Mechanics of Material II

TEXT BOOK:

This course will cover the

following topics:
1-Complex Stress and Strain
2-Unsymmetrical bending
3-Plastic Analysis of Beams
and Frames
4-Shear stress distribution in
thin-walled open & closed
section beams
5-Torsion of a thin-walled
closed section beam
6- Structural Instability
 Complex Stress and Strain

We learned how to determine stress distributions produced

separately by axial load, bending moment, shear force and
torsion. However, in many practical situations some or all of
these force systems act simultaneously so that the various
stresses are combined to form complex systems which may
include both direct and shear stresses. In such cases it is no
longer a simple matter to predict the mode of failure of a
structural member, particularly since, the direct and
shear stresses at a point due to, say, bending and
torsion combined are not necessarily the maximum
values of direct and shear stress at that point.
.
But in most practical problems we have to
deal with combinations of these stresses
REPRESENTATION OF STRESS AT A POINT
z
ΔFz ΔF
τ xz
τ
yz

z ΔFy ΔFx z
τ z
y x
xy
s x s y τ
yx
ΔF

ΔA

F1 F2 F1

x y x y x
y

At a given point in the system we can define the state of

stress by identifying the normal and shear stresses on three
perpendicular planes passing through that point.
• A member subjected to a general combination of loads is
cut into two segments by a horizontal plane shown
• The distribution of internal zstress components may be
defined as, z
Fz σz ΔFz
s z  lim ΔF
A 0 A
ΔFy ΔFx
Fx
 zx  lim y x
A 0 A tzy tzx
Fy
 zy  lim y x

A 0 A
• Note that the subscript notation z in σz is used to
reference the direction of the outward normal line, which
specifies the orientation of the area ΔA. Two subscripts
are used for the shear-stress components, tzx and tzy.
The z axis specifies the orientation of the area ΔA, and x
and y refer to the direction lines for the shear stresses.
It is convenient to depict the state of stress at a point
by a cube, in which the stresses on three mutually
perpendicular planes are labelled in the manner
described above.
• The most general state of stress at
a point may be represented by 6
components,

s x , s y , s z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

s x  xy  xz
Stress Matrix in 3-D:  yx s y  yz
 zx  zy s z
• Same state of stress is represented
by a different set of components if
axes are rotated.
 sz

Normal to area

Shear force
direction

zx
Normal to area
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which
two faces of the cubic element are free of
stress. For the illustrated example, the
state of stress is defined by
• State of plane stress occurs in a thin
plate subjected to forces acting in the
mid plane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on

the free surface of a structural element
or machine component, i.e., at any
point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
 SIGN CONVENTION for plane stress:
• Normal stresses are positive in tension
• Shear stress acting upward on the right faces are
positive.
• Clockwise angle changes θ are taken positive.
REPRESENTATION OF STRESS AT A POINT
(UNIAXIAL STRESS SYSTEM- one direct stress)
Since the element is thin we can ignore any variation in
direct stress across its thickness. since the sides of the
element are extremely small we can assume that σ has the
same value on each opposite side BC and AD of the
element and that σ is constant along these sides.
We are therefore representing the stress at a point in a
structural member by a stress system acting on the sides
and in the plane of a thin, very small element; such an
element is known as a two-dimensional element and the
stress system is a plane stress system

• AS we have mentioned before, same state of stress is

represented by a different set of components if axes are
rotated.
Before getting into stress and strain transformations, it is
helpful to Provide some motivations for our study of
transformations.
• Often times for specific engineering materials, we will
have some idea of the maximum strains and stresses to
which they can be safely subjected.
• From analysis of a mechanical system within a specific
reference axis (i.e. x, y, z), we can compute the stresses
and strains at points of interest.
• While these strains and stresses might fall within the
allowable range of values, we should realize that in a
different axis of reference, the same states of stress and
strain might yield values not in the acceptable range.
• By using the transformation methods, we can solve for
strain components and stress components tied to any axis
of reference.
• In particular, we can also determine the maximum
principal strains which are the extreme values of the
extensional strains and the maximum shear strains.
DETERMINATION OF STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES
(UNIAXIAL STRESS SYSTEM- one direct stress only)

Going back to the cantilever beam. Suppose that we wish

to determine the direct and shear stresses at the same
point in the cantilever beam but on a plane PQ inclined at
an angle to the axis of the beam as shown. stresses are
uniformly distributed along the sides of the elements it is
convenient to represent them by single arrows as shown.
The triangular element PQR is in equilibrium, assume that
the element is of unit thickness.
DETERMINATION OF STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES
(UNIAXIAL STRESS SYSTEM- one direct stress only)

 Fn  0 σn PQ = σx QR cos θ

σn = σx cos2θ

 F n  0 τ PQ = σx QR sin θ τ = σx cos θ sin θ

τ = σx/2 sin 2θ
We see from Eqs σn = σx cos2θ
τ = σx/2 sin 2θ
that although the applied load induces direct stresses only
on planes perpendicular to the axis of the beam, both direct
and shear stresses exist on planes inclined to the axis of
the beam.

Furthermore it can be seen from Eq. τ = σx/2 sin 2θ

that the shear stress τ is a maximum when θ =45◦. This
explains the mode of failure of ductile materials subjected
to simple tension and other materials such as timber under
compression.
◦
45

Failure surface of Aluminum

This failure suggests that the crystal structure of the metal
is relatively weak in shear and that failure takes the form of
sliding of one crystal plane over another as opposed to the
tearing apart of two crystal planes. The failure is therefore a
shear failure although the test piece is in simple tension.