II.I.

Navigation and Flight Planning_______________________________________________

References
1. FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook)
2. AC 61-23 (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge)

Objective To present the student with the knowledge of concepts related to Navigation, including
aeronautical charts, pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation fundamentals.

Elements 1. Terms used in Navigation

2. Features of Aeronautical Charts
3. Flight Planning
4. Fundamentals of Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
5. Fundamentals of Radio Navigation

Schedule 1. Discuss Objectives 03

2. Review Material 02
3. Development 20
4. Conclusion 05

Equipment 1. AFH
2. PHAK
3. White board and markers
4. Model airplane

IP’s Actions 1. Discuss lesson objectives

2. Present Lecture
3. Ask and Answer Questions

SP’s Actions 1. Participate in discussion

2. Take notes
3. Ask and respond to questions

Completion This lesson will be complete when the student demonstrates an understanding of the elements
Standards related to Navigation and Flight Planning.

II.I. Navigation and Flight Planning

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Instructor’s Notes: II.I. Navigation and Flight Planning_______________________________
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT? – Navigation is the required action to go from the current location to the destination in the most efficient
and safest route.
WHY? -
A.) To develop skills of good judgment and decision making.
B.) To determine the time en route and required fuel.
C.) To enhance the safety of flight.

OVERVIEW - This lesson will cover the basic elements pertaining to Navigation and Flight Planning, including:
1. Terms used in Navigation
2. Features of Aeronautical Charts
3. Flight Planning
4. Fundamentals of Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
5. Fundamentals of Radio Navigation
DEVELOPMENT:
HOW?
1.) Terms used in Navigation
A.) Terms used in navigation.
1. IAS—A/S as read from the A/S indicator.
2. CAS—IAS corrected for instrument and position error.
3. TAS—Actual speed relative to the surrounding air (CAS corrected for density altitude).
4. EAS---Equivalent Airspeed. (TAS corrected for compressibility (negligible below 200 Kts or 20,000
feet MSL))
5. Groundspeed—Actual speed of the a/c over the ground.
6. True Course—Course over the ground relative to true North Compass Heading—Magnetic heading
corrected for deviation.
7. True Heading—True course corrected for wind
8. Magnetic Course—True course corrected for magnetic variation.
9. Magnetic heading—Mag. course corrected for wind.
10. Variation—Angular difference between true and magnetic north
11. Deviation—Magnetic anomaly that affects the compass due to a/c interference.
12. Pressure Altitude—Altitude corrected for non-standard pressure.
13. Density Altitude—Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temp.
14. Standard Pressure (S.L.)—29.92” Hg
15. Standard Temp. (S.L.)—15 deg. C
2.) Features of Aeronautical Charts
A.) Topographical information featured on sectional and VFR terminal charts portrays surface elevation
levels and a great number of visual checkpoints used for VFR flight.
1. Checkpoints include populated areas, drainage, roads, railroads, power lines and other distinctive
landmarks.
2. Various Airspace Indicated
a) Point out Class B, C, D, and E.
3. Work from the Chart to the Ground
a) Everything on the chart is on the ground
b) However, everything on the ground IS NOT on the chart
B.) The aeronautical info. On sectional and terminal charts includes visual and radio navigation aids,
airports, controlled airspace, restricted areas, obstructions and related data.
1. You should be familiar with the features on the aeronautical charts and legend use.
2. You must use the current and proper chart. Check dates!!!
3.) Flight Planning
A.) Determining Course
1. Most direct may not be best
a) Look at Airspace
II.I. Navigation and Flight Planning
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 b) Navaids
c) Terrain
d) Fuel stops
(1) Use POH to determine expected fuel flow rate at power setting
(2) Determine range with required fuel reserve (FAR 91.151)
e) Alternate airports
2. Plot Course on Chart with line
a) Mark of 10 nm increments
b) Circle Check Points
3. Determine ETE (Estimated Time En route)
4.) Fundamentals of Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
A.) Pilotage is the action of flying XC using only a sectional chart to fly from one visible landmark to
another.
B.) Difficult in areas lacking prominent landmarks or if visibility is low.
C.) Dead Reckoning is the navigation of the a/c solely by means of computations based on TAS, course,
heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed and elapsed time.
1. System of determining where the a/c should be based on where it has been.
2. Perform Dead Reckoning problem with E-6B
D.) Pilot should use both Pilotage and Dead Reckoning and add Radio Navigation to confirm position.
E.) If Lost, Determine time since last check point
1. Asses area of possible Location
a) Time flown Vs Wind speed
b) Direction of flight
2. If that fails, turn toward nearest concentration of landmarks
3. Descend if necessary to identify markings (Observe FAR’s 91.119)
4. If landing is necessary due to night, make a precautionary landing
a) Preferably at an airport
b) Use a field if necessary
5. If you find a recognizable landmark, be cautious until you find a couple more to confirm.
6. Stay VFR
5.) Fundamentals of Radio Navigation
A.) Use properties of radio waves to determine flight path.
1. Uses ground stations or satellites transmitting to receivers in the a/c.
2. Determine and control ground track based on the instrument indications.
3. VOR, DME, GPS, ADF, RNAV, LORAN
CONCLUSION
REVIEW
1.) To summarize, we talked about:
A.) Terms used in Navigation
B.) Features of Aeronautical Charts
C.) Fundamentals of Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
D.) Fundamentals of Radio Navigation

PRIVATE PTS
Pilotage and Dead Reckoning / Navigation Systems and Radar Services (Pg. 1-19)
COMMERCIAL PTS
Pilotage and Dead Reckoning / Navigation Systems and ATC Radar Services (Pg. 1-23,24)
COMPLETION STANDARDS:
1. This lesson will be complete when student has an understanding of Navigation and Flight Planning.

II.I. Navigation and Flight Planning

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