3D Printed Technical Ceramics

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January 6,
2020

By Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc.Jan 6 2020

The vast amount of research that has been performed on three-dimensional (3D) printing has inspired
manufacturers of technical ceramics to incorporate this advancing technology into their production
process.

Image Credit/Shutterstock:Iaremenko Sergii

Introduction to Technical Ceramics

Technical ceramics are associated with a wide range of versatile properties that have allowed for their
successful integration into the chemical, mechanical, electronics, aerospace and biomedical engineering
industries. Examples of the excellent properties of technical ceramics include high hardness and mechanical
strength characteristics, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability.

Traditional Manufacturing Methods

Manufacturing technical ceramic components can be achieved through different methods, including injection
molding, die pressing, type casting or gel casting. Despite their usefulness for conventional technical ceramic
production purposes, these techniques are associated with several limitations, such as high cost and extensive
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processing time requirements. These challenges are further complicated when users are interested in technical
ceramics that exhibit more complex geometries, or interconnected holes, which is often impossible to achieve
when molding techniques are employed.

In addition to the issues associated with the manufacturing processes, the creation of ceramic components is
also associated with its own inherent effects as a result of the extreme hardness and brittleness of many
ceramic materials. Tools that are required to cut ceramic materials during production can experience severe
wear while also causing defects to the ceramic material, such as cracking.

3D Printing Technologies for Ceramics

The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) printing has provided a highly versatile tool for users seeking to
produce highly complex and precise structures. During the 1990s, technical ceramic specialists have had the
idea of integrating 3D printing technology into the production of their products. Since then, several different
3D printing technologies have been specifically developed for the manufacturing of technical ceramic materials
including slurry-based, powder-based and bulk solid-based methods.

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Slurry-based 3D printing technology involves a feedstock, which is in the form of an ink or paste, depending
upon the viscosity of the liquid system, that has been dispersed with fine ceramic particles. The slurry mixture
is then 3D printed through a variety of processes including inkjet printing, extrusion, two-photon
photopolymerization, stereolithography or digital light processing.

However, powder-based 3D printing technologies utilize a feedstock comprised of both powder beds and loose
ceramic particles. The three most commonly employed powder-based techniques used to produce technical
ceramics include three-dimensional printing (3DP), selective laser sintering (SLS) and selective laser melting
(SLM).

Finally, bulk solid-based technologies used to produce technical ceramic materials include laminated object
manufacturing (LOM) and fused deposition modelling (FDM).

Innovative 3D Printed Technical Ceramics

Several companies around the world have recognized the significant advantages associated with utilizing 3D
printing technology for the production of advanced ceramic products. The widespread utilization of 3D printing
for ceramic production has become so successful that the industry is expected to generate up to $3.6 billion
worldwide by the year 2028.

NanoE is one of the numerous companies that have successfully used 3D printing and its materials for the
design, manufacturing and supply of technical ceramics to various industries. A recent development that
NanoE has made to advance their 3D printed technical ceramics include Zetamix, which is a line of raw
materials used for 3D printing purposes. Zetamix is a mixture of filaments that are primarily comprised of a
ceramic or metal powder, with the remaining composition being made up of a polymer matrix. Zetamix is an
incredibly versatile tool that can easily be used on any fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer, which is
the most widely used mode of 3D printing.

During printing of a Zetamix material, the filaments of the mixture are pushed through a heated nozzle creating
the final product layer by layer. The high versatility of Zetamix is associated with several advantages for the
production of technical ceramics, of which include low cost investment and a significant reduction in
production time. Furthermore, Zetamix offers the ability of users to produce a wide range of fully dense
materials that will not only supplement traditional ceramic production needs, but also advance the
incorporation of this material into a much more diverse field of industrial applications.

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Written by

Benedette Cuffari
After completing her Bachelor of Science in Toxicology with two minors in Spanish and Chemistry in 2016,
Benedette continued her studies to complete her Master of Science in Toxicology in May of 2018. During
graduate school, Benedette investigated the dermatotoxicity of mechlorethamine and bendamustine, which
are two nitrogen mustard alkylating agents that are currently used in anticancer therapy.

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