

Diversity index was relatively higher at the reference site, Taklong Un-
oiled (H’=0.89), followed by Tandog Is. (H’=0.68), Pototan (H’=0.67), Taklong Is.
(oiled) (H’=0.62), Bagatnan (H’=0.56) and Tuguisan (H’=0.5) (Table 3). TINMR, in
general, has 26 species higher that Cordova, Cebu with 18 species and Pagbilao Bay
in Quezon province (24 spp.), Aurora province (23 spp.) and Ibajay in Aklan province
(22 spp.), but comparable with Bohol (26 spp.), all listed in Primavera (2000). The
high diversity in TINMR could be attributed to it being a protected area; hence, not
much extraction or damage on mangroves due to anthropogenic activities unlike
those, for example in Cordova, Cebu where reclamation projects have been observed
as the major cause of mangrove loss. In addition, mangroves and surrounding areas
are converted to provide more space for industrialization and urbanization.

4.1.1 Overall Structure

Assessment of the mangrove status in TINMR was done through

quantitative analysis of community structure. The community structure of
mangroves is an indicator of the value and species richness of every mangrove
stand. Comparisons of structural characteristics of mangroves in five stations
surveyed were based on the following: mean DBH (diameter at breast height,
in cm); stand basal area (m2/ha); density of wildlings, saplings and trees;
species diversity and species evenness. These parameters are useful in

39
 understanding the dynamics and inter-specific relationships of species
composing the community that can be equated to the health of mangroves in
the area.

Assessment of the mangrove status in TINMR was done through quantitative

analysis of community structure. The community structure of mangroves is an
indicator of the value and species richness of every mangrove stand.
Comparisons of structural characteristics of mangroves in five sites surveyed
were based on the following: mean DBH (diameter at breast height, in cm);
stand basal area (m2/ha); density of wildlings, saplings and trees; species
diversity and species evenness. These parameters are useful in understanding
the dynamics and inter-specific relationships of species composing the
community that can be equated to the health of mangroves in the area.

4.1.2 Diameter Breast Height (NEED DATA IN TABLE 3)

The diameter at breast height (DBH) of mangrove species expressed in

centimeter (cm) is categorized into 3 class sizes namely; small (0.5 to ≤2.5
cm), medium (2.5 to ≤10 cm) and large (>10cm). Among oiled stations
Tandog was the highest (17.77 cm), followed by Pototan (16.77 cm),
Bagatnan (14.91 cm), Taklong Island (14.62), and Tuguisan (11. 81 cm) with
the average of 15.71. The oiled stations were relatively higher compared to
unoiled stations with DBH of 12.64 cm. Overall, the DBH of TINMR was
large (Table 6).

The diameter at breast height (DBH) of mangrove species expressed in

centimeter (cm) is categorized into 3 class sizes namely; small (0.5 to ≤2.5
cm), medium (2.5 to ≤10 cm) and large (>10cm).
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….

4.13 Stand Basal Area

40
 Basal area is space covered by a tree stem and can be equated to
overall stand development related to wood volume and biomass (Cintron and
Schaeffer, 1984). For the five sampling sites evaluated, the stand basal area
ranged from 20.74 m2/ha in Taklong Island (reference) to 47.14 m 2/ha in
Pototan Table 6).. There is generally a high stand area for all sites compared
with similar oiled sites in Cordova, Cebu where the SBA ranged only from
4.07 m2/ha in Day-as to 30.61 m2/ha in Alegria (Sadaba and Niego, 2016). The
presence of large sized Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, R. apiculata, R.
mucronata and R.stylosa in TINMR contributed significantly to the stand
basal area. On the other hand, the low value for stand basal area in Buagsong
(4.43 m2/ha) is largely due to the absence of large-sized trees and the
occurrence of dwarf Avicennia mangroves on its partly rocky substratum.
Avicennia marina prefers muddy soil than rocky substrate. The roots were
designed to anchor the plant during the frequent inundation of seawater in the
soft substrate of tidal systems. Furthermore, the mean SBA for sites in TINMR
is much higher (38.06 m2/ha) than the overall stand basal area of all sites
studied in Cordova, Cebu at 11.99 m2/ha only (Table 63). The high stand basal
area within TINMR is reflective of its being a protected area compared with
the small stand basal areas in Cordova, Cebu that could be due to excessive
harvesting of mangrove trees as well as alteration of tidal flow brought by
infrastructure developments compared with other important coastal areas
studied (Dacles et al., 1995; Mendoza and Alura, 2001; Sadaba and Niego,
2016).

4.1.4 Stems per hectare

As of December 2016, the reference site in Taklong (un-oiled) had the

highest number of stems per hectare at 10,600 followed by those in Tuguisan
(7966.66), Pototan (6816.66), Tandog Island (6733.33), Bagatnan (5683.3)
and the least at Taklong Island (oiled) at 4822.22 only; the average was
7103.695 (Table 63).

4.1.5 Density

41
The overall composition of plant categories in all sites show that it’s a
relatively mature stand with trees 46%, saplings at 32%) and wildings at (22%
(Figure 2xx). Among sites, Tree density was highest at Tuguisan with 3200
trees per hectare followed by Pototan (3166.66), Bagatnan (2783.33), Tandog
Is.(2733.33), Taklong un-oiled(2600), Taklong Is. (oiled) (2533.33); the mean
density is 2836.1083 (Table 3). The mean density for this sampling is much
higher compared with that reported in Cordova, Cebu (an oiled site) at
1334.03 trees per hectare, Guimaras at 1,605 tress ha-1 (Sadaba et al., 2007a),
Dolores, Samar at 1780±349 tress ha-1 and Matarinao Bay at 1,575 tress ha -1
(Mendoza and Alura, 2001). Such high values could be attributed to the
protected nature of the mangroves within TINMR.

Sapling density ranged from 840 ha-1 in Bagatnan to 6200 ha-1 in the
reference site in Taklong Island (Table 3). The mean is 2713 ha-1(Table 63)
and is higher compared with those in Cordova, Cebu with 11.99 ha-1 only
(Sadaba and Niego, 2016). The relatively low values in Bagatnan could
possibly be attributed to few recruits( wildings) moving up to sapling stage
since it is the worst hit area with high mortality in 2006. On the other hand,
the lower number of saplings in Alegria is attributed to the more mature stand
exhibited by large-sized trees thus giving less space for the sapling to grow.
Contrary to the low tree density of Day-as, it harbored the highest numbers of
saplings and wildlings. Saplings were mostly of those by Avicennia marina
and Rhizophora stylosa with a density of 1466.67 ha-1 and 1066.67 ha-1,
respectively. Higher sapling numbers could be attributed to the lower number
of trees in the area, allowing more saplings to grow.

Wildling density was highest at Bagatnan at 2575 per hectare, followed by the
oiled site in TaklongIsland at 1733 per hectare. Those wildings in Tandog had
the least desnity at 450 per hectare only; overall average was 1358.26 per
hectare (Table 63). The high wilding density in Bagatnan is a welcome
development that clearly shows that the area is now recovering while the low
density in Tandog could be partly explained by the presence of more mature

42
 trees that do not favor the entrance of new recruits that are outcompeted in the
long run.

4.1.6 Importance Value

The importance value is one of the important parameters of community

structure in mangroves that shows which among the species predominates in the given
site. It is the summation of relative frequency of a species, the relative density and
relative dominance (English et al., 1994). Months after the oil spill in 2006, five
mangrove species showed mortality, R. stylosa, R. mucronata, R. apiculata, A.
marina, and S. alba (Sadaba et al., 2009a). However, the same species, after 10 years
were still the most important species in TINMR (Figure 7). This result indicates that
the mangroves demonstrates natural resiliency attributed to the high number of
species present where other mature trees remained un-affected that became the source
of propagules to regenerate in the area.

The importance value is one of the important parameters of

community structure in mangroves that shows which among the
species predominates in the given site. It is the summation of relative
frequency of a species, the relative density and relative dominance
(English et al., 1994).
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………….

4.2 Physicochemical Parameters

Salinity is one of the major environmental factors that affect the growth and
development of plants (Noor et al., 2015). Mangroves exist in marine
environment because they are facultative halophytes and they are well adapted
as shown by their best growth in salinity that vary from 5 to 75 ppt. Both
surface and pore water salinities in TINMR are generally marine in nature that
ranged from 33.33 to 36.33 ppt and 32.33 to 35. 33 ppt, respectively. (Table
xx). There is minimal freshwater inputs due to the absence of a major river
system from the mainland except for occasional rain water discharge.
Mangrove do not develop well in area with annual average temperature of
below 19oC (Alongi, 2002; Alongi, 2008). Physiological responses like

43
 photosynthesis are affected when the temperature exceeds at 35oC (Moore et
al., 1973). Air temperatures recorded during the sampling period showed a
narrow range from 27 oC to 28.5 oC (Tablexx) within range of other mangroves
elsewhere.

4.2.1 Sediment composition

The species composition and growth of mangroves is directly affected by

physical soil composition because it dictates the permeability of the soil to
water which influences soil salinity and water content (English et al., 1997).
Silt-clay and very fine sand dominates almost all station except in Taklong
Island where very coarse sand granules were dominant (Figure xx). Regardless
of sediment composition, the mangrove forest is dominated by Rhizophora
species that formed an almost mono-specific stand except in Tuguisan where
Avicennia marina dominated the site. Interestingly, large Sonneratia alba was
present in all stations indicating a wide range of tolerance to sediment sizes.
These three species of true mangroves can grow in sandy, muddy, and
coralline substrate (Primavera et al., 2004). The pneumatophores of A. marina
and S. alba and the prop roots of Rhizophora allow them to cope in these
substratum. Chemical contaminants like petrochemicals remain in mangrove
ecosystems between pore water, overlying water and sediments (Lewis et al.,
2011). The sediment composition can help in the removal of oil remains in the
substrate (Duke, 2016). The coarser the sediment, the easier for oil to be
removed by water current.

4.3 COMPARISON WITH MONITORIN DATA SINCE 2006

There is an increasing trend in the stand basal areas (m2ha-1) between

oiled and un-oiled sites within TINMR from 2007 (Year 1 of monitoring by
Sadaba et al 2009a) until December 2016 (Figure 9 and 10xx) based on annual
averages. In 2007, the stand basal area dramatically decreased in Bagatnan,
Taklong Island, and Tandog while slight increase in Tuguisan (Sadaba and
Barnuevo, 2010). The computed stand basal area ranged from 20.75 m 2ha-1 of
Taklong Island unoiled to 47.14 m2 ha-1 in Pototan (Figure 9xx). The large

44
stand basal area of Pototan was attributed by the presence of large S. alba
trees. Being a protected area, cutting of mangroves is prohibited enabling the
mangroves to grow better due to the absence of anthropogenic pressures. In
Panama tropics experiment in 1984, adult trees recovered in basal area after 10
years of oil spill (Dodge et al., 1996). It took 11 years for Refineria Panama
1986 oil spill to recovered in terms of canopy and forest structure (Duke et al.,
1997).

There was an overall slight improvement in the number of stems per

hectare for oiled sites (Figures 11xx and 12xx). Bagatnan having the most
number of dead mangroves in TINMAR (initial of 16,667 in 2006 during the
spill but dropped significantly a year later in 2007 to 7933.3 only) has slightly
increased in the recent sampling from 5,466.67 in 2011 to 5683.3 in December
2016; however, data for years 2012-204 are not included in this comparison. It
can be seen that there were fluctuations in the yearly average of stems per
hectare in both the reference site and unoiled site, which could be attributed to
the inconsistency of the recruitments. However, although results show no
significant difference in terms of number of stems per hectare in general, those
Tuguisanthose in Tuguisan had an apparent increase in the number of stems
per hectare (Figure 11xx). As the basal area increased, the stem per hectare
decreased (Fig. 6)because the habitat needs more space to grow into mature
trees and support the growing biomass consistent self- thinning theory of
mono- specific stands (Alongi, 2008).

Tree density of Bagatnan has a sudden drop from October 2006

sampling to November 2007. This site has the largest deforested area within
TINMAR three months after the oil spill (Sadaba et al., 2009b). Death in
mangrove trees in Bagatnan was caused by the stranded oil in the area.
Mangroves become vulnerable to oil especially in the longer exposure.
Lenticels were suffocated by the oil thus inhibit gas exchange in mangrove
trees resulting to defoliation and death. Pototan has increased in May 2011 to
December 2011 values but it slightly decrease in subsequent samplings. A
drop in Tandog Is. tree density was also evident from Oct 2006 to November

45
2007, however, there was an increase in May 2011 sampling with slight
decrease in subsequent samplings. Other oiled sites showed minimal changes
on their tree density. For the overall results, average tree density of oiled sites
showed a sudden decrease a year after the oil spill. However, marked
improvement was shown in 2011 and further improved in 2016 at an average
of 2883.33 (Figure 13xx). Sapling density (n ha-1) was also reduced in all sites
in 2007 except for Bagatnan and Pototan. Bagatnan showed an increase in
values from a year after the oil spill (November 2007) until November 2010.
Pototan however, started to increase in 2008 until 2010. Other oiled sites
showed variations in their sapling density (Figure 14xx). The average sapling
density of all oiled sites showed an increase from 2006 to 2011, however, a
density and percentage dropped on 2011 could be resulted from their
continued growth that allowed them to enter the next plant category of trees as
observed in the subsequent increase in tree density in 2011. However, there
was another increase in 2016 to an average of 2883.33 saplings per hectare.
These results show the dynamics of a plant community where there are
changes in population co-horts over time and could be mean that the
community is already has functional components leading towards full
recovery. The wildling density in all sites showed varying results as shown on
Table xx compared with 2011 results only. An abrupt decrease in the average
of wildling density were also observed a year after the incident. However, the
average wildling density of oiled sites increased noticeable from 2009 until
2011. The fluctuations might be reflective of the natural recruitment process
and may indicate year to year variations following prevailing environmental
conditions allowing for their establishment. However, their continued presence
indicate that indeed the normal dynamics of recruitment is already taking
place indicative of “return-to-normal”conditions of the once affected area with
oil spill in 2006.

There was an evident decrease in diversity index for Bagatnan, Tandog

and Tuguisan from October 2006 to November 2007 samplings. Other oiled
sites showed slight variations only (Figure 17 and 18xx). Overall average of
diversity in oiled sites showed a decrease from 2006 to 2007. In general, there

46
 is not much of changes in diversity index indicating that there are no new
species establishing in the area.

Over-all composition of various plant categories since 2006 manifests

an improvement among the oiled sites within the reserve. Trees showed
improvement in 2011 which could be attributed to the growth of saplings
entering the tree category. Apparent improvement in recruitment as evidenced
by the increase in wilding density in some sites was also evident (Figure 15
and 16xx). These observations are very promising signs that oiled mangroves
are perhaps on the road to recovery.

4.4 Plant Condition: Leaf Area

Leaf area reduction can be an indication of oil-stress effect on mangroves

especially on Bunker C oil spill (Getter et al., 1985; Page et al., 1985). The
reductionThe reduction is due to toxicity of the oil from roots to leaves that
alter the physiological responses like transpiration and respiration rate of the
mangroves. One year after the oil spill, significant reduction of leaf area was
observed in R. apiculata that can be attributed to the stress brought by oil spill
that reflected the persistent energy drain that lead to mortality (Sadaba and
Barnuevo, 2010). The mangroves in Bagatnan had the smallest surface area
and this can be attributed to the residential area in Bagatnan where
anthropogenic activities like removal of dead trees for fire wood (Barnuevo
and Sadaba, 2014) and the parking of boats in the area that can lead to
destruction of mangrove parts. Furthermore, it can lead to increase water and
wave currents that can fluctuate the salinity rapidly and easier removal of
nutrients in sediments that further add to the stress on mangroves.
Anthropogenic activities slow down the recovery of mangroves community by
introducing constant and persistent stress and can lead to habitat
loss(Martinuzzi et al., 2009; Duke, 2016).

47
48
Table 41. Overall list of Mangrove Species in Taklong Island National Marine
Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, Philippines. June 29, 2017. August-December
2016December 2016.

Family Species

1. Acanthus ebracteatus
1. Acanthaceae 2. Acanthus ilicifolius
3. Acanthus volubilis
2. Arecaceae 4. Nypa fruticans
5. Avicennia marina
 3. Avicenniaceae 6. Avicennia officinalis
7. Avicennia rumphiana
4. Combretaceae 8. Lumnitzera racemosa
5. Euphorbiaceae 9. Excoecaria agallocha
6.Lythraceae 10. Pemphis acidula
11. Xylocarpus granatum
7. Meliaceae
12. Xylocarpus moluccensis
13. Aegiceras corniculatum
8. Myrsinaceae
14. Aegiceras floridum
9. Myrtaceae 15. Osbornia octodonta
16. Bruguiera cylindrical
17. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
10. Rhizophoraceae 18. Ceriops decandra
19. Ceriops tagal
20. Rhizophora apiculata
21. Rhizophora x lamarckii
22. Rhizophora mucronata
23. Rhizophora stylosa
11. Rubiaceae 24. Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae
12. Sonneratiaceae 25. Sonneratia alba
13. Sterculiaceae 26. Heritiera littoralis
   

49
 Total Number of
Species 26
Total Number of
Families 13

Table 52. Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence (%) of species found inside
sample plots, Station _____, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva
Valencia, Guimaras, Philippines. June 28-29, 2017. August-December
2016December 2016.

Transect No.Sites Freq,

(oiled )Taklong Is.

Freq. of occ. (%)

Taklong Is. ( un-
Tandog Is.
Bagatnan

Tuguisan

oiled)
Pototan

 Total

Species 1 2 3
Plot Plot Plot
Avicenniaceae 1 12 13 1 12 13 16 2 3 100
Species
Combretaceae 1 1 17
Lythraceae 1 1 17
Myrsinaceae 1 1 1 1 4 67
Myrtaceae 1 1 1 1 4 67
Rhizophoraceae 1 1 17
1 1 17
1 1 1 1 1 1 6 100
1 1 1 1 1 5 83
1 1 1 1 1 1 6 100
Sonneratiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 100
Total Species 6 5 7 8 5 10
Total Families

50
Table 63. Structural Characteristics of Mangroves in Station ______, Surveyed Sites,
Taklong Island Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. (June 28-29August-
December 2016December, 20176).

No. Mean SBA Stems Tree Sapling Wilding Specie Species

of DBH Density Density Density s Eveness
spp. (cm) (m2 ha-1) (Ha-1) (n ha -1) Divers
Inside (n ha-1) (n ha-1) ity
plot (H’)

T- 33.2833. 5683.3 2783.33 2575257 0.590.

1Bagatnan 66 14.91 28 5683.3 2783.33 840840 5 56 0.76
6816.6
47.1447. 66816. 3166.66 4233.334 1075107 0.620.
T-2Pototan 56 16.77 14 66 3166.66 233.33 5 67 0.88
4822.2
T-3Taklong 40.0140. 24822. 2533.33 1342.851 1733173 0.580.
Is. (oiled) 79 14.62 01 22 2533.33 342.85 3 62 0.68

51
 6733.3
35.7235. 36733. 2733.33 1333.313 0.690.
Tandog Is. 83 17.77 72 33 2733.33 33.3 450450 68 0.76
7966.6
34.1934. 67966. 320032 2333.332 0.370.
Tuguisan 43 11.81 19 66 00 333.33 950950 50 0.61
32022. 14416.6
Total 190.3419 17320 514416. 10082.81 6783678 2.843.
3027 75.88 0.34 22.17 65 10082.81 3 03 3.69
6404.4
Mean 38.06838 34640 2883.33 2016.562 1356.613 0.570.
65.4 15.16 .068 4.434 2883.33 2016.562 56.6 606 0.74
20.7420.
Taklong un-
74 10600 260026 6200620 1366.661 0.670.
oiled
103 12.64 10600 00 0 366.66 8 0.64

52
Table 74. Structural Characteristics of Mangrove Species:All Transects sites. (June 28-
29August-December 2016December ,20176.).

Species
Relative Relative Relative Imp.
SBA
Density Freq. Dom. Value

m2ha-1 (%) (%) (%) (IV)

Avicennia marina 572.50 18.22 16.00 12.63 186.05

Lumnitzera littorea 69.02 0.40 0.83 0.12 3.13

Pemphis acidula 520.11 0.20 1.04 0.82 6.19

Aegiceras floridum 263.01 1.71 2.92 1.38 18.70

Osbornia octodonta 205.25 1.17 3.19 0.79 11.97

Bruguiera cylindrica 419.53 0.13 0.83 0.71 5.10

Ceriops tagal 248.79 1.46 1.67 0.84 13.88

Rhizophora apiculata 1075.18 36.14 24.97 30.44 400.94

Rhizophora mucronata 369.75 7.65 9.73 5.91 81.95

Rhizophora stylosa 716.16 21.03 16.58 11.77 197.76

Sonneratia alba 1654.58 11.91 22.23 34.59 280.32

Total 6113.88 100 100 100 1206.00

Mean 555.81 9.09 9.09 9.09 109.64

53
 Figure 6. Percentage Composition of Plant Age

Tree Sapling Wilding

22%

46%

32%

Figure 6xx. Percentage Composition of trees, saplings, wildings within Station _____, Taklong Island
National Marine Reserve. June 28-29, 2017. August-December 2016..

54
 SBA by Site
100
90
80
Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)
70 Oiled Bagatnan
60 Oiled Pototan
Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
50 Oiled Tandog Is.
Oiled Tuguisan
40
Oiled Overall Year average
30
20
10
0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

Figure 7xx. Averages of stand basal (SBA) Station _____ per transect, Taklong Island National
Marine Reserve. June 28-29, 2017.

among monitored sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note:
Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

SBA by year: all sites

40 38.07

35

30 27.41
24.67
25
21.52 21.59 21.82 21.41 20.74
20
14.94 15.68
15 14.1 13.54 13.74
12.11
10

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

SBA Taklong Un-oiled Linear (SBA Taklong Un-oiled)

SBA Oiled Linear (SBA Oiled)

Figure 8xx. Yearly averages of stand basal(SBA) among monitored sites within Taklong
Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by
Sadaba et al).

55
 SPH by site
18000

16000

14000 Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)

Oiled Bagatnan
12000 Oiled Pototan
10000 Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
Oiled Tandog Is.
8000 Oiled Tuguisan
Oiled Overall Year average
6000

4000

2000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May Nov '10 May Dec-16
'10 '11

Figure 9xx. Averages of stems per hectare (SPH) per transect among, Station, monitored sites
within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (June 28-29, 2017.). 2006-2016). Note: Data
for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

SPH
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

Taklong Un-oiled Linear (Taklong Un-oiled)

Oiled Linear (Oiled)

Figure 10xx. Yearly averages of stems per hectare (SPH) among monitored sites within
Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are
unpublished by Sadaba et al).

56
 Tree Density by site
12000

10000
Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)
Oiled Bagatnan
8000 Oiled Pototan
Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
6000 Oiled Tandog Is.
Oiled Tuguisan
Oiled Overall Year average
4000

2000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May Nov '10 May Dec-16
'10 '11

Figure 11xx. Tree density per hectare (TDH) in Station 1, among monitored sites within
Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (June 28-29, 2017. 2006-2016). Note: Data for
2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

TREE DENSITY
3500

3000
2600
2500 2433

2000 1900 1866.67 1933.3

1766.67 1800

1500

1000

500

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

TREE DENSITY Taklong Un-oiled Linear (TREE DENSITY Taklong Un-oiled)

TREE DENSITY Oiled Linear (TREE DENSITY Oiled)

Figure 12xx. Yearly averages of tree density among monitored sites within Taklong Island
National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba
et al).

57
 Sapling Density: All sites
8000

7000

6000 Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)

Oiled Bagatnan
5000 Oiled Pototan
Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
4000 Oiled Tandog Is.
Oiled Tuguisan
3000 Oiled Overall Year average

2000

1000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May '11 Dec-16

Figure 13xx. Sapling density per hectare (SD) Station 1, Taklong Island National Marine
Reserve (June 28-29, 2017.)
among monitored sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note:
Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

SAPLING DENSITY
7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

Figure 14xx. Yearly averages of sapling density among monitored sites within Taklong
Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by
Sadaba et al).

58
 Wilding Density: All sites
6000

5000
Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)
Oiled Bagatnan
4000 Oiled Pototan
Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
3000 Oiled Tandog Is.
Oiled Tuguisan
Oiled Overall Year average
2000

1000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May '11 Dec-16

Figure 15xx. Wilding density per hectare (SD) Station 1, Taklong Island National Marine
Reserve . June 28-29, 2017.
among monitored sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note:
Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

WILDING DENSITY
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

WILDING DENSITY Taklong Un-oiled Linear (WILDING DENSITY Taklong Un-oiled)

WILDING DENSITY Oiled Linear (WILDING DENSITY Oiled)

59
Figure 16xx. Yearly averages of wilding density among monitored sites within Taklong
Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by
Sadaba et al).

Index of Diversity: All sites

0.9

0.8

0.7 Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)

Oiled Bagatnan
0.6 Oiled Pototan
0.5 Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
Oiled Tandog Is.
0.4 Oiled Tuguisan
Oiled Overall Year average
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May '11 Dec-16

Index of Diversity: All sites

0.9

0.8

0.7 Un-oiled Taklong Is. (unoiled)

Oiled Bagatnan
0.6 Oiled Pototan
0.5 Oiled Taklong Is. (oiled)
Oiled Tandog Is.
0.4 Oiled Tuguisan
Oiled Overall Year average
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May '11 Dec-16

Figure 17xx. Wilding density per hectare (SD) Station 1, Taklong Island National Marine
Reserve (June 28-29, 2017.
among monitored sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note:
Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by Sadaba et al).

60
 INDEX OF DIVERSITY
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

INDEX OF DIVERSITY Taklong Un-oiled Linear (INDEX OF DIVERSITY Taklong Un-oiled)

INDEX OF DIVERSITY Oiled Linear (INDEX OF DIVERSITY Oiled)

Figure 18xx. Yearly averages of Index of Diversity among monitored sites within Taklong
Island National Marine Reserve (2006-2016). Note: Data for 2008-2011 are unpublished by
Sadaba et al).

Leaf area (cm2)

350.00

300.00

250.00
132.47
Leaf area in cm2

88.20
200.00 110.25 128.44 135.60

150.00 72.84
86.55 86.72
100.00 73.91 58.75 42.86
69.42
50.00 82.78 87.87 86.98
47.99 70.26 70.60
0.00
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

RA RS RM

Figurex 19x.. Leaf area of R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa from six stations
in TINMR as of August to December 2016, 10 years after 2006 oil spill.

61
Table 8xx. Physicochemical parameters Station 1, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve
June 28-29, 2017.
of six stations in TINMR as of August to December 2016.

Surface water Pore water Salinity Air Temperature

 
Salinity (ppt) (ppt) (oC)
Transect 1Bagatnan 35 ± 0 35.33 ± 2.52 27
Transect 2Pototan 33.67 ± 1.53 34.67 ± 0.58 28
Transect 3Taklong Island 33.33 ± 2.89 32.33 ± 2.52 27.5
AverageTandog 34.33 ± 1.15 34.67 ± 0.58 28.5
Tuguisan 35 ± 0 34.33 ± 1.15 27
Taklong Island (unoiled) 36.33 ± 1.53 34. 67 ± 0.58 27

Sediment Composition
70

60

50

40
% Sediment

30

20

10

0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(Unoiled)

Stations

Very Coarse sand Granules Medium sand

Very fine Sand Silt-Clay

62
Figure 20xx. Sediment composition per transect, Station 1, Taklong Island National Marine
Reserve (June 28-29, 2017).
among sampling sites within TINMR. August-December 2016..

6. Mangrove community structure in TINMR, 10 years

after the 2006 oil spill

4.2.1 Stand basal area

63
 Stand Basal Area (m2/ha)
100
90
80
70
Stand Basal Area (m2/ha)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Islands Tuguisan Taklong Island
(Unoiled)

Station

2006 2007 2016

Figure 4.2 Stand Basal Area of six stations in TINMR, 10 years after 2006 oil spill

In 2007, stand basal area were dramatically decrease in Bagatnan, Taklong Island, and
Tandog while slight increase in Tuguisan (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). Stand basal
area (m2ha-1) increases after 10 years (Figure 4.2). The computed stand basal area
ranged from 20.75 m2ha-1 of Taklong Island unoiledto 47.14 m2ha-1 of Pototan. The
large stand basal area of Pototan was attributedby the presence of big S. alba. As part
of the DENR marine reserve, cutting of mangroves is prohibited and this allow the
mangroves to grow, hence, it is expected for an increase in stand basal area if no
stress is involved. In Panama oil spill 1984, after 10 years, adult trees recovered in
basal area (Dodge et al., 1995). In Refineria Panama 1986 oil spill, forest structure
was recovering after 11 years (Duke et al., 1997).

4.2.2 Stem per hectare

64
 Stem/ha
18000
16000
14000
12000
No. of stems ha-1

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Islands Tuguisan Taklong Island
(Unoiled)

Stations

2006 2007 2016

Figure 4.3 Stem per ha of six stations in TINMR after the 2006 oil spill

Due to the high number of dead mangroves during the oil spill, dramatic reduction in
terms of stem per hectare was observed one year after the incident (Sadaba and
Barnuevo, 2010).

Clearly shown in the results that no significant difference in terms of number of stems
per hectare except in Tuguisan that there was a dramatic increase in the number of
stems per hectare (Fig. 4.3). As the figure 4.4 showed that as the basal area increases
the stem per hectare decreases because the habitat needs more space to grow the
mature trees and to support the growing biomass, nature decreases its stem per hectare
as predicted from self- thinning theory of mono- specific stands (Alongi, 2008).

65
 50

45

40
Stand Basal Area (m2ha-1)
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000
Stem/ha (no. of stem ha-1)

Figure 4.4 Stand basal area vs stem per hectare

4.2.3 Number of trees

No. of trees
12000

10000

8000
No. of trees ha-1

6000

4000

2000

0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

2006 2007 2016

Figure 4.5 Number of trees in six stations in TINMR after 2006 oil spill

In 2006, Sitio Bagatnan had 11.11% tree mortality, and Sitio Tuguisan 4.96% tree
mortality (Sadaba et al., 2009). In 2007, one year after, Bagatan dramatically reduced
in number of trees and that resulted to the largest deforested mangrove area in
TINMR (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). Number of trees increases in almost all sites
66
except in Taklong Island after 10 years (Fig. 4.5). The mangrove trees are allowed to
proliferate as in accordance to the law as part of the marine reserve.

4.2.4 Number od saplings

No. of saplings
7000

6000

5000
No. of saplings ha-1

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

2006 2007 2016

Figure 4.6 Number of saplings per hectare in TINMR 10 years after 2006 oil spill

High mortality of saplings was observed in Bagatnan (8.20%), Tuguisan (6.6%) and
Tandog (4.71%) in 2006 (Sadaba et al., 2009). But the dramatic increase of the
number of saplings in Bagatnan in 2007 was due to the initial establishment of
saplings but upon the depletion of the food reserved the mortality of saplings was
recorded (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). The result showed that in Pototan, Taklong
Island, Tuguisan, and Taklong Island unoiled had an obvious increase in the number
of saplings after 2007 (Fig. 4.6). Unfortunately, Bagatnan and Tandog had a dramatic
decrease in number of saplings after 10 years (Fig. 4.6). This reduction can be partly
due to anthropogenic activities, Bagatnan being a residential area and parking area of
boats and Tandog as part of Piag-ao is a tourist destination. Clearly, sapling
establishment for recovery is somehow dependent if the area is constantly disturbed or
not but this is not a conclusive reasoning.Saplings in TINMR had a hard time to settle
because saplings face a lot of struggles in 15 years and below after the oil spill and
saplings death may be visible (Duke, 2016).

67
4.2.5 Number of wildings

No. of wildings
6000

5000
No. of W ildings ha-1

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

2006 2007 2016

Figure 4.7 Number of wildings in TINMR 10 years after 2006 oil spill

Wilding density is an important indicator of recovery status of mangroves because

wildings can have established or recruited in the deforested area (Alongi, 2008). The
result showed that wildings seemed to established in Bagatnan, Pototan, Taklong
Island and Tuguisan. These four stations showed dramatic decrease in number of
wildings one year after the oil spill and these areas were the deforested areas and
Bagatnan had the widest deforest area comprising to almost0.460 m2(Sadaba et al.,
2009). This result indicated that more wildings can grow on large deforested area
because of the creation of gap that allow the penetration of light that is suitable for the
growth of wildings given no other stress is present.Generally, the wildings were
Rhizophora species as also indicated by mono-specific stand of Rhizophora species in
TINMR.Rhizophora wildings sprouted more rapidly than other mangrove species in
deforested area (Getter et al., 1985).Number of wildings was directly proportional to
the percentage of coarse sediments (Fig. 4.8)and inversely proportional to the
percentage of silt-clay sediments (Fig. 4.9) because coarser sediments help on the
easier removal of oil remains in sediments (Duke, 2016). Also, number of wildings
was inversely proportional to the tree density because of the minimal light penetration
to the bottom (Fig. 4.10).

68
 Coarse sediments vs no. of Wildings
3000

No. of W ildings 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
% Coarse sediments

Figure 4.8 Percentage of coarse sediments vs. Number of wildings per hectare

%Silt- clay vs. Number of wildings

3000

2500

2000
No. of wildings

1500

1000

500

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
% of silt-clay

Figure 4.9. Percentage of Silt- clay vs. Number of wildings

69
 No. of Trees vs. No. of Wildings
3000

No. of W ildings ha-1 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300
No. of trees ha-1

Figure 4.10. Number of trees vs. Number of Wildings

4.2.6 Importance value

Importance Value
600

500
Importance value

400

300

200

100

0
AA AF AM BC CT LR OO PA RA RM RS SA
Mangrove species

Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island

Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island (unoiled)

Figure 4.11. Importance Values of species in TINMR 10 years after the 2006 oil spill

Months after the oil spill 5 mangrove species showed mortality, R. stylosa, R.
mucronata, R. apiculata, A. marina, and S. alba (Sadaba et al., 2009). But
interestingly, after ten years the five species were the most important species in
TINMR (Fig. 4.11). This result indicates that the community structure is a measure of

70
survivability of a species. Even thoughthese fivespecies showed mortality after the oil
spill but they remain as more frequent, dominant, anddense species among others.

4.2.7 Shannon- index of Diversity

Shannon- index of Diversity

0.9
0.8
0.7
In dex of D iversity

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

2007 2016

Figure 4.12. Shannon- index of diversity of six stations in TINMR 10 years after the
2006 oil spill

The results showed that the no significant change in index of diversityafter ten years
(Fig. 4.12) and this indicate that same species were established and recruited in
deforest area.

7. Plant Condition

4.3.1 Leaf area

71
 Leaf area (cm2)
350.00

300.00

250.00
132.47
Leaf area in cm2

88.20
200.00 110.25 128.44 135.60

150.00 72.84
86.55 86.72
100.00 73.91 58.75 42.86
69.42
50.00 82.78 87.87 86.98
70.26 70.60
47.99
0.00
Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong Island
(unoiled)

Stations

RA RS RM

Figure 4.13. Leaf area of R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa from six stations
in TINMR, 10 years after 2006 oil spill

Leaf area reduction can be an indication of oil-stress effect on mangroves especially

on Bunker C oil spill (Getter et al., 1985; Page et al., 1985). Leaf area reduction is due
to toxicity of the oil from roots to leaves that alter the physiological responses like
transpiration and respiration rate of the mangroves. One year after the oil spill,
significant reduction of leaf area was observed in R. apiculata that can be attributed to
the stress broughtby oil spill that reflected the persistentenergy drain that lead to
mortality (Sadaba and Barnuevo, 2010). Bagatnan had the smallest surface area and
this can be attributed to the residential area in Bagatnan that lead to anthropogenic
activities like removal of dead trees for fire wood (Barnuevo and Sadaba, 2014) and
the parking of boats in the area that can lead to destructionof mangrove parts,
furthermore, it can lead to increase water and wave currents that can fluctuate the
salinity rapidly and easier removal of nutrients in sediments that further add to the
stress on mangroves. The leaf surface area result was supported the concept that larger
the leaf area the lesser the penetration of light thus hampered the growth and
establishment of wildings as shown in figure 4.14.

72
 Number of wildings vs Leaf area
3000

2500
Number of Wildings

2000

1500

1000

500

0
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
Total Leaf area

Figure 4.14. Number of Wildings vs Leaf area

4.3.2 Height of trees

Height of Trees
30.0

25.0
Height of trees (m)

20.0 9.7
8.2 9.2
8.6 9.5 8.2
15.0

10.0 5.8 6.7 7.4 7.2

5.2 5.2

5.0
6.4 6.8 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.8
0.0
BAGATNAN POTOTAN TAKLONG TANDOG TUGUISAN TAKLONG
ISLAND ISLAND
(UNOILED)

Stations

Rhizophora Avicennia Sonneratia

Figure 4.14 Height of three dominant genera of mangroves in TINMR, 10 years after
2006 oil spill

Height of trees is an indicationof oil stress because oil toxicity can alter the
physiological processes of mangroves that can lead to a shorter plant. Apparently, all
station had an almost equal of overall height and this can partially conclude that
mangroves were indeed recovering (Fig.4.1CONCLUSION,
RECOMMENDATIONS

73
Natural systems have varying degrees of resiliency. Mangroves are one group that has
shown to have high resiliency when exposed to various stresses; Succession is a way
of nature to heal itself. Mangrove are resilient and can successfully restored and re-
established fromgiven stressalthough they vary in speed of recovery from site to site.
Resiliency could also be attributed to overall species composition (i.e., with diversity)
and removal of source of stress such as oil. if all natural features in their habitat is not
disturbed. The architecture of a forest influenced by the magnitudes and periodicities
of such forcing functions as tides, nutrients, hydroperiod, and stressors like
hurricanes, drought, and marine pollutants like oil spill (Cintron and Schaeffer, 1984).
This study focused on the assessment of the status of mangrovesof mangroves in
TINMR, 10 years after the 2006 oil spill. As the result indicated that Almost all
parameters examined showed measured were signs of recovery in terms of increases
in stand basal area, stems per hectare, density of trees, saplings and wildings; albeit
some site specific difference were also noted. However, these fluctuations are part of
normal dynamics of any plant community such wilding recruitment and changes in
population co-horts (from wilding to sapling to tree). It is further recommended that
additional monitoring be conducted in the future to better understand the dynamics of
a recovering mangrove when exposed to an oil spill and . tThis will allow better
management and handling of oil spills in the country in the future.

and some were just normal ecological interactions. For stand basal area and number of
trees per hectare, six stations showed an increase after 2007. While stem per hectare
does not showed a significant difference one year after the oil spill because the stand
basal area increases as a result nature tends to reduce the stem per hectare to support
the above ground biomass and this interaction exist in nature and not a sign of any
stress on mangroves. Number of wildings showed an increase 10 years after the oil
spill especially in Bagatnan, Taklong island oiled, Tandog and Tuguisan and
interestingly these areas were deforested areas due to oil spill and gaps were created
served as place to wildings to established due to enough light penetration. But the
growth of wildings to saplings is another story. Number of saplings per hectare,
dramatically reduced 10 years after the 2006 oil spill in Bagatnan and Tandog because
these areas are constantly disturbed by anthropogenic activities but the rest of the
stations showed an increase in number of saplings per hectare. The leaf area of three

74
Rhizophora species also showed a no significant difference of oiled stations versus the
unoiled station except in Bagatnan whose difference can be attributed partly on
anthropogenic activities but interestingly Tandog islands had an leaf area whichwas
not significantly different in the reference station even though of anthropogenic
activities being a tourist spot because the pore water salinity of Tandog had no
different in the reference station while in Bagatnan was slightly higher and this
differences can result to varying leaf area of the mangroves. Furthermore, mangrove
recruitment after oiling is very vulnerable on subsequent human-caused
disturbances.The importance value showed that the five species that showed mortality
after the oil spill remained as the most important species in the areas because they
remain the most abundant, frequent, and dominant base on size in all six stations. The
index of diversity showed no difference after 10 years of oil spill because the species
that showed mortality were the same species which were recruited, hence, no loss of
species in the stations.

This study was done only for a certain and narrow period of time, hence, it
does not show the changes in the parameters as the season change and does not
monitor the changes in number of wildings and saplings as the time progresses. It is
humbly recommended by the author to have a seasonal monitoring of the parameters
tested and monitor the changes of wildings and saplings every month for at least a
year because their establishment are essential for the restoration of a close canopy
cover.

75
76
77
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Levings SC, Garrity SD, VanVleet ES, and Wetzel DL. 1997. Sublethal injury to red
mangroves two years after oiling. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Oil Spill
Conference. pp. 1040-41.
Lewis M, Pryor R, Wilking L.2011. Fate and effects of anthropogenic chemicals in
mangrove ecosystems: A review. 2011. Environmental Pollution. (159), pp.
2328-2346.
Lewis R.R. 1979. Large scale mangrove restoration on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
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and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza to oil contamination. 2010. Flora. Pp. 357-362.
Naidoo G. 2016. The mangroves of South Africa: An ecophysiological review. South
African Journal of Botany. pp. 1-13.
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Abiotic components [Internet]. Singapore; Singapore Science Centre. [cited
2016 Jul 18]. Available from:
http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1010a.htm.
Noor T, Batool N, Mazhar R, Ilyas N. 2015. Effects of Siltation, Temperature and
Salinity on Mangrove Plants. European Academic Research. II (11): pp.
14172-14179.
Page DS, Gilfillan ES, Foster JC, Hotham JR, Gonzales L. 1985. Mangrove leaf tissue
sodium and potassium ion concentrations as sublethal indicators of oil stress in
mangrove trees. Proceeding of 1985 oil spill conference, pp. 391-393.
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Sadaba RB, Barnuevo A, Madas C, Biñas J, Hortillosa E. 2009. Assessment of the
Short-Term Structural Damage in the Guimaras Mangroves by the M/T Solar I
Oil Spill. Philippine Journal of Natural Sciences Oil Spill. Special issue: pp.
55-63.
Sadaba RB, Barnuevo A, Madas C, Biñas J, Hortillosa E. 2009. Community
Characteristics of Mangrove Species in Guimaras after an Oil Spill. Philippine
Journal of Natural Sciences Oil Spill. Special issue: pp. 64-79.
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Yender R, Michel J. 2014. Mangrove Recovery and Restoration. In: Hoff R, Michel J,
editors. Oil Spills in Mangroves. 1st ed. United Sates of America: Department
of Commerce. pp 64- 73.

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Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, Philippines : A One-Year Post
Spill Monitoring Study. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima
University. Special issue: pp. 9-17.
Barnuevo A, Sadaba RB. 2014. Recovery of Mangrove Deforested Areas from M/T
Solar Oil Spill in Guimaras, Philippines. 2014 International Conference of Oil
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Planning and Action Based on a Global Review. Marine Pollution Bulletin.
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Getter C, Ballou, T, Koons CB. 1985. Effects of Dispersed Oil on Mangroves
Synthesis of a Seven-Year Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 16 (8), pp. 318-
324.
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United Kingdom. pp. 12.
Karen L. McKee. (2000). Mangrove Ecosystems: Definitions, Distribution, Zonation,
Forest Structure, Trophic Structure, and Ecological Significance. Restoration
Ecology 8(3): pp. 247-259.
Klekowski EJ, Corredor JE, Morell JM, del Castillo CA.1994. Petroleum pollution
and mutation in mangroves. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 28 (3), pp. 166-169.
Levings SC and Garrity SD. 1995. Oiling of mangrove keys in the 1993 Tampa Bay
oil spill. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 421-428.
Levings SC, Garrity SD, VanVleet ES, and Wetzel DL. 1997. Sublethal injury to red
mangroves two years after oiling. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Oil Spill
Conference. pp. 1040-41.
Lewis M, Pryor R, Wilking L. Fate and effects of anthropogenic chemicals in
mangrove ecosystems: A review. 2011. Environmental Pollution. (159), pp.
2328-2346.
Lewis R.R. 1979. Large scale mangrove restoration on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on the Restoration and
Creation of Wetlands. pp. 231-241.
McKee, K. 2002. Mangrove Ecosystems: Definitions, Distribution, Zonation, Forest
Structure, Trophic Structure, and Ecological Significance. In: Feller I, Sitnik
M, editors.Mangrove ecology workshop manual. 1 st ed. Smithsonian
Institution 1996 Washington. DC. pp 11-16.
McLeod E and Salm R. 2006. Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate
Change. 1st ed. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 64 pp.
Nadeau RJ and Bergquist ET. 1977. Effects of the March 18, 1973 oil spill near Cabo
Rojo, Puerto Rico on tropical marine communities. In: Proceedings of the
1977 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 535-538.
Naidoo G, Naidoo Y, Achar P. Responses of the mangroves Avicennia marina and
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza to oil contamination. 2010. Flora. Pp. 357-362.
Naidoo G. 2016. The mangroves of South Africa: An ecophysiological review. South
African Journal of Botany. pp. 1-13.
Ng P, Sivasothi N. 2001. Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore. The Ecosystem:
Abiotic components [Internet]. Singapore; Singapore Science Centre. [cited
2016 Jul 18]. Available from:
http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1010a.htm.
Noor T, Batool N, Mazhar R, Ilyas N. 2015. Effects of Siltation, Temperature and
Salinity on Mangrove Plants. European Academic Research. II (11): pp.
14172-14179.
Page DS, Gilfillan ES, Foster JC, Hotham JR, Gonzales L. 1985. Mangrove leaf tissue
sodium and potassium ion concentrations as sublethal indicators of oil stress in
mangrove trees. Proceeding of 1985 oil spill conference, pp. 391-393.

82
Sadaba RB, Barnuevo A, Madas C, Biñas J, Hortillosa E. 2009. Assessment of the
Short-Term Structural Damage in the Guimaras Mangroves by the M/T Solar I
Oil Spill. Philippine Journal of Natural Sciences Oil Spill. Special issue: pp.
55-63.
Sadaba RB, Barnuevo A, Madas C, Biñas J, Hortillosa E. 2009. Community
Characteristics of Mangrove Species in Guimaras after an Oil Spill. Philippine
Journal of Natural Sciences Oil Spill. Special issue: pp. 64-79.
Sadaba RB, Koyama J. 2013. Five year Collaboration of Asia CORE Program (2008-
2012) between the University of Philippines-Visayas and Faculty of Fisheries,
Kagoshima University sponsored by Japanese Society for the Promotion of
Science. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University. Special
Issue.
Sadaba RB, Niego AG. 2016. Assessment on the Effects of an Oil Spill in the
Mangroves of Cordova, Cebu, Philippines. The Malaysian Forester. 79 (1 &
2): pp. 144-156.
Sadaba RB. 2015. Mangrove Rehabilitation in Post- Oil Spill Disaster in Cordova,
Cebu. In: Labrado GR, Gutierrez CA, Coching JD, Calanda VS, editors.
Proceedings of the 2nd National Mangrove Conference [Internet]; 2015 Sept
1-3. Iloilo City, Philippines. Makinaugalingon Printer & Bookbinder [cited
2016 Jul 18]; pp. 122- 150.
Santos LC, Lignon MC, Novelli YS, Molera GC. 2012. Long- term effects of oil
pollution in mangrove forests ( Baixada Santista, Siutheast Brazil) detected
using a GIS- Based multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs. Brazilian
Jurnal of Oceanography. 60 (2), pp. 161-172.
Shigenaka G. Oil Toxicity and Effects on Mangroves. In: Hoff R, Michel J, editors.
Oil Spills in Mangroves. 1st ed. United Sates of America: Department of
Commerce. pp 31- 47.
State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia. Pollution. 2000. Zann LP and
Sutton DC, editors. Queensland, Australia. pp. 98.
Wilkinson DL, Moore C, Lopez M, and Figueroa M. 2001. Natural resource damage
assessment for a JP-5 fuel spill at Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico.
Pre-Final Report. Norfolk: Atlantic Division, Naval Facilities Engineering
Command. 96 pp.
Yender R, Michel J. Mangrove Recovery and Restoration. In: Hoff R, Michel J,
editors. Oil Spills in Mangroves. 1st ed. United Sates of America: Department
of Commerce. pp 64- 73.

83
APPENDICES

84
85
 APPENDIX A

Sampling Stations

Figure A. Transect 1Taklong Island oiled

86
Figure B. BagatnanTransect 2

87
Figure C. PototanTransect 3

88
Figure D. Tandog

89
Figure E. Tuguisan

90
Figure F. Taklong Island unoiled

91
 APPENDIX B

DOMINANT MANGROVE SPECIES

Figure G. Avicennia marina

92
Figure H. Rhizophora apiculata

93
Figure I. Rhizophora mucronata

94
Figure J. Rhizophora stylosa

95
Figure K. Sonneratia alba

96
97
 APPENDIX C

OTHER MANGROVE SPECIES WITHIN THE PLOTS

Figure L Aegiceras floridum

98
Figure M. Bruguiera cylindrica

99
Figure N. Ceriops tagal

100
Figure O. Lumnitzera racemosa

101
102
Figure P. Osbornia octodonta

103
Figure Q. Pemphis acidula

104
105
 APPENDIX D
Methods

Figure R. Establishing 10 x 10 m plot

Figure S. Measurement of DBH

106
Figure T. Sorting of soil samples according to grain size

Figure U. Sorting of leaves for leaf area

107
 APPENDIX E
RAW DATA

Table A. Yearly averages of community structure indicators. Data from 2008-2011 are unpublished
by Sadaba et al.

SBA   Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16

Taklon
g Un-
  oiled   12.11 14.1 13.54 14.94 15.68 13.74 20.74

  Oiled 48.325 21.524 21.592 21.818 21.412 27.414 24.67 38.068

Taklon
g Un-
 SPH oiled   10700.0 10100.0 8233.3 8133.3 10800.0 6666.67 10600

  Oiled 10217.5 5520 6173.333 5720 6553.34 6326.66 5100.002 6404.44

108
 Taklon
 TREE g Un-
DENSITY oiled   1766.667 1900 1866.667 1800 1933.3 2433 2600

  Oiled 4769.25 2066.667 2066.667 2106.667 2133.32 2239.98 2760 2883.33

Taklon
 SAPLING g Un-
DENSITY oiled   3233.333 3567 2933.333 2866.7 4166.7 166.67 6200

  Oiled 2253.75 2660 2953.333 2753.333 3140 3339.98 806.666 2016.562

Taklon
 WILDING g Un-
DENSITY oiled   5700 4633.333 3433.333 3466.7 4700 4066.67 1366.66

  Oiled 3194.5 793.3333 1153.333 753.3333 1280 746.66 1533.332 1356.6

Taklon
 INDEX OF g Un-
DIVERSITY oiled   0.83 0.8 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.8 0.814

  Oiled 0.725 0.628 0.608 0.628 0.632 0.636 0.606 0.636

APPENDIX F
Data Analyses
Table B. Stand Basal area of each stationin m2 hectare-1
Taklong Island Tando Taklong Island
Plot # Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) g Tugisan (unoiled)
1 39.69 38.57 62.99 41.59 22.23 20.44
2 26.87 32.14 40.69 31.51 40.24 21.24
3 22.68 48.45 37.16 34.07 40.11 29.19
4 58.36 42.15 33.19     10.49

109
 5 34.04 58.60 30.62     22.37
6 18.04 62.95 50.37      
7     52.03      
8     33.00      
9     20.06      
Averag
e 33.28 47.14 40.01 35.72 34.19 20.75

Table C. Stem per hectare in TINMR (August- December, 2016).

Taklong Island Taklong Island
Plot # Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) Tandog Tuguisan (unoiled)
  Number of Stem
1 45 54 37 69 107 76
2 69 32 34 77 58 113
3 86 111 35 56 74 129
4 82 102 34      
5 32 15 47      
6 27 95 42      
7     90      
8     47      
9     68      
Averag 56.83 ± 68.17± 67.33 ± 79.67 ±
e 25.61 40.09 48.22 ± 18.99 10.60 24.99 106 ± 27.18
Stem/ha 5683.33 6816.67 4822.22 6733.33 7966.67 10600.00

110
Table D. Frequency of species per station (August – December, 2016).
TAKLONG
BAGATNA POTOTA TAKLONG TUGUISA ISLAND
  N N ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N (UNOILED)
AF 0.00 0.00 6.25 6.25 0.00 5.00
AM 9.52 22.73 6.25 12.50 30.00 10.00
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
OO 4.76 0.00 3.13 6.25 0.00 5.00
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.25 0.00 0.00
RA 23.81 27.27 25.00 18.75 30.00 25.00
RM 14.29 9.09 6.25 18.75 0.00 10.00
RS 23.81 18.18 25.00 12.50 10.00 10.00
SA 23.81 22.73 28.13 18.75 30.00 10.00

Taklong
Island
  Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island (oiled) Tandog Tuguisan (unoiled)
AF 0.00 0.00 2.14 7.32 0.00 0.79
AM 3.75 17.93 2.99 4.88 77.36 1.59
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.73
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38
OO 2.50 0.00 1.28 2.44 0.00 0.79
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00
RA 33.75 44.57 26.92 52.44 7.55 51.59
RM 3.75 9.24 2.14 8.54 0.00 22.22
RS 44.38 16.85 43.16 18.29 1.89 1.59
SA 11.88 11.41 21.37 4.88 13.21 8.73

Table E. Relative density of species per station (August- December, 2016)

Table F. Relative dominance of species per station (August- December, 2016)

TAKLONG TUGUISA TAKLONG
  BAGATNAN POTOTAN ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N ISLAND

111
 (UNOILED)

AF 0.00 0.00 0.71 7.02 0.00 0.55

AM 2.70 9.05 0.91 8.72 52.05 2.08

BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.26

CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.05

LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70

OO 2.52 0.00 0.35 1.22 0.00 0.67

PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.91 0.00 0.00

RA 38.80 35.96 18.33 47.26 1.72 40.55

RM 0.86 1.98 1.82 4.67 0.00 26.16

RS 23.20 8.63 21.39 15.37 0.95 1.08

SA 31.92 44.38 56.49 10.82 45.27 18.63

Table G. Importance Value of species per station (August- December, 2016).

TAKLONG TAKLONG
POTOTA ISLAND TANDO TUGUISA ISLAND
  BAGATNAN N (OILED) G N (UNOILED) Total
AF 0.00 0.00 9.10 20.59 0.00 6.34 36.03
AM 15.97 49.72 10.15 26.10 159.41 13.67 275.02
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.05 10.05
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.78 23.78
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.08 8.08
OO 9.78 0.00 4.76 9.91 0.00 6.46 30.91
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.38 0.00 0.00 12.38
RA 96.36 107.80 70.25 118.45 39.27 117.14 549.27
RM 18.89 20.31 10.21 31.96 0.00 58.38 139.74
RS 91.39 43.66 89.55 46.16 12.84 12.66 296.26
SA 67.60 78.52 105.99 34.45 88.48 37.36 412.40

Table H. Index of Diversity per station (August- December, 2016).

TAKLONG
TAKLONG TUGUISA ISLAND
  BAGATNAN POTOTAN ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N (UNOILED)

112
 AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03

AF 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.08 0.00 -0.04

AM -0.07 -0.13 -0.05 -0.09 -0.15 -0.06

BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.05

CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.09

LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.04

OO -0.05 0.00 -0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.04

PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00

RA -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.16 -0.12 -0.16

RM -0.08 -0.08 -0.05 -0.10 0.00 -0.14

RS -0.16 -0.12 -0.16 -0.13 -0.06 -0.06

SA -0.15 -0.15 -0.16 -0.11 -0.16 -0.11

TOTA
L 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.77 0.48 0.81

Table I. Leaf area of Rhizophora apiculata in cm2

Bagatna Taklong Tuguisa Taklong Island
  n Pototan Island Tandog n (unoiled)
  92.94 151.51 101.10 134.45 169.44 118.04
  65.54 111.39 96.83 87.99 143.71 114.84
  59.74 109.43 85.84 81.26 118.31 113.94
  49.53 77.59 81.20 71.34 91.34 113.57
  42.61 74.35 71.90 71.29 87.87 89.76
  38.17 59.36 63.90 70.37 84.16 77.35
  37.59 65.41 66.45 70.17 74.33 73.34
  33.58 73.97 65.95 59.48 54.54 56.43
  31.97 55.42 62.09 36.36 30.15 56.32
  28.26 49.39 61.93 23.34 24.86 56.17
      60.54      
      60.17      
      59.74      
      59.10      
      57.17      
Averag
e 47.99 82.78 70.26 70.60 87.87 86.98

Table J. Leaf area of Rhizophora mucronata in cm2

  Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island Tandog Tuguisan Taklong
(oiled) Island

113
 (unoiled)
  111.61 174.62 143.75 148.23 154.47 70.92
  97.08 173.35 128.99 148.36 158.52 88.75
  81.62 135.41 118.83 183.65 162.66 101.83
  71.88 137.41 119.58 174.62 114.41 85.27
  72.74 135.32 129.84 117.59 110.83 97.46
  82.90 126.55 106.72 121.94 119.47 77.73
  78.89 149.19 97.72 111.90 152.64 90.81
  43.16 103.08 106.58 133.18 129.60 101.43
  45.69 100.40 70.06 69.91 123.58 96.15
  42.81 89.36 80.44 75.06 129.82 71.64
Averag
e 72.84 132.47 110.25 128.44 135.60 88.20

Table K. Leaf area of Rhizophorastylosa in cm2

Taklong
Taklong Island Island
  Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) Tuguisan Tandog (unoiled)
  87.20 84.48 77.79 76.65 45.50 116.87
  111.28 115.93 87.97 68.81 46.66 64.62
  80.50 101.44 83.56 52.32 38.15 107.11
  68.80 117.01 68.48 66.14 31.54 102.32
  60.70 93.17 77.03 63.90 38.96 70.67
  53.98 91.88 69.90 64.96 45.01 89.50
  45.32 68.48 69.91 68.50 39.37 64.21
  47.55 71.92 69.60 39.15 42.03 108.25
    63.23 60.93 35.89 53.78 69.62
    57.93   51.16 47.64 74.07
Averag
e 69.42 86.55 73.91 58.75 42.86 86.72

Table L. Percentage of Sediment Composition

114
 Taklong
Bagatna Taklong Island
  n Pototan Island Tandog Tuguisan (Unoiled)
Very Coarse Sand
Granules 35.90 36.76 49.82 32.07 18.36 42.37

Medium sand 2.56 1.96 0.62 2.59 0.51 3.39

Very fine Sand 38.46 22.06 19.93 15.08 19.87 27.12

Silt-Clay 23.08 39.22 29.63 50.26 61.26 27.12

Table 16. Structural Characteristics of Mangrove Species:All stations. (August-December

2016.).

Species
Relative Relative Relativ Imp.
SBA
Density Freq. e Dom. Value

m2ha-1 (%) (%) (%) (IV)

Avicennia marina 572.50 18.22 16.00 12.63 186.05

Lumnitzera racemosa 69.02 0.40 0.83 0.12 3.13

Pemphis acidula 520.11 0.20 1.04 0.82 6.19

Aegiceras floridum 263.01 1.71 2.92 1.38 18.70

Osbornia octodonta 205.25 1.17 3.19 0.79 11.97

Bruguiera cylindrica 419.53 0.13 0.83 0.71 5.10

Ceriops tagal 248.79 1.46 1.67 0.84 13.88

Rhizophora apiculata 1075.18 36.14 24.97 30.44 400.94

Rhizophora mucronata 369.75 7.65 9.73 5.91 81.95

Rhizophora stylosa 716.16 21.03 16.58 11.77 197.76

Sonneratia alba 1654.58 11.91 22.23 34.59 280.32

Total 6113.88 100 100 100 1206.00

Mean 555.81 9.09 9.09 9.09 109.64

APPENDIX A

Sampling Sites

Figure xx18. Taklong

Island oiled

115
Figure 19. Bagatnan

116
 Figure 20. Pototan

PHOTOS OF SAMPLING
AREAS

117
Figure 21. Tandog

118
Figure 22. Tuguisan

119
Figure 23. Taklong Island unoiled

120
121
 APPENDIX B

DOMINANT MANGROVE SPECIES THAT SHOWED MORTALITY

PHOTOS OF FIVE SPECIES OF MANGROVES

Figure 24. Avicennia marina

122
Figure 25. Rhizophora apiculata

Figure 26. Rhizophora mucronata

123
 APPENDIX C

PHOTOS OF MANGROVE SEDIMENTS

Figure 27. Rhizophora stylosa

Figure 28. Sonneratia alba

124
 APPENDIX CD

OTHER MANGROVE SPECIES WITHIN THE PLOTS

Figure 29.Aegiceras floridum

Figure 30.Avicennia alba

125
Figure 31. Bruguiera cylindrica

Figure 32. Ceriops tagal

126
Figure 33. Lumnitzera racemosa

Figure 34. Osbornia octodonta

127
Figure 35. Pemphis acidula

128
 APPENDIX D
Methods

Figure 36. Establishing 10 x 10 m plot

PHOTOS OF YOU SAMPLING/MEASURING DBH, ETC

Figure 37. Measurement of

ing DBH

129
Figure 38. Sorting of soil samples according to grain size

Figure 39. Sorting of leaves for leaf area

130
 Figure 40. Taking Air Temperature

Figure 41. Obtaining Surface water salinity

131
 Figure 42. Getting Pore water salinity

APPENDIX XX

Table xx. Yearly averages of community structure indicators. Data from 2008-2011 are unpublished by
Sadaba et al).
SBA   Oct '06 Nov '07 Nov '08 Nov '09 May '10 Nov '10 May'11 Dec-16
Taklon
g Un-
  oiled   12.11 14.1 13.54 14.94 15.68 13.74 20.74
  Oiled 48.325 21.524 21.592 21.818 21.412 27.414 24.67 38.068

Taklon
g Un-
 SPH oiled   10700.0 10100.0 8233.3 8133.3 10800.0 6666.67 10600
  Oiled 10217.5 5520 6173.333 5720 6553.34 6326.66 5100.002 6404.44

Taklon
 TREE g Un-
DENSITY oiled   1766.667 1900 1866.667 1800 1933.3 2433 2600
  Oiled 4769.25 2066.667 2066.667 2106.667 2133.32 2239.98 2760 2883.33

Taklon
 SAPLING g Un-
DENSITY oiled   3233.333 3567 2933.333 2866.7 4166.7 166.67 6200
  Oiled 2253.75 2660 2953.333 2753.333 3140 3339.98 806.666 2016.562

Taklon
 WILDING g Un-
DENSITY oiled   5700 4633.333 3433.333 3466.7 4700 4066.67 1366.66
  Oiled 3194.5 793.3333 1153.333 753.3333 1280 746.66 1533.332 1356.6

Taklon
 INDEX OF g Un-
DIVERSITY oiled   0.83 0.8 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.8 0.814
  Oiled 0.725 0.628 0.608 0.628 0.632 0.636 0.606 0.636

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 APPENDIX FXX
Data Analyses
Table XX6. Stand Basal area of each stationin m2 hectare-1
Taklong Island Tando Taklong Island
Plot # Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) g Tugisan (unoiled)
1 39.69 38.57 62.99 41.59 22.23 20.44
2 26.87 32.14 40.69 31.51 40.24 21.24
3 22.68 48.45 37.16 34.07 40.11 29.19
4 58.36 42.15 33.19     10.49
5 34.04 58.60 30.62     22.37
6 18.04 62.95 50.37      
7     52.03      
8     33.00      
9     20.06      
Averag
e 33.28 47.14 40.01 35.72 34.19 20.75

Table XX7. Stem per hectare in TINMR (August- December, 2016).

Taklong Island Taklong Island
Plot # Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) Tandog Tuguisan (unoiled)
  Number of Stem
1 45 54 37 69 107 76
2 69 32 34 77 58 113
3 86 111 35 56 74 129
4 82 102 34      
5 32 15 47      
6 27 95 42      
7     90      
8     47      
9     68      
Averag 56.83 ± 68.17± 67.33 ± 79.67 ±
e 25.61 40.09 48.22 ± 18.99 10.60 24.99 106 ± 27.18
Stem/ha 5683.33 6816.67 4822.22 6733.33 7966.67 10600.00

133
 Table XX8. Percentage of Frequency of species per station (August – December,
2016).
TAKLONG
BAGATNA POTOTA TAKLONG TUGUISA ISLAND
  N N ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N (UNOILED)
AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
AF 0.00 0.00 6.25 6.25 0.00 5.00
AM 9.52 22.73 6.25 12.50 30.00 10.00
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
OO 4.76 0.00 3.13 6.25 0.00 5.00
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.25 0.00 0.00
RA 23.81 27.27 25.00 18.75 30.00 25.00
RM 14.29 9.09 6.25 18.75 0.00 10.00
RS 23.81 18.18 25.00 12.50 10.00 10.00
SA 23.81 22.73 28.13 18.75 30.00 10.00

Taklong
Island
  Bagatnan Pototan Taklong Island (oiled) Tandog Tuguisan (unoiled)
AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79
AF 0.00 0.00 2.14 7.32 0.00 0.79
AM 3.75 17.93 2.99 4.88 77.36 1.59
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.73
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38
OO 2.50 0.00 1.28 2.44 0.00 0.79
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00
RA 33.75 44.57 26.92 52.44 7.55 51.59
RM 3.75 9.24 2.14 8.54 0.00 22.22
RS 44.38 16.85 43.16 18.29 1.89 1.59
SA 11.88 11.41 21.37 4.88 13.21 8.73
Table XX9. Percentage of Relative density of species per station (August- December,
2016)

134
Table XX10. Percentage of. Relative dominance of species per station (August-
December, 2016)
TAKLONG
TAKLONG TUGUISA ISLAND
  BAGATNAN POTOTAN ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N (UNOILED)

AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28

AF 0.00 0.00 0.71 7.02 0.00 0.55

AM 2.70 9.05 0.91 8.72 52.05 2.08

BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.26

CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.05

LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70

OO 2.52 0.00 0.35 1.22 0.00 0.67

PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.91 0.00 0.00

RA 38.80 35.96 18.33 47.26 1.72 40.55

RM 0.86 1.98 1.82 4.67 0.00 26.16

RS 23.20 8.63 21.39 15.37 0.95 1.08

SA 31.92 44.38 56.49 10.82 45.27 18.63

Table XX11. Importance Value of species per station (August- December, 2016).
TAKLONG
TAKLONG ISLAND
BAGATNA POTOTA ISLAND TANDO TUGUISA (UNOILED
  N N (OILED) G N ) Total
AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.07 6.07
AF 0.00 0.00 9.10 20.59 0.00 6.34 36.03
275.0
AM 15.97 49.72 10.15 26.10 159.41 13.67 2
BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.05 10.05
CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.78 23.78
LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.08 8.08
OO 9.78 0.00 4.76 9.91 0.00 6.46 30.91
PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.38 0.00 0.00 12.38
549.2
RA 96.36 107.80 70.25 118.45 39.27 117.14 7
139.7
RM 18.89 20.31 10.21 31.96 0.00 58.38 4
296.2
RS 91.39 43.66 89.55 46.16 12.84 12.66 6
SA 67.60 78.52 105.99 34.45 88.48 37.36 412.4

135
 0

Table 12XX. Index of Diversity per station (August- December, 2016).

TAKLONG
TAKLONG TUGUISA ISLAND
  BAGATNAN POTOTAN ISLAND (OILED) TANDOG N (UNOILED)

AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03

AF 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.08 0.00 -0.04

AM -0.07 -0.13 -0.05 -0.09 -0.15 -0.06

BC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.05

CT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.09

LR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.04

OO -0.05 0.00 -0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.04

PA 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00

RA -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.16 -0.12 -0.16

RM -0.08 -0.08 -0.05 -0.10 0.00 -0.14

RS -0.16 -0.12 -0.16 -0.13 -0.06 -0.06

SA -0.15 -0.15 -0.16 -0.11 -0.16 -0.11

TOTA
L 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.77 0.48 0.81

Table XX13. Leaf area of Rhizophora apiculata in cm2

Bagatna Taklong Tuguisa Taklong Island
  n Pototan Island Tandog n (unoiled)
  92.94 151.51 101.10 134.45 169.44 118.04
  65.54 111.39 96.83 87.99 143.71 114.84
  59.74 109.43 85.84 81.26 118.31 113.94
  49.53 77.59 81.20 71.34 91.34 113.57
  42.61 74.35 71.90 71.29 87.87 89.76
  38.17 59.36 63.90 70.37 84.16 77.35
  37.59 65.41 66.45 70.17 74.33 73.34
  33.58 73.97 65.95 59.48 54.54 56.43
  31.97 55.42 62.09 36.36 30.15 56.32
  28.26 49.39 61.93 23.34 24.86 56.17
      60.54      
      60.17      
      59.74      
      59.10      
      57.17      
Averag 47.99 82.78 70.26 70.60 87.87 86.98

136
 e

Table XX14. Leaf area of Rhizophora mucronata in cm2

Taklong
Taklong Island Island
  Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) Tandog Tuguisan (unoiled)
  111.61 174.62 143.75 148.23 154.47 70.92
  97.08 173.35 128.99 148.36 158.52 88.75
  81.62 135.41 118.83 183.65 162.66 101.83
  71.88 137.41 119.58 174.62 114.41 85.27
  72.74 135.32 129.84 117.59 110.83 97.46
  82.90 126.55 106.72 121.94 119.47 77.73
  78.89 149.19 97.72 111.90 152.64 90.81
  43.16 103.08 106.58 133.18 129.60 101.43
  45.69 100.40 70.06 69.91 123.58 96.15
  42.81 89.36 80.44 75.06 129.82 71.64
Averag
e 72.84 132.47 110.25 128.44 135.60 88.20

Table XX15. Leaf area of Rhizophorastylosa in cm2

Taklong
Taklong Island Island
  Bagatnan Pototan (oiled) Tuguisan Tandog (unoiled)
  87.20 84.48 77.79 76.65 45.50 116.87
  111.28 115.93 87.97 68.81 46.66 64.62
  80.50 101.44 83.56 52.32 38.15 107.11
  68.80 117.01 68.48 66.14 31.54 102.32
  60.70 93.17 77.03 63.90 38.96 70.67
  53.98 91.88 69.90 64.96 45.01 89.50
  45.32 68.48 69.91 68.50 39.37 64.21
  47.55 71.92 69.60 39.15 42.03 108.25
    63.23 60.93 35.89 53.78 69.62
    57.93   51.16 47.64 74.07
Averag
e 69.42 86.55 73.91 58.75 42.86 86.72

Table XX16. Percentage of Sediment Composition

Taklong
Bagatna Taklong Island
  n Pototan Island Tandog Tuguisan (Unoiled)

137
Very Coarse Sand
Granules 35.90 36.76 49.82 32.07 18.36 42.37

Medium sand 2.56 1.96 0.62 2.59 0.51 3.39

Very fine Sand 38.46 22.06 19.93 15.08 19.87 27.12

Silt-Clay 23.08 39.22 29.63 50.26 61.26 27.12

138