4 ’ ‘N

/ A D AQb2 7146 AEROCI. M RESEARCH LABS INC PRINCETON N J F 20/li

~~ ~~ ——E T C( U)
A COMPUTER CODE FOR FULLY COUPLL D. TWO—PHASE ROCKET NOZZLE FLOW
FEB 76 ft D THORPE F149620—77—C—0016
UNCLA SSIFIED ALROCICN—TP—366 AFOS*—TR—76—O6O6 Pt

a’ PUU _ _
_ _ _

_ U
i_ !a !4 ! !
~~~~~
_ _
_ _
5 8

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _

-i
 41oSB’1R~ 7 8 -O 6O 6

AeroChem TP-368

~~ A COMPUTER CODE FOR FULLY COUPLED , TWO-PHASE

ROCKET NOZZLE FLOWS
~~

ROGER D. THORPE
AEROCHEM RESEAR CH LABORATORIES , INC .
P . O . BOX 12
PRIN C ETO N , NEW JERSEY 08540

~~~~~~ F e b r u a r y 1978
Final Report for Period 1 November 1976 — 31 J a n u a r y 1978

77- .~2 - O ~’/ c ~

~~~~~
r Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited
DOC
rnU~EIE EJflfl Efl
~
AP R 12 1978

Prepared for
D
AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
BaLLING AIR FORCE BASE
WASHINGTON , DC 20332

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
z~~:- . -.--
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. ..
-
—

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 •1

AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (UsC)

NOTICE OF TflANSMITTAL TO DDC
This tec~ :zica1 r~~’~ - 1 L~~ . ~~~~~ rcivio we oud ii
approvcd :cr puh].
~
~~ .~~ 1c ~ i . e lAW AIR 9Q...~~ ( Tb).
D~t3t rtbL ~t~~~ is u~ .limited.
A. D. BLOSE
Technical Inforaation Offloer

_______

~~~~
 1
- —

—
S E C u R i T y CL A SSi IC A T I IN Or I t 1 1 . I Af ,
I III,- I~~~ I t.I’,. I)

(
~~~~~~
EPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE ~~~~ INS I R U C T I O N S
I I E I O K E (Th I’I.ETIN ;I f l M
~~
3. RECIP IENT’ S C A T A L O G NUM BER
~2 G~~VT A C C E S S I O N NO.
___________

—Ø6%6f
~ ~~~~~~~
~~~~~
IT L E (and
L~
~ ~ O M P U T E R LODE FOR SULLY C O U P L E D , TWO_ .
1 Nov 7 6 - 3 1 Jan 78
‘HA s E J o c KE T N o z z L E L o w s: /

2
~ ~~
_ _ _ _ _ _

— .-
~~~~~~~
A e roch e m— T 8
~ ~ ~~~~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~/O
~T A UT N O R ( a ) U 1 Uf l Ll1T
~IIUI.ld R(.)

~~OGER ~~ .ftHOR ~~~~~ (~~~~~~ 4962~~ 7 7 C ~~~~~~~~.

22~I~II1
~~~~~~ W~ O R M I N G O R G A N I Z A T I O N NAME AND ADDRESS ID. P R O G R A M E L E M E N T . P RO J E C T • T A S K
A E R O C H E M R E S E A R C H L A B O R A T O R I E S , I N C ’ -’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U N I T N BER S

PO BOX 12 2 1
P R I N C E T O N , N J 08540 61 102 F
I I. ~~
_
CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

A I R F O R C E O F F I C E OF S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H / N A I 7
jD
BLDG 410
~~~~~~~~~
_ _ __ _

7
BOLLING AIR FORCE BASE , D C 20332 34
IA . M O N I T O R I N G A GENCY N A M E & A D D R E S S ( i I d iffer ~ nI from Con lr o lli na QiIice) IS. SECURITY C L A S S . (of t his report)

UNCLASS I VI ED
IS. . DECLASSIFI CATION/DOWNGRADI NG
SCM EDULE

16. D IS T R I B U T I O N S T A T E M E N T (of t h i s Ffeporl)

Approved for public r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d .

17. DISTRIB UTION STATEMENT (of Ih~ a bst r a c t .ntereil ,n J 3fock 20 . II d,ft.renl from Report)

—
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19 K E Y W O R D S (Continue on ,r ~~. r s e side if g i e c e s s a ry f ind :denldfy by block number)

ROC K E I N O / . / Li-; F~~~\~ S
CO M I I ] ! I~ l’ I/ ~~i~ k ;\ \i S
i l ~A N S U N l C I !
( A S/ i ’ A WI I c LE N L ~N Eç )L 1.1 U k 1 UM FLOWS
ROCK FT E X IIA US VL tIII!LIT Y
\ ~
O ABSTRACT ( Cu s n t ln o . on ,eu-e r .e ‘m iS If neco s.sry and i d e n tify by block number)

~T h i s report d e s c r ib e s the d e v e l o p m e n t of a u n i f i e d rocket nozzle c om p u t e r pr ogram that i~

i n t e n d e d to s e r v e m I S an d id in the stud y of the ph y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l processes that
control rocket e x h a u s t p lume d y n a m i c s , i n c l u d i n g p lume v i s i b i l i t y . The computer progran
is com p~ sed of the t r a n s o n i c , two—ph a se code of K lieg el and N i c k e r s o n and the AeroChem
F U L L N O Z n o z z l e code . T h i s combination allows chamber conditions to be used to
i n i t i a t e a c o n t i n u o u s nozzle c a l c u l a t i o n , t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g the a s s u m p t i o n s of supersonic
s t a r t line gas and p a r t i c l e p r o p e r t i e s p r e v i o u s l y required b y F U L L N O Z . Samp le calcula— _ ~~~~ .

t ions ar c p r e s e n t e d for a small , conical nozzle motor b u r n i n g a low smoke propellant. ~~ nt ~

FORM s .
i~~~
Ll i4i~~ L O T ION OF I NOV 65
I J A N 73 LE E
~~~~~~~~~~~~ C L A S S ! F! El)
.
— 5

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 L.. m_ _ i b J... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- _.
~~ .~~
. -
— -
~~ ~~ ~ -—
SEC U lIl T Y CL ,. ‘Y.I F I C A T (311 OV 1 Il lS l’A C I (IItuei, II~ Ia In n t o r s . f )

N
These c a l c u l a t i o n s d e s c r i b e the s e n s i t i v i t y of El i u n i f i e d code to v a r i a t i o n s in s t a r t line
conditions , particle sizes , m a s s l o a d i n g , anil p a r t i c l e drag and heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s .

-~~~ 1
UIt ~ $sSI*s
• 1I
~
N*u I$~~~~
JU1IFII4~~~ - --_
~~ ~~—

-
.
~~~~ —a
DIrTlIIITIft,uhpuJ.pL, INfl
~
~~ AVAI L ul/r WE114L

U N C L A S S I E l El )

— -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ‘.
r’- °
~~~~
p
~~~~~~ ~~~
 TP-368

TABLE OF CO NTENT S
Page

I. INTRODUCTION 3

II CODE DESCRIPTION 4
A. TSNIC 4
B. FULLNOZ 4

III. CODE TESTING 7

A. Start Line Parameters 7

B. Particle Sizes 8
C. Particle Drag and Heat Transfer 9

IV . CONCLUSIONS 15

V. RECOMMENDATIONS 15

VI. REFES~ENCES 16

APPENDIX A: PROGRAM INPUT AND OPERATION 17

APPENDIX B: SAMPLE INPUT 27

APPENDIX C: SAMPLE OUTPUT 28

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure

1 TSNIC/FULLN OZ SCHEMATIC 5

2 NOZZLE EXIT PLANE GAS AND PART ICLE VELOCITIE S 10

3 NOZZLE EXIT PLANE GAS AND PARTICLE TEMPERATURES 10

4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICLE AND GAS TRAJECTORIES

AT NOZZLE EXIT PLANE 11

5 THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE MA SS LOADING ON EXIT PLANE GA S

AND PARTICLE VELOCLIES 12

6 THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE MASS LOADING ON EXIT PLANE GAS

AND PART ICLE TEMPERATURES 13

7 THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENTS ON PARTICLE VELOCITY 14

-
——-i-- - -- - -— —-— _______________________
—-— — .——~~~~~~ -
 Figur e Page

8 THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENTS ON PARTICLE TEMPERATURES 14

-
- .
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~
-i

TP—368

I. INTRODUCTION

This report describes the development of a unified rocket nozzle computer

program that is intended to serve as an aid in the study of the physical and
chemical processes that control rocket exhaust plume dynamics , including plume
visibility.
Low smoke propellants produce a small mass frac ti on of p rimary sm oke
particles at the nozzle exit; hence condensation in the plume is critical to
the production of secondary smoke and thus plume visibility . Primary smoke
particles , though , play an important role in plume visibility by serving as
nucleation sites for secondary smoke, and therefore a complete determination
of plume visibility requires , in addition to equilibrium condensation boundary
considerations , an accurate description of nozzle exit plane particle
properties.
To improve nozzle exit plane predictive capability, a new computer code
has been developed by incorporating the two—phase transonic flow solution of
Kliegel and Nickerson 1 (TSNIC) into the AeroChem FULLNOZ code .2 This develop-
ment allows the use of chamber initial conditions to generate a continuous
nozzle calculation , thus eliminating the assumptions of supersonic start line
gas and particle properties previously required by FULLNOZ.
The use of FULLNOZ in the supersonic regime offers powerful calculational
capabilities by simultaneously treating gas/particle nonequilibrium , non—
equilibrium chemistry , diffusion across streamtubes , and (optional) the turbu-
lent boundary layer. The new code will enable the accurate determination of
particle spatial distributions , veloc ity, and thermal lags at the nozzle exit
plane and provide complete input information for subsequent plume calculations.
The following sections give a brief description of the techniques employed
in TSNIC and FULLNOZ . A parametric study has been made to show the sensitivity
of the solution to variations in (1) supersonic start line parameters due to
transonic approximations , (ii) particle sizes and size distributions over a range

1. X].
iegel , J.R. and Nickerson , G.R .,” Axisyminetric Two—Phase Perfect Gas
Performance Program ,” TRW-02874—6006—R000, April 1967.

2. Pergaisent, H.S. and Thorpe , R.D., “A Computer Code for Fully—Coupled Roc-
ket Nozzle Flows (FULLN OZ),” AeroChem TP—322 , AFOSR—TR—75-.l563 , NTIS AD
A0l9 538, April 1975.

~ - - . .- . . ~- - . -~~~~ - ---_____
TP—368

applicable to low signature propellants , and (iii) particle drag and heat
transfer coefficients over the applicable range. A complete description of
program inpu t , a sample input , and a sample output are given in Appendixes A ,
B, and C , respectively .

I!. CODE DESCRIPTION

A. TSN IC
TSNIC is fully described in Ref. 1. A perturbation method is
employed to attain an approximate solution to the subsonic and transonic gov-
erning equations of gas/particle equilibrium flow. The solution includes
velocity and thermal lags between gaseous and inert condensed phases . One di-
mensional sink flow is assumed in the converging section of the nozzle , and
gas/particle properties are determined on the sink line . The transonic region
is divided into several zones and perfect gas assumptions are used to obtain
gas properties . Particle trajectories are calculated through the throat
region to determine particle properties on the supersonic start line. The gas !
particle expansion , including nonequilibrium effects is approximated in each
zone with an average expansion coefficient (see Fig. 1).
TSNIC uses as input chamber p r o p e r t i e s (such as produced by standard
equilibrium codes), particle sizes, distributio’-~s and mass loading , and throat
geometry parameters . Values of the gasdynamic state and particle velocity and
thermal lags are interpolated on the start line for a specified number of points.

B. FULLNOZ
The FULLNOZ code is fully described in Ref . 2. It is based on the
MULTITUBE method of Boyn ton 3 which uses the streamtube method to integrate the
hyperbolic governing equations of supersonic flow. In this method , the ellip-
tic Navier—Stokes equations are reduced to hyperbolic form by assuming that
diffusional effects along streamlines are small compared to diffusion across
streamlines . This assumption is very good for rocket nozzle flows and enables
one to solve an initial value problem (where a marching procedure can be used)

3. Boynton , F.P., “The MIJLTTTIJBE Supersonic Flow Computer Code ,” Generni

Dynamics/Convair GDC—DBB 67—003 , February 1967.

--- - - -~~~~ --- - - - - — -- - - --

-
-
-
 TP— 368

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAY ER —

\
LIMITING R T ICL E ST R E A M L I N E S
~~ INCREASING
TRANSONIC RP
Z ONES ORTHOGONAL S U R F A C ES

..~. .. :, j
~

SINK
\\ SUPERSONIC
START
6. ~~~~~~~~~~

\ LINE ~
LINE
.-

Rc “
\
—

—— — —
— — —
— -.
— —
— .—
—
‘— — —
. —
~~~~~~

I.”..
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TSNIC
-

‘- I’s
-
FULLNOZ - -

FIGURE 1 TSNIC/FULLNOZ SCHEMATIC

rather than the more difficult boundary value problem . The gas flow equations ,
in finite—difference form , are solved along and perpendicular to streamlines
while a full continuum particle cloud system of equations is incorporated f o r
the condensed phase.
The advantages of using the streamtube method over the method—of—
characteristics in calculating rocket nozzle flows are: (i) species diffusion ,
shear , and heat transfer normal to streamlines are easily included ; (ii) chemi-
cal reactions or internal relaxations are easily incorporated since the
calculation follows streamlines; (iii) bounding surfaces and gradients normal
to streamlines are treated without difficulty; and (iv )a wide variety of
boundary conditions including mass transfer, shear , and heat transfer can read-
ily be incorporated .
FULLNOZ utilizes the following information : (
1) initial gas and
particle properties in the supersonic region just downstream of the nozzle
throat (supplied by TSNIC), (2) the nozzle wall contour , (3) a chemical reac-
tion mechanism and rate coefficients , (
4) physical properties of the particles ,
and (5) the nozzle wall temperature (for the boundary layer calculations).

—‘-.- — ------ - — -- - ---- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

— -
-
~~~~~ -
—,. -• , _ 4 • . --
TP—368

With the above input data the marching scheme steps from one orthogonal sur-
face to the next (Fig . 1), computing gas and particle properties within a
specified number of streamtubes. The (essentially) continuous particle size
distributions are ~resented by up to a maximum of eight discreet particle
sizes. All particles cross the gas streamlines , but the lighter particles
follow the gas streamlines more closely than the heavy particles . As depicted
in Fig. 1, limiting particle streamlines are computed for each particle size.
At each orthogonal surface (i.e. , each integration step) the code calculates
wall shear stress and heat transfer , boundary layer displacement thickness ,
and velocity and temperature profiles. The shear stress and heat transfer are
coupled to the main nozzle flow via their effect on the wall streantube proper-
ties. This code approximately treats the effects of shocks which might
originate from the nozzle wall in turning the flow as strong compression waves.*
The operation of the combined TSNIC/FULLNOZ code is straightforward ,
but does require a preliminary equilibrium calculation to generate chamber gas
properties. Because TSNIC does not treat chemical kinetics , chemical equilib-
rium (or interpolation between equilibrium and frozen flow) can be assumed to
extend to the throat region to obtain the composition data used by FULLNOZ .
This procedure provides acceptable accuracy in many situations and equilibrium
codes such as the RPL—ISP program 5 are especially suitable for providing such
information. If greater accuracy is required , a separate kinetic calculation
can be made between the chamber and throat using a code such as the AeroChein
nonequilibrium streamline code (NEQSLINE) .’ A complete description of program
input is given in Appendix A.

* Nozzle shocks could be incorporated into FULLNOZ in a manner similar to

that employed in the AIPP Code 4 to detect internal plume shocks , but this
would require additional programming.

4. Pergamen t , U.S. and Kelly , J.T., “A Fully—Coupled Underexpanded Afterburn—

ning Rocket Plume Program (The AIPP Code). Part II. Program User ’s Manual ,”
Final Report , AeroChem TP—328 , AFRPL-.TR—75—52 , NTIS AD A 019 411, December
1975.

5. Selph , C. and Hall , R., “Theoretical ISP Program ,” AFRPL , Edwards ,CA , 1974.

6. Pergamen t , H.S. and Mikatarian , R.R. , “Prediction of Minuteman Exhaust

Plume Electrical Properties ,” AeroChem TP—281 , May
1973.6
TP—368

III. CODE TESTING

In order to determine performance characteristics for the TSNIC/

FULLNOZ code , a parametric set of calculations was made to test for the sensi-
tivity of the solution to variations in: (i) s t a r t line p r o p e r t i e s , Including
those that result from assumptions concerning throat geometry and start line
location , (ii) particle sizes and mass loading which were varied over a range
expected in rocket nozzle flows , and (iii) particle drag and heat transfer
coefficients , commensurate with th~.. expected extremes in particle shapes.
The parametric calculations were made for a small motor using the N5
double base propellant. The 10.5° nozzle has a throat area of 0.72 cm 2 and an
expansion ratio of 3.7. To save computation costs , and because the main inter-
est is in the resultant particle properties at the nozzle exit , the comparisons
were made with no kinetic or boundary layer calculations . The standard case
employed the following values of key variables: (I) mass fraction of parti-
cles , WPWGT = 0.005; (ii) ratio of axial start line location to throat radius,
ZAX = 0.7; (iii) particle radii , RP = 0.8, 1.25 p; (iv) drag and heat transfer
coe f f i c i en t f ac t o r s , FFF and FFG = 1.0; (v) nozzle inlet angle , THID = 10.5° ;
and (vi) ratio of throat radius of curvature to throat radius , RRT = 3.0.

A. START LINE PARAMETER L

~
Key input specifications to the TSNIC code that affect supersonic
start line computations are the throat geometry and the prescribed location of
the start line. For many cases, the details of the throat geometry may not be
known and estimated values must be Input to the program . Hence , calculations
were made varying the throat radius of curvature , Rc, and the converging sec-
tion inlet angle to test for their effect on start line and ultimately, exit
plane gas and particle properties. It was found that changing the inlet angle
from 10.5° to 15° produced nearly no change In start line or exit properties ,
indIcating the solution Is insensitive to this parameter. There is, however ,
a restriction in the selection of the R , since smaller values increase the
~
divergence of gas and particle streamlines at the throat , complicating the
solution . Reference 7 recommends RRT = Rc /R* > 1.5 to allow the solution to

7. Coats, D.E., et al , “A Computer Program for the Prediction of Solid

Propellant Rocket Motor Performance ,” AFRPL—TR—75—36 , July 1975.

7
TP—368

proceed but In the present use it was found that RRT greater than 2.0 was
required. It is believed though , t h a t t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n does n o t a l t e r the
adequacy of the analysis for most cases of Interest.
Another restriction in the use of TSNIC Is in the prescription of
the supersonic sta..t line location . The axial location (downstream of the
throat) can be estimated from the following source flow approximation :
0.83
1 _ cosCrHIW)
ZAX = RRT SIn THIW +
{ }
where ZAX Z
= IR* is the s t a r t line location and THIW is the n o z z l e wall
axis
.

angle . For the present case with THIW = 10.5° and RRT = 3.0 , ZAX = 0 . 7 . When
ZAX was reduced to 0.5, TSNIC failed ; when a value of 1.0 was used the resul-
tant start line was geometrIcally inconsistent with the downstream nozzle
geometry and the FULLNOZ calculation failed. Other considerations in the use
of TSNIC are well documented in Ref. 7.

B. PARTICLE SIZES
Early studies8 ’9 of primary particle sizes in rocket motor exhausts
Indicated that the location of the distribution peaks depends on factors such
as motor size and chamber pressure. For small motors size peaks in the 1 to
3 p radius range were expected . More recent works ’°’~ ’ indicate that the
majority of particles are very small with radii less than 0.1 p , although mass
distribution peaks remain in the 1 to 3 ii range.
A series of calculations was planned to test the performance of the
TSNIC/FULLNOZ program over this applicable range of particle sizes . Unfortu-
nately , though , the assumptions employed in the TSNIC analysis result in

8. Smith , P W . , Delaney , L.J., and Radke , H.H., “Summary Results of Particle

Size Measurements ,” in Proceed1ng~s of the AFRPL Two—Phase Flow Conference
1967, AFRPL—TR— 67—223 , Vol. I., p. 264.

9. Rochelle , W.C., “Review of Thermal Radiation from Liquid and Solid Propel-
lant Rocket Exhausts ,” NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville , AL ,
NASA—TM—X—53579 , February 1967.

10. Dawborn , R. and Kinslow , M., “Studies of the Exhaust Products from Solid
Propellant Rocket Motors ,” Arnold Air Force Station , Tullahoma , TN , AEDC—
TR—76—49 , September 1976.

11. Varsi , C., “Summary of Particulate Measurements ,” NA SA , Atmospheric Effects

~orking Group Meeting , Vandenberg AFB , October 27—28 , 1976 , p. 96.

8
 TP—368

serious computational dIfficulties when particles with radii less than 1 p are
encountered . Hence , the l ower limit of the size range t e s ted was limited to
0.8 p. The upper limit of 2.5 p was used as representative of the small motor.
Comparisons of gas and particle velocities and temperature are shown
in Figs. 2 and 3 for particles of radii 0.8, 1.25 and 2.50 p. A particle load-
ing of 0.5% was used . Because of the low particle loading , the particles have
a negligible effect on the gas properties and the profiles are uniform at the
nozzle exit. The particles do not , however , completely follow the gas stream-
lines , as evident in Fig. 4. The angle ~ is the flow angle of the particles
relative to that of the gas. For most of the flow regime , the particle tra-
jectories diverge more than that of the gas , except near the wall. The gas/
particle diver~~nce is , in all areas, quite small.
Increased effects of the gas/particle interaction are seen when
particle loadings are increased to 30% (characteristic of highly aluminized
propellants). Velocity and temperature profiles at the nozzle exit , shown in
Figs. 5 and 6, indicate that the presence of particles does affect the exit
plane gas properties . In these figures , case Al represents a calculation with
particles of 0.8 and 1.25 p radii , and case A2 , 1.25 and 2.50 p.
Other applications of the FULLNOZ code to variations in particle size
are described in Ref. 12 for a large bell—shaped nozzle.

C, PARTICLE DRAG AND HEAT TRAN FE.R

~
The momentum and energy exchange between the spherical particle and
gas flows is described completely in Ref. 2. In order to include nonspherical
particles , alterations to the particle and heat transfer coefficients are
necessary. Although liquid condensates would normally be spherical , solidif i—
cation and agglomeration of certain species could form nonspherical particles .
Dynamic shape factors , which relate the drag of an arbitrarily shaped particle
to that of a sphere , are available in Ref. 13. For the extreme shapes of pro-
late and oblate ellipsoids, the increase in drag is within 50% of the spherical

12. Thorpe , R.D., Pergament, H.S., and Hwang, B.C., “NOn Deposition in the
Stratosphere by the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motors ,” JANNAF 9th Plume
Technology Meeting,, CPIA Publ . 277 (Applied Physics Lab., Johns Hopkins
~Jniv. , Silver Spring , Apr il 1976) pp. 317—352.
13. Fuchs , N.A ., The Mechanics of Aeros ols (Per gam on Press , New Y ork , 1964).

- . -- - - - - - -- - . -- -- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-
_ _ _
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
 TP—363

7112
2.8

r
~2 2.4
- -

GAS

F 16 -
Rz 0 .8,L —
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

R (.25p
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

L2 —
— Rz 2 .50 —
U
0 - -
-J
Lii
>
-

0.4 I I 1 I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
R/R ix

FIGURE 2 NOZZLE EXIT PLANE GA S AND PARTI CLE VELOC ITIE S

Particle mass fraction = 0.5% .

72-22
(500

Rs 2 .50~
(300 - -

w - -
1100 R:I.25 ~i
~
— -

-
—_ R 0.8 &
-

~
900 — -

GA
700 I I I I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 05 0.6 0.? 0.8 0.9 (.0
P/Rex

FIGURE 3 NOZZLE EXIT PLANE GAS AND PART ICLE T~~1PERAT ~TRES
Particle ma ss fraction — O.5Z .

10

_____________________________

1
-

~~~ ~ .- ~.
 TP—368

12 Th-2S
1
(.0 - -

~ 0.8 - -

LU

0 0.6 - -
LU
C
-

0.2 -
R 2.50 u
—

R O.8 .i
~~ ~
0 - —

R=I .25 1&

—0.2 i _ 1 I I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 (.0
P/Rex

FIGURE 4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICLE AND GAS TRAJECTORIES AT

NOZZLE EXIT PLANE

drag. Since definitive information of the effect of particle shape on heat

transfer was not available , these coefficients were assumed to be proportional
to those for particle drag. The results of this calculation are shown in Figs.
7 and 8 for 1.25 p particles. An increase in the drag to the upper limit
yields a 10% decrease in both particle velocity and temperature . In order
to more fully describe the sensitivity of the analysis and to account for un-
certainties in particle data , the case of a decrease in these coefficients is
also shown.

11

_____________ I
*. ~~~~~~
.—
~
 1
TP—368

2.8
7.-so
1 1 I 1 1

2.6 — —

(.6 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -

1.6 ~~~ Rz0.8 g~

:
° — —

(.0 — —
Rz250~ \

0.8 — ________
SID. CASE —

CASE Al
0.6 —. CASE AZ
~~~~
— —

0.4 I I I I I I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 4 as 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.9 ( .0
~
R/Rex

FIGURE 5 THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE MASS LOADING ON EXIT PLANE GAS

AND PARTICLE VELOCITIES
Ma ss load ing for standard case is 0.5%; for cases Al and A2 , 30%.

3.2
 TP—368

1800 I I I I I

1700 -
~~~~~~~~~

——
-
.—
~~ _ _ _ _ _

600 Rz I.

———
~~~ 7~7
— -
_ _ —
_

—— — — —
•
( 500 — R’0. 8~ II
~~~~~~~ ~~ .i
. _ i_ _ -
‘
I

———
__ __ _ _

\\
I,
I
—
~4
~~~~

(400 - — -

—— ~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\

“ GAS_L :7
~
~
(300 -
,
~~~~~~~~~ -

\
I-
4 ‘~

~~~i200 -
_.._ _.
-

2
LU R-I.25u
%l
-
%
1100 - —

\_ ~~ _
(000 - R 0.S M I

900 -

800 - GAS -
-
~~~~~~~ --
- _ _ _

700 - -

STO. CASE
600 -
— — — — — C A S E Al -

— - — C A S E AZ

500 1 I I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 (.0
~
P / Rex

FIGURE 6 THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE MASS LOADING ON EXIT PLANE GAS

AND PARTICLE TEMPERATURES
Mass loading for standard case is 0.5%; for cases Al and A2 , 302.

13

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I~~~~~~~ -
• -~
-
— — . . I
, . . .,
—
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

 TP-368

7.-Il
2.8 1 I I 1 1 I I
—

2.4 - -

2 GAS

P l.25
- ~ ~~ p&

:
-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.2
FFF, FFG 0.67
~~~~00~~~~~~~~~
=

> 0.8 - -

04 1 I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 (.0.
R/ Ru

FIGURE 7 THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICI ENT S ON PARTICLE VEL OCITY
Particle mass loading 0.5%.

(5 00
I I 1 1 I I I F

1300 — —

FFF ,FFG :0.677 1.00-7 1.50-7

1/
-

Rzt .25 ,&

/
— —

a.
LU
2
-

Ui
I—
900 - —

GAS
700 — 1 i I I I I I
0 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 (.0
P /Re x

FIGURE 8 THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENTS ON PARTICLE TEMPERATURE
Particle mass load ing — 0.5%.

14

- -- .
-

— ”
I
~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~
TP—3 68

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The incorporation of the Kliegel and Nickerson transonic , two—phase flow

code into the AeroChem nozzle code has resulted in a powerful tool for the
calculation of nozzle exit plane gas and particle properties . Although some
care is required to properly specify throat geometrical parameters , and parti-
cle radii are limited to~~~1.O p, the code is applicable to a wide range of
conditions. The calculated gas and particle properties at the nozzle exit for
various particle sizes and mass loadings display expected behavior for conical
nozzle flows. The major effect on particle concentrations at the exit is the
size distribution; the effects of uncertainties in the particle/gas interac-
tion , resulting from variations in particle shapes , is small.

V. RECOMME~~~JIONS

The TSNIC/FULLNOZ code is an ideal basic tool for the study of fundamental
processes that control the distribution of primary smoke particle concentra—
tions at the nozzl e exit. There is experimental evidence that primary smoke
is strongly affected by chamber ball is tic properties such as pressure , burn
rate , mass flow , and propellant grain size. 1” However , there are little or
no primary smoke results described in terms of important nozzle processes such
as high temperature condensation. A condensation model applicable to nozzle
flows would treat the smallest particles as molecular groups which would
diffuse with the gas . These groups would be treated as particles after attain-
ing a predetermined size. An adequate treatment of this problem requires a
transonic analysis with the capability of treating chemical kinetics and a
wider ran ge of particle sizes. Particle growth mechanisms such as coagula-
tion might justifiably be ignor ed since th e r ates of these process es may b e
too slow to have a marked effect in the nozzle.
it is recommended then , that further efforts in describing primary smoke
be directed toward the modeling of high temperature condensation , within the
framework of a unified nozzle model such as the TSNIC/FULLNOZ code.

14. Placzek , D.W., “Effect of Interior Ballistic Parameters on Rocket Exhaust

Smoke ,” Rohm and Haas TR—S—282 , November 1970.

15

- - - -- — - - --- --
- _ _ _ _ _ _
TP—368

V I.
~~~~~~~~~~

1. Kliegel , J.R. and Nickerson , G.R .,” Axisyymetric Two—Phase Perfect Gas
Performance Program ,” TRW—02874—6006—R000, April 1967.

2. Pergament , H.S. and Thorpe , R.D., “A Computer Code for Fully—Coupled Roc-
k et N ozzle Flows (FULLN OZ), ” AeroChea TP— 322 , AFOSR—TR—75— 1563, NTIS AD
A0l9 538 , April 1975.

3. Boynton , F.P., “The MULTITUBE Supersonic Flow Computer Code ,” General

Dynamics/Convair GDC—DBB 67—003 , February 1967.

4. Pergament , H.S. and Kelly , J.T., “A Fully—Coupled Underexpanded Afterburn—

ing Rocket Plume Program (The AIPP Code). Part II. Program User ’s Manual ,”
F in al Repor t , AeroChem TP—328 , APRPL—TR—75— 52, NTIS AD A019 411 , December
1975.

5. Selph , C. and Hall , R . , “Theoretical ISP Progra m ,” AFRPL, Edward s,CA , 1974.

6. Pergament , H.S, and Mikatarian , R.R. , “Prediction of Minuteman Exhaust

Plume Electrical Properties ,” AeroChem TP—281, May 1973.

7. Coats , D.E., et al , “A Computer Program for the Prediction of Solid

Propellan t Rocket Motor Performance ,” AFRPL—TR—75—36 , July 1975.

8. Smith , P.W., Delan ey, L.J., and Radke , R.R ., “Summary Results of Particle
Size Measurements ,” in Proceeding,s of the AFRPL Two—Phase Flow Conference
1967, AFRPL—TR—67—233, Vol. I., p. 264.

9. Rochelle , W.C., “Review of Thermal Radiation from Liquid and Solid Propel—
lan t R ocke t Exhau sts ,” NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville , AL ,
NASA—TM—X—53579 , February 1967.

10. Dawborn , R. and Kinslov , M ., “Stud ies of the Exha ust Prod uc ts from Sol id
Propellan t Rocke t Mo tors ,” Arnold A ir Forc e S ta tion , Tullahoma , TN , AEDC—
TR—76—49, September 1976.

11. Varsi , C., “Sui~~ary of P a r tic ula te Measuremen ts ,” NASA , A tmospheric

Effects Working Group Meeting , Vandenber g AFB , October 27—28, 1976 , p. 96.

12. Thorpe , R.D., Pergament , H.S., and Hwang , B.C., “NOr Deposition in the
Stratosphere by the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motors ,” JANNAF 9 th Pl ume
Technology Meeting, CPIA Publ. 277 (Applied Physics Lab., J ohns Hop k ins
Univ., Silver Spring , April 1976) pp. 317—352.

13. Fuchs , N.A. , The Mechanics of Aerosols (Pergamon Press, New York , 1964).

14. Placzek , D.W. , “Effect of Interior Ballistic Parameters on Rocket Exhaust

Smoke ,” Robin and Haas TR-S—282 , November 1970.

15. Jensen, D.E. and Jones , G.A. , “Gas—Phase Reaction Rate Coefficients for
Rocketry Applications ,” Rocket Propulsion Establishment Technical Report
No. 71/9 , October 1971.

16
TP—368

APPENDIX A

PROGRAM INPUT AND ..QPZRAUQM

The TSNIC/FULLNOZ program was coded for CDC 6600 or 7600 computers . It
is run in two job steps with separate input for TSNIC and FULLNOZ . Transfer
of start line properties is made from TSNIC to FIJLLNOZ via scratch files: the
gas properties on unit 2 and particle properties on unit 3.

Ii TSNIC INPUT

All input to TSNIC is made through NANELIST/DATA/ . The input items are
divided into three groups : (
1) chamber products of combustion , (2) particle
da ta , and (3) inlet and throat parameters . For some input items , values are
assumed by the program and usually need not be supplied .

A. PROPELLANT DATA

Item Input Quantity Units

CAPN viscosity temperature exponent , specific heat at none

constant pressure

GANMA specific heat ratio , C IC none

g
V
GNGO chamber gas viscosity coefficient lbs/ft sec

PC chamber pressure psia

PR Prandtl number none

TGO chamber temperature °R

WMOLG molecular weight of gas none

B, PARTICLE DATA

CPL particle heat capacity (T >T ) cal/mole °K

~~

CPS particle heat capacity (T~ ~ Tp ) cal/mole °K

D(J) the diameter of each of n particles is to be input microns

so that D(l)< D(2)... < D(N) s et D(N+I) 0

17
 TP— 368

Item Input Quantity -

Units
HPL liquid particle enthalpy (
T~ = T~~ ) kcal/m ole
HPS solid particle enthalpy (T~ — T~~~) kcalfinole

ITOT number of particle groups, N. N~~~8 is required none

SMP particle density lbs/ft’

TPM particle solidification temperature

WPWGT ratio of particle to gas weight flow none

WPWT( J ) particle weight flow fractions corresponding to none

each of the above particle diameters , D(J)

C. INLET AND THROAT PARAMtTERS’

Assumed
Item Input Quantity Units Value
DZI particle trajectory integration step size none 0.002

DZMIN inlet step size parameter none 0.002

NILP number of initial line points none 15

RRT ratio of throat radius of curvature to none

throat radius . A value R 2 is required .
~ ~~~~.

RT throat radius ft

THFD faring angle (no faring for THFD > THID) degrees 5

THID inle t an g le degree s

THIW intersection of initial line and wall degrees 12.

THJD angle defining the zone farthest degrees 9.

downstream

ZAX ratio of intersection of initial line none

and axis to throat radius

ZI number of ups tream zo ne s none 3

ZJ number of downstream zones none 2

* See Fig. A—i

18

-_ _ _ _ __
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

.
— -- - - -
.

.
TP—368

7,-U

THID

t 1111W
I ‘- -
~
I
Rc I
I ’
I

THID
hFD
T
-- 11140

(0,0) ~~~~~~~

FIGURE A—l INLET AND THROAT PARAMETERS

J’.

19
TP—368

II , FULLNOZ INPUT

Input f o r the FULLNOZ p o r t i o n of the program is given below .

Card Fortran
No. Cols. Name Description Format
1—80 ID Run i d e n t i f i c a t i o n 20A4

2 1—10 NSEC Maximum run time (sec); when run time 1.10
reaches NSEC nozzle properties at last
orthogonal surface are punched and can
be used to continue the calculation .
(Not operational in present version of
code.)

11—22 DXLSS Approximate distance (cm) along axis El2 .5

between orthogonal s u r f a c e p r i n t sta-
tions . For control of p r i n t increment
by number of integration steps (KP ,
Card 4, Cola . 11—15) instead of axial
d i s t a n c e , make DXLSS larger than XLMAX
(below).

23—34 XU~AX Maximum distance (cm)along axis for E12.5

which calculations will be made. XLMAX
should be set somewhat larger than axial
distance to nozzle exit plane in order
to complete calculation at last wall
point.

3 1— 5 IBUGSH Debug printout index ; 15

O —No deb u g p rin tout
1 —Extensive printout for debugging

6—10 ITURB Turbulent flow indicator; IS

0 —Inviscid
3 —Constant values of turbulent mixing
parameters , ~i , Pr an d Le are input
on Card 9.

4 6—10 NH Number of terms for C~ polynomial curve 15

fit plus one ; for curve fits supplied
with program , NN = 6. If fewer coeffi-
cients are used for a given species NN
is left at 6 and zeroes are input for
the missing coefficients (see Card 7).

11— 15 KP Output control; number of orthogonal

surfaces between print stations. To
control print via axial distance (DXLSS ,
Card 2 , Cola . 11—22) instead of orthogo-
nal surfaces set KP larger than LPLANE
(Card 4, Cola. 36—40).

20
TP—368

Card Fortran
No. Cola . Name Descr~~ t ion —
Format
4 16—20 MMAX Number of points needed to describe shape 15
of inner boundary; always set equal to 2
f o r axis boundary.

21—25 NMAX Number of points required to define nozzle IS

wall contour (50 maximum)

26—30 NDS Total n umber of gas species in f l o w 15

(25 maximum)

31—35 NITER Maximum number of iterations allowed for 15

iterative solutions (e.g., calculation
of streamtube properties for variable y)
Recommended value :NITER 50

36—40 LPLANE Maximum number of integration steps for 15

entire calculation

41—45 IKINE Number of chemical reactions (40 maximum) 15

NOTE : IF NO BOUNDARY LAYER CALCULATIONS ARE TO BE MADE CA RD 5

MAY BE LEFT BLANK , BElT MUST BE INCLUDED

5 1— 5 TWALL Nozzle wall temperature (

°K) (assumed F5.O
constant)

8 IBLFLG Boundary layer property printout Ii

indicator;
0 — P r i n t Reynolds n o . , thickness and
f r i c t i o n parameters
1 — Print above p lus velocity and
temperature profiles

11 IBL Boundary layer calculation indicator; 11

0 — No boundary layer c a l c u l a t i o n
1 — Calculate boundary layer

6 1— 9 ALPHAH Factor that multiplies maximum stable F9.4

step size; Recommended value:
ALPHAH 0.8

10—18 EPSLON Amount by which streamtube Mach numbers F9 .4

must exceed one in order for the calcu-
lation to continue. Recommended value:
EPSLON = 0.01

19—27 TOL Convergence tolerance for iterative F9.4

s o l u t i o n s ; Recommended value:
TO L = l x lO~~

21

- - ~~~~~~~~~ --
- - - -- - - ---
TP—368

Card Fortran
No. Cols. Name Description Format
6 28—36 DELTA Metric exponent* ; F9. 4
0 Two—dimensional flow
—

1 Axially symmetric flow

—

37—45 ATOL Maximum allowable f r a c t i o n a l change In F9.4

streamtube area per step. Recommended
value : ATOL = 0.1

NOTE: CARD GROUP 7 DEFINES THE THERMODYNAMIC DATA FOR EACH SPECIES.
THERE ARE 2 CARDS PER SPECIES AND NDS SPECIES

7.1. 1 1—13 A ( l ) ~~ L1 E 13.5

14—26 A (2) (, L2 Speci f ic heat polyn om i al co n st an ts
27—39 A(3) (~ L9 for f i r s t species , (ca l/mole ° K)
40—52 A ( 4) / L..

7.1.2 1—13 A(5) L3 , Specific heat polynomial constant E13.5

f o r f i r s t species
14—26 A(6) L6 , Enthal py constant of integration El3.5
for f i r s t species
/ (298

~ ~~~
—

J 0
C , dT J
/
(kcal/tnole)

27—39 CS( 1) L7, Entropy constant of integration

for f i r s t species (cal/mole ° K)
.
S

7.NDS . 1
Repeat thermodynamic data for NDS species
7.NDS .2
NOTE : CARD GROUP 8 IDEN TIF I ES EACH SPECIE S AND SPECIF IE S VARI OU S
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES. MUST BE IN SAME ORDER AS CARD GROUP 7.

8.1 1— 4 IDENT( 1) Spec ies name ; f i r s t species (the remain— A4

ing data on Card 8.1 also apply to the
f i r s t species)
13—24 MUO(1) Viscosity at reference temperaturet El2.4
(g/cm—sec); only used when flow contains
particles. FOR NO PARTICLES , MUO MUST 0
FOR ALL SPECIES

* The particle conservation equations are written only for axially symmetric
flow. Thus two—dimensional solutions can only be obtained for flows with-
out particles .
t Values for common gases can be found in most physics and chemistry
handbooks .

22

— — -— - -——-——-. — - ~~~~~~ -— ~~~ —,-.—— —— — - — --- - -- — - - - — - — — -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

-,-
~~~~~~~~
TP—368

Card Fortran
No. Cols. Name Descript ion Forma t
8.1 25—36 TO(1) Reference temperature for viscosity (
°K) E12.4
37—48 OMEGA(l) Exponent describing viscosity/temperature El2.4
relation ; p Tu
49—60 PR(1) Reciprocal of species Prandtl number E12.4
61—72 SC(l) Reciprocal of species Schmidt number E12.4
73—80 MW(l) Species molecular weight E8.2
.
.
S

8.NDS Repeat for each species

NOTE: CARD 9 IS NOT NEEDED IF ITURB 0 (CARD 3 COLS . 6-10)

9 1—10 TLE Turbulent Lewis number (constant) E1O.3
11-20 TPR Turbulent Prandtl number (constant) ElO.3
21—30 EDDYK Eddy viscosity, g/cm—sec (constant) ElO.3

10.1 1—10 C(1) Mass fraction of first species ElO .3

11—20 C(2) Mass fraction of second species ElO.3
S
S
S

71—80 C(8) Mass fraction of ei ghth species ElO.3

10.2 Continue on subsequent cards; up to 25 8ElO.3

species

NOTE: CARD GROUP 11 DEFINES THE NOZZLE WALL CONTOUR . FIRST

WALL POINT (AT START LINE) IS TRANSFERRED FROM TSNIC.

11.1 1—12 XB(2) Axial position (cm) of second point along E12.4
nozzle wall
13—24 RB(2) Radial position (cm) of second point along E12.4
nozzle wall
• S
• S
•
l1(NMAX— 1)l— 12 XB(NMAX) Final axial position of nozzle wall El2.4
RB (NMAX ) Final radial position of nozzle wall El2.4

NOTE : CARDS 12 AND 13 ARE INCLUDED ONLY IF PARTICLES ARE

IN FLOW.

12 1—10 FFF Factor to adjust particle/gas drag ElO.3

coefficient
11—20 FFG Factor to adjust particle/gas heat ElO.3
transfer coefficient
21—30 CL Liquid p a r t i c l e s p e c i f i c heat ( c a l/ g— ° K) E 1O .3

23

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TP—368

Card For tran

No. Cols. Name Description —
Format
12 31—40 CS Solid particle specific heat (cal/g— °K) ElO.3
i+1—50 HTRAN Particle heat of solidification (cal/g) ElO.3
51—60 WT Particle molecular weight ElO.3

13 1—10 RHSS Particle density (g/cm 3 ) E1O.3

31—40 TI’S Particle solidification temperature (
°K) E1O .3

N OTE: THE F OLLOWIN G CARDS CONTAIN THE REACTION MECHANISM AND

RATE COEFFICIENTS . USE ONLY IF IKINE (CARD 4 , COLS .
41—45) IS GREATER THAN 0.

14.1 1— 4 IZD(l) Species A A4

7 + sign
8—11 IZD(2) Species B A4
14 + sign
15—20 Blank or M A4
21 = sign
22—25 IZD(3) Species C A4
28 + sign (if needed )
-~

29—32 LZD(4) Species D A4

35 + sign (if needed)
36—39 IZD(5) Species E A4
49—50 IRR Reaction type* 12
51 IRT Rate coefficient* type Il
52—59 RC(l) Pre—exponential factor , A E8.2
(cm—molecule—sec units)
60—63 RC(2) Temperature exponent , N F4.l
64—72 RC(3) Activation energy , B (cal/mole) F9.l

14.IKINE Same as above for IKINE reaction

* See Ap p endix A , Section III for reaction and rate coefficient types. See
Ref. 2 for a complete explanation of the reaction mechanism .

24

— - .— —.- --—- ________________________

 17—368

III. REACTION AND RAT E COEFUCI ENT TY PES

Ten possible reaction types are included in the program :

Reaction Type

(
1) A + B + M :C + D
(
2) A + B + M :C + M
(3) A + B ~~ C + D + F
(4) A + B
(5) A + M :C + I) + M
(6) A + B - C + D
~~
(7) A + B + M + C + M
(8) A + B -~~ C + D + E
(9) A + B
(10) A + M + C + D + M

The forward r a t e coefficient , k

f.
is input to the code as one of the
following eight types
*
Rate Coefficient Type

(1) k — A
f
_A
(2) k — AT
f
(3) k — AT 5
f
(4) k~

(5) k~ — A exp (B/RT )

(6) kf — AT- ’ exp(B/RT )

(7) kf A T_ $ / 2

N
(8) kf B AT exp (B/RT )

* Rate coefficient data for typical ro cket nozzle reaction i may be found ,
e.g., in Ref . 15.

15. Jensen , D.E. and Jones , G.A. , “ Gas—Phase Reaction Rate Coefficients for
Rocketry Application. , ” Rocket Propulsion Establishment Technical Report
No. 71/9 , October 1971.

25

—.- -
‘
L _ ____ _ —_ _ _ _ —- — . —-.-—— -—
. -—

~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 TP—368

The equilibrium constant , K~ , is determined from

1n 5 - — AG/RT

where the Gibbs free energy, AG , for individual reactions is computed from the
input thermodynamic data.

26

- — -
b—. ~
-
-‘-— -“
TP-368

APPENDIX B

SAMPLE INPUT

The following is the input data file for the sta ndard case. The fir st
file ii the TSNIC namelist input , and the second file is the FULLNOZ input.

PC—$210. • IdlOLQ—23. 23. ~~lP*70S ,

SD*TA CPL-6 96. CPS—6 . 72. ONSiA I. 252. HPt_ .3. 168. HP5 2 027,
7 00.4*68. . TPP .IO0O. • ITCJI .2.
~
Il WST. 008. I WT .. 3 .. 5. IT— . 0*57. THJD-~~. • TH IW—l O 5. THID-lO . 3. PdTAPE 8$
~
T 41C/FNOZ *I LE TEST CASE
~~
N) - -
2. 75 IN. MOTOR
* 000 1.40 7.0
0 0
6 9999 2 2 7 50 8000 0
0
00 0* . 000 * 10 0.1
• 64405562 L.a. *5575287 1.1— . 44565856140. 3625085* C - I Co $
— . 598455401-2—. 284435841 2. 544*0327 £ 2 CO 2
• 5574*3311 1. 13582404€ a — . 1e056608 $ . 21500487E * C02 *
-. 30567063E I- . 864398741 a . 34321454€ 2 C02 2
4~ e83628 C I’. 233012641-3. 38667525 E-4- . 5*5725451-3 H
*
- . 154673231—4. 506*5655 1 2. 33404654 F 2 H ~
- 30018265 1 1.
* 1395375 £ I— . 325362*51 0. 223*3341 C - I OH I
7817754 1 C-I. 792*2005 1 I. 50535984 £ 2 0+1 2
60546451 1 1. 1341215341 I— . *63087541 0. 05160457 (-2 $2 I
• 46616242 C-I- . * 70050241 1. 3544327 * C 2 $2 2
. 603* 1014 £ I. 4704~ 75I £ 1— 96281245( 0 68087996 C—I *120
6042* 152 C— I— . 595935341 2. 5*351245 £ 2 *120 2
42643469 £ * * 9328082 £ 1— . 46151274€ 0. 37013135 C-I $2 I
• 9*552761 1-2— . 19242401C 1. 52824714 £ 2 $2 2
CO 138. 0 1—4300. 0. 75 A. 4 I 4 28 0
139. 0 1-6300. 0. 7 5 . I. 4 I 4 44 0
H e:*. 5 1—6300 . 0. 75 * 4 * 4 1 00
OH 125 . 5 1-6300 . 0. 78 1.4 1 4 *7 0
$2 53. 5 1—6300. 0. 75 1 .4 I 4 2. 00
*25 5 (—6)00. 0 75 1. 4 1 4 *0 0
$2 140. 0 1—6300. 0. 78 1 ,4 1 .4 ~~~~
, Q
5. 801—I I 701-I 6. 651—6 I. *61-5 I. 551-2 I. 351-I 1 31L-l
6. 985 * 7668
I. I. . 0336 0324 5. 507 207. 2
1* 34 * 600

27
TP—368

1
(8
u
rile

~IlI
.I
(8 ~~II

I -
I -
I I
I.
—.•1
~~~~ .
no I
a a
o ~~~~~~ . ..
,
- .
9.4

x
U

u 0 0 0 o o ed •O O ó o ó ó doóOodO •

I~-
N p” ’
,
j ~
‘‘‘ ~~~~~‘~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~
‘
‘‘‘ ~~ ~
‘ ‘‘‘
‘-A
~~
~~
~
N
~
~~~
,
I

h
0
— N -

i!’ ! ~~~H* ~
9 !I U ! ~ ii
~
~~
LU
~~
LU -J
~~
: ~~~~~
~~ ~ .~ 3• ~~
n
a. a. ,~
‘ C
~~~~~~

— —U;
•
a- Z
I •‘ •
6A •~~~ I~~~ i i I ~~ l I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I’ • S S S I I S II S SI I I I I
I
~0
~ £18
S
~~,
~c
0

41
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
4’
(II 8. ,’
~~
‘
j~~ ‘ • • • • . . ,
0 _• A a
1111111 ii suas isa
-.6
.,.4
uuuuuvu “‘A I s a s s l a
I s s i S i l
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
80 a I&~~ 1
C
1-4
~

p.’
—4
0
9.4
ek~~ h
• • -

nd ~~
N uuu 4~ r. UU UU,1 •
•

~~
a
~ ~~
(9 I, C B

23

- ~~~~~~~‘ — ~~~
TP—368

I I I I
B B II

o ~~0 ~~ 0 (15 0

• do000oO •
oooooo o •
o oo Oo o O •
ooooa ,o oo~~~~~o

.I-.
B B S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~~B I 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ~ B5 1 1 1 1 11 1 I+S ~~I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~~B I 1 5 5 5 1 1 1

— ~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~
~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

•
~~~~~~~~
~~ ~~~~~ ~~
ul 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 II 1 1 1 * 5 1 1 II 1111115 II SI I IlI
~~~) I N N
— 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — I NN
~~~~~
N)( (
~~ x l. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ) ( X* ~ *~~~ X~~
II. .
U X~~~~~ ~~

~~~ u ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ u
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(
~~~~~~~~ ‘ “
~~~~~~ ~~ ~~

d1èih eL~ h
•
.
.. •
• •
.
. •
•
• •

4 p. 5 0

29

— .---- -- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TP—368

-o

• 6 6 0 0 o od 0 0 0 6*0 0 0000060 ‘
0 0 00 00 0 0 06 6 0 6 6
p.. 1 5 1 5 5 5 5
~ ~~B I 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 (lBS 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 ..I I 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 ~~ lI 1 1 1 1 1 1 5

~~~
- -
i
~ f

SI
U;
— U
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5’
I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~~~I( N N M N*
lU
U;
— I
1 1 5 1 5 1 1
N N M ~~~~~~ B
11
I ~~ ~ ~~
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M~~~N~~~~~~ N
II
4 I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
MN
~~~ N X N

; iII .I IIi H I j1I H Ii H I

~ ~ ~ ”~” ~ ; t. ~ ~ ~ l’
“ ‘ “ ~~~~~~
~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~

e i lh
• .
•
•
‘ •
.
• • •

30
 TP—368

-
66 6 0 0 6 6
5 1 1 5 1 1 1
d
~~B I
•
606000o
a l l I s . . (15

IM
.

!h
—
II
I ~~
5 1 1 1 1 5 1
M * X B ~~
II
U;
— I
1
I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I

c
~ ~~~~~~~~ I

?r! z J r
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~

-—

•
~~
--
I

I
I ~~~~~~~~
ru1
~ ~!
~ ~~~
~~
_ ~~~~~~ j

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~
~ ~~
~~ ~~~

• - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~ ~

31

- - .- — • - • - .~~ — - _ _ _ _ _ _— _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_____ 4~ .—.1 •~
TP— 368

us

£
B
(4
B B

W
C

-. -
C
• . _;
~ ~

£
(15 (4 (
9 14 (4 (9
• + + + + +

I U I I I 4

I I I I
— CCII.
. C B — C B.
. V CO

j j
9
( (9 (9
i_ . r ,s — _ r . i. ~~~~
~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~

~ ~
h II~~~ ‘
~~R
~
k ~~~ ‘‘ ~~ .

“r!
p.
~~~~~~ ~
~~
~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~ p . p .
•
~~

~~~~~
•

IIJ
p... _I% I _

~~ ~
~4
~~~~~~~ ~~~~

~ ~~~~~~~

~~~
I
~
~ it ~~~~~~~~~~~

UUU
~~~~~J (~ 5

!iI
~~
IS . ~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
III I L S U L I .L
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

32
 ~~ ~~~ ~~~

TP—368

—
£
—
£
0
I
(9

— —
B B B

us
I.
.
-~ 0

I
•1
I’
C
.••
0
-0~
— a
I I 4 I I
0

I I I
-
z

I
(I

us
B

nr
n — — o p.
III?? W
1
I
5.

~ I
. •
CII — 0
.
•
. —
(
o~
II
‘o oo 6o
~~d 0 ó d d~~ ~ do60
U i
~, I ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~ 6:
~ 1 I I ( 4 O 1 V 4~~~~~ II : p. I
‘°.0 I?I?° ’° ~~
?~~~ I ~~~ °’.O° ~
~
.0
us ~~~~~~~~
râ .ó w ,i ~~us ~~~~~w u s~
~~~ r~ 6.
5 0
~~
4- (
..
~~~~ ~~p. ~~ ~
(il L 4 0 . .4 . .
— —~~~~~~~~~ó6 6 äO
~~~~ I*~~~~ •

p., 3 ~~~~ I p.

F
~ ~ ~
“~~~6~

~
IL ~~~~ ~~ .-
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ B

us

~~il
I-

; N U~~ ,U(.,d. B8
~~~~~
1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
II. ULLS. I •L ~~ ULS.L I IL LI III. I S.~~~ U L S .

33

. .. - - -. -
- ~~~ - - - - --—- - - ---- — --- _ _ _
--
_
- -