Fundamental of

Ftuid Fitm Lubrication

Second Edition

Bernard J. Hamrock

Steven R. Schmid
mverA'ffy o/Wofrg Dctw^
Dame, 7na*;aMa, (/.&/4.

BoO. Jacobson

MARCEL

MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK * BASEL

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 First edition was published as .FMn&wMeM?<!/j o/^ 7**/M;W F;/M Z,t;^ri'ca;;'on, Bernard J.
Hamrock, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books

L. L. Faulkner

1. Spr/ngr Des/y/?er's /Vartt/oooAr, Harold Carlson

2. Co/7ip(yfe/*-/4/#ecf Grap/?/cs a/?o* Des/p/i, Daniel L. Ryan
3. At/Ar/caf/br; Pt/ndamenfa/s, J. George Wills
4. So/a/* &7<7/r)eer/r)<7 for Domesf/c 3ty/7<%b<?s, William A. Himmelman
5. /4p/o//et/ Fngr/neenng' Mec/7an/cs.' Sya^/cs anc/ Dyna/n/cs, G. Boothroyd
and C. Poli
6. Cenff/Yug-a/PL/mp C//n/c, Igor J. Karassik
7. Compt/fer-/4/c/eGf/07ief/cs /o^A7ac/?/ne Des/gfn, Daniel L. Ryan
8. P/asf/cs /%MA/cfs De^/yn /yan(/&oo/r, Pa/? /)/ Mafe/ya/s a/?c/ Co/npo/?ents;
Pa/t B; Processes a/?o* Oes/yn /or Processes, edited by Edward Miller
9. 7lw*6o/nac/?//7ery.' 6as/c 77?eo/y ano*/4pp//ca^br?s. Ear) Logan, Jr.
10. Mbraf/ons o/^ S/?e//s ano* P/a/es, Werner Soedel
11. /7af ar/o* Corrt/oafeo* D/apr/ragm Des/yr? /ya/?dooo/r, Mario Di Giovanni
12. Pracf/ca/ Sfress /Ina/ys/s /h Fny/neer/hg Des/gn, Alexander Blake
13. /4r? //?/rot/MC^o/? fo //?e Des/yr? ano* Rer/awbr of Ro/feo* Jo/7?/s, John H.
Bickford
14. QoA/wa/fngr/neer/hg Des/yn; Pr/hc/b/es ar)o*/4pp//caf/ons, James N. Siddat!
15. Spr/bgr Ma/iM/acft/r/bg' rya/?o*ooo/r, Harold Carlson
16. //7<%7sfr/a/Mo/se Confro/; fi//7o*ame/?^a/s a/?o*/)pp//cay/o/7s, edited by Lewis
H. Bell
17. Gears ano* 77?e/r S//bra^b/?.' /4 Ras/c /tpproac/? fo L/no'ersfa/?o'/7?o Gear
/Vo/se, J. Derek Smith
18. C/?8/r?s for Power Trans/n/ss/o/) ano* Ma/er/a/ A/a/?oV/r)g.' Des/gw ano* /!pp//-
cay/o/7s /yandooo/r, American Chain Association
19. Corros/o/? a/?o* Corros/on Proyecy/b/? /Var«*/&oo/r, edited by Philip A.
Schweitzer
20. GearDr/ye Sysfems; Des/g/7 ano*/4pp//caf/or). Peter Lynwander
21. Co/7fro///rM7 /n-P/a/?f /4/roo/ne Co/?far/7//?a/?ys.' Sysfems Des/lyn a/?o* Ca/-
ctv/af/ons, John D. Constance
22. C/3D/G4M Sysfems P/ann/hp ano* /mp/emenfaf/or), Chartes S. Knox
23. ProAaM/sf/c Fnp//!eer/r?g Des/yn.* Pr/nc/b/es ano* /4pp//caf/br)s, James N.
Siddall

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 24. Tracf/bn Or/yes; Se/ecf/on and /4pp//caf/bn, Frederick W. Heilich III and
Eugene E. Shube
25. f/n/fe f/emenf Mefnods.* /4n /n^rodMCf/bn, Ronald L. Huston and Chris E.
Passerello
26. Mecnan/ca/ fasfen/hy of P/asf/cs; /4n Fny/heennp rVandAooAr, Brayton Lin-
coln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden
27. AMOncaf/on /n Pracf/ce. Second fd/Y/bn, edited by W. S. Robertson
28. Pr/nc/b/es of/4t7fomafedDraff/n<7, Daniel L. Ryan
29. Pracf/ca/Sea/Des/lyn, edited by Leonard J. Martini
30. fnpvneenrM? Doctvmenfaf/on for C/^D/C/)AV/4pp//caf/ons, Charles S. Knox
31. Des/yn D/mens/on/ny w/Yn Compt/fer Grap/7/cs /4pp//caf/bns, Jerome C.
Lange
32. Mecnan/sm /)na//s/s; S/hip//f/ed GrapMra/ and/^na/yf/ca/ Tecnn/ityoes, Lyn-
don O. Barton
33. C/)D/C4A7 S/sfe/7?5.' tA/sf/f/caf/o/?, /m/?/emenfa?/on, Pro(A/c^'wY/ Mea^Mre-
meny, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia
34. Sfeam P/anf Ca/CM/af/ons Mant/a/, V. Ganapathy
35. Des/y/7 /t^^ufance for fbgwee/s and Managrers, John A. Burgess
36. A/eaf 7ra/?sfer /7ty/#s anc/ S/sfems for Process and fhe/yy /4pp//cay/ons,
Jasbir Singh
37. Pofenf/a/fyot/ys.' Comptv^er Gra/on/c So/tvf/ons, Robert H. Kirchhoff
38. Corr%M7fef-/4/cfecf Grap/7/cs ant/Des/yn.' Second fcf/f/br;, Daniel L. Ryan
39. f/ecfron/ca//y Confro//ed Propo/t/ona/ S/a/^es.* Se/ecf/on and /4pp//caf/on,
Michael J. Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas
40. Pressure Gaog-e /yandAoo/r, AMETEK, U.S. Gauge Division, edited by
Philip W. Hartand
41. fa6r/c /7/fraf/on for Comousf/on Sotvrces.* Ftvndamenfa/s and Bas/c 7ecn-
no/oy/, R. P. Donovan
42. Des/grn of A7ec/?an/ca/Jo/bfs, Alexander Blake
43. C/tD/C/)M O/cf/bnary, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and
Mark E. Coticchia
44. Macn/he/y /4dnes/Ves for /.oc%vb<?, ^efa/h/hg*, and Sea/rhg*, Girard S. Havi-
land
45. CoL/p//h5*s and Jo/bfs.* Des/yn, Se/ecf/on^ and/4pp//caf/bn, Jon R. Mancuso
46. Snaff/4//o;nmenf/Vandooo^, John Piotrowski
47. R4S/C Programs for Sfeam P/ant fhp/heers.* Bo/7ers, Con?btys^/bn, P/ty/d
/?ow, and /Vea^ Transfer, V. Ganapathy
48. So/why Mecnan/ca/ Des/yn Proo/ems w/fn Compofer Grapn/cs, Jerome
C. Lange
49. P/asf/cs Gear/hpv Se/ecf/'on and/!pp//ca//on, Clifford E. Adams
50. C/tvfcnes and Bra/res.* Des/yn and Se/ecf/on, William C. Orthwein
51. Transducers /n Mecnan/ca/ and f/ecfron/c Des/yn, Harry L. Trietley
52. /Wefa//t/ry/ca/ /)pp//caf/bns of Snoc/r-H/aye and rV/lyn-Sfra/n-/?afe Pnenom-
ena, edited by Lawrence E. Murr, Karl P. Staudhammer, and Marc A.
Meyers
53. AVagnes/om Produces Des/yn, Robert S. Busk
54. /Vow fo /nfegvafe C/)D/G4M Sysfems/ /t^anagemeny and Tecnno/og*/, Wil-
liam D. Engelke

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 55. Cam Des?p.n ant/ Mant//acft/re; Second Fd/Y/on; with cam design soft-
ware for the IBM PC and compatibies, disk included, Preben W. Jensen
56. So//o*-Sfafe /)C Mofor Con/ro/s/ Se/ecf/on and-4pp//car/on, Sylvester Camp-
bell
57. fundamenfa/s of/?o<6of/cs, David D. Ardayfio
58. Be/f Se/ecf/on and/)pp//ca//bn /orEny/neers, edited by Wallace D. Erick-
son
59. Deye/op/ng- 7nree-D/mer)s/bna/ C/!D Software w/fn fne /BM PC, C. Stan
Wei
60. Org-an/z/h<7 Da/a /or C/M /4pp//ca//ons, Charles S. Knox, with contribut-
ions by Thomas C. Boos, Ross S. Culverhouse, and Paul F. Muchnicki
61. Con7pufer-/4/ded S/rnM/aRbr' /n /?a/7wa/ D/nam/cs, by Rao V. Dukkipat!
and Joseph R. Amyot
62. f/iber-P.e/n/orced Compos/Yes/ AVa/er/a/s, Mant//ac/tvr/ny, and Des/pn, P.
K. Mallick
63. Pnofoe/ec/r/c Sensors and Con^ro/s; Se/ec^/on af?c*,4p/D//caf/on, Scott M.
Juds
64. F/r)/fe F/eme/?f y4na//s/ls w/Y/7 Persona/ Compt/fers, Edward R. Champion,
Jr., and J. Michael Ensminger
65. (y/frason/cs.' Ftvr/c'amenfa/s, 7ecnno/og/, /4pp//cay/ons.' Secono* FoVf/on,
/?e^/seo* ano* Fxpandeo', Dale Ensminger
66. /tppAec' /?n/fe F/ement Mode//ng.- Prac^/ca/ ProA/em So/wnp /or
Fnp/neers, Jeffrey M. Steele
67. Meastvremenf anc/ /ns/rt/menfaf/on /7? Fny/neer/hy.' Pr/nc/p/es ar/o* Bas/c
Aa&ora/or/Exper/rnen/s, Francis S. Tse and Ivan E. Morse
68. Ce/7fr//t/(?a/ Pump C//77/c; Second Fd/Y/on^ P,ewsed and Expanded, Igor J.
Karassik
69. Pracf/ca/ Sfress /)na//s/s /n fny/neer/ng' Des/yn; Second Fd/f/or), Rewlsed
and Expanded, Alexander Blake
70. /3n /n^rodtvcf/on fo f/?e Des/yn and Benawor o/ Bo/fed Jo/bfs.' Second
Fd/Y/on, P.ev/sed and Expanded, John H. Bickford
71. My/? Vacuum Tecnno/oy/.*/) Pracf/ca/Go/de, Marsbed H. Hablanian
72. Presst/re Sensors.* Se/ecf/bn and/)pp//ca//on, Duane Tandeske
73. Z/nc /-/andAoo^r.' Propert/es, Process/ny, and L/se /n Des/^n, Frank Porter
74. Tnerma/faf/yt/e o/AVefa/s, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski
75. C/ass/ca/ and Modern Mecnan/sms /or Fng/heers and /nt/enfors, Preben
W. Jensen
76. //and6oo/r o/F/ecfron/c PacAraye Des/gn, edited by Michael Pecht
77. Snoc/r-M^'/e and /V/o/n-Sfra/n-Piafe Pnenomena /n Mafer/a/s, edited by
Marc A. Meyers, Lawrence E. Murr, and Karl P. Staudhammer
78. /ndus/r/a/P<e/r/gfera//on.' Pr/nc/p/es, Des/yr? and/)pp//ca//ons, P. C. Koelet
79. /)pp//ed ComAt/sf/on, Eugene L. Keating
80. Fng7ne O/7s and/4tvfomof/ye /.uor/ca//on, edited by Wilfried J. Bartz
81. Mecnan/sm /4na/ys/s.- S/mpA^ed and Grapn/ca/ Tecnn/ci/es, Second Fd/Y/bn,
/?ewsed and Expanded, Lyndon O. Barton
82. /-tvndamenfa/ F/wd Mecnan/cs /or /ne Pracf/c/hg Eny/neer, James W.
Murdock
83. /-%er-P.e/n/orced Compos/Yes; Mafer/a/s, /Man(y/acftvr/hy, and Des/yn, Sec-
ond Ed/Y/on, /?ewsed and Expanded, P. K. Mallick

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 84. Mvmer/ca/Mefnods forEny/beer/b<7/4pp//caf/ons, Edward R. Champion, Jr.
85. TiL/roomacn/ne/y.* 5as/c Tneory and /4pp//caf/ons, Second Ed/f/on,
Rewsed and Expanded, Earl Logan, Jr.
86. M%?raf/ons of Sne//s and P/afes/ Second Ed/f/on, P,ewsed and Expanded,
Werner Soedel
87. Steam P/anf Ca/cu/af/ons Mantva/.* Second Ed/f/on, /?eMsed and Ex-
panded, V. Ganapathy
88. /ndt/sfr/a/ /Vo/lse Confro/.* Et/ndamenfa/s and/4pp//caf/bns, Second Ed/f/on,
/?ewsed and Expanded, Lewis H. Bell and Douglas H. Bell
89. E/n/feE/emenfs.* 7ne/rDes/yn and Performance, Richard H. MacNeal
90. Mecnan/ca/ Properf/es of Po//mers and Compos/Yes.* Second Ed/f/on, /?e-
!//sed and Expanded, Lawrence E. Nielsen and Robert F. Landel
91. /Mecnan/ca/ Mea/*P/ed/cf/on andPreyenf/on, Raymond G. Bayer
92. Mec/?an/ca/Power 7?ansm/s5/on Components, edited by David W. South
and Jon R. Mancuso
93. /Vandooo^r o/^ 7w6omacn/ne/y, edited by Earl Logan, Jr.
94. En<7/nee/yh<7 Doct/menfat/on Contro/ f/acf/ces and Procedt/ws, Ray E.
Monahan
95. /?ew*acto/y A/h/nys 7*nermomecnan/ca/ Des/gv? and /4pp//caf/ons, Charles
A. Schacht
96. Geomefr/c D/men^/on/hg' and 7b/eranc/n<7.' /)pp//cat/ons and ^ecnn/fyue^
/or L/se /h De5/yn, A7anu/actM/7hg', and/nspect/on, James D. Meadows
97. /4n /nfrodt/cf/on to tne Des/grn and #enay/or o^ 6o/ted Jo/nts. 7n/rd Ed/-
f/on, /?ev/sed and Expanded, John H. Bickford
98. Snaff /!//grnmenf /Vand&oo/r/ Second Ed/f/on, P,et//!sed and Expanded,
John Piotrowski
99. Compivfer'/t/dedDes/yn of*Po//me/*-Mafr/x Compos/fe Sfwcfore^, edited
by Suong Van Hoa
100. Er/cf/on Sc/ence and fecnno/ocy, Peter J. Blau
101. /nfrodt/cf/on fo P/asf/cs and Compos/fes/ Mecnan/ca/ Properf/es and
Engf/heenngr/)pp//caf/on5, Edward Miller
102. Pracf/ca/ /vacftve Mecnan/cs /n Des/lyn, Alexander Blake
103. Pump Cnafacfe/*/sf/cs and/)pp//caf/ons, Michael W. Volk
104. Opf/ca/Pr/nc/p/es and Tec/yno/ogy /or Eny/neers, James E. Stewart
105. Opf/m/z/ngr fne Snape of Mecnan/ca/ E/emenfs and Sfwcfures, A. A.
Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez
106. M'nemaf/cs and Dynam/cs of Macn/be/y, Vladimir Stejskal and Michael
Valasek
107. Snaff Sea/s /or D/nam/c /4pp//caf/ons, Les Horve
108. /?e//aM/fy-3asedMecnan/ca/Des/<7n, edited by Thomas A. Cruse
109. Mecnan/ca/fasfen/n(7, Jo/h/ny, and/tssemA/y, James A. Speck
110. Ttvroomacn/ne/y E/o/d D/nam/cs and /Veaf Transfer, edited by Chunill
Hah
111. /V/yn-Vact/t/m 7*ec/?no/og/.' /4 Pracf/ca/ Gu/de, Second Ed/f/on, Rewsed
and Expanded, Marsbed H. Hablanian
112. Geomefr/c D/mens/bn/ng and Tb/eranc/hy.* t/Vor/rooo/r and/4nswerboo/r,
James D. Meadows
113. /Vand&oo/r of Mafena/s Se/ecf/on for Eng'/neer/ngr ,4pp//caf/ons, edited by
G. T. Murray

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 114. /yan<#?oo/r of 77?ermop/85f/c P/p/hp System Des/]y/7, Thomas Sixsmith and
Reinhard Hanselka
115. Pracf/ca/ Gt//o*e fo F/7?/fe F/emer)fs; /4 So//'c/ Mecrtan/cs /Ipproac/!, Steven
M. Lepi
116. /4pp//eo* Compt/faf/ona/ P/u/o* Dy/7am/cs, edited by Vijay K. Garg
117. F/t//cf Sea///7<7 7ec/?no/ogy, Heinz K. Multer and Bernard S. Nau
118. fr/cf/o/7 arto* At/Ar/caf/on /n Mec/?a/?/ca/ Des/yn, A. A. Seireg
119. /nf/t/er?ce Pt/r/cf/ons a/?o* Mafr/ces, Yuri A. Melnikov
120. Mec/78/i/ca/ /4r?a/ys/s of f/ecfron/c Pac/ragwf? Sysfems, Stephen A.
McKeown
121. CoMp/Awys ar?o* Jo/7?rs. Des/yn^ Se/ecf/on, a/?o/ /4pp//ca^/'o/?, Secono* fbV-
f/on, /?es//seo'a/!o'Fx/?a/7o/eo', Jon R. Mancuso
122. T^e/mooV/iam/cs.- Processes and^p/D//caf/ons, Earl Logan, Jr.
123. Gear Mo/se a/io/ M^&ra^/on, J. Derek Smith
124. Pracf/ca/ pyu/o* Mec/7an/cs for f/?g'/7?ee/7ng' /4/op//caf/ons, John J. Bloomer
125. /yanc&oo/r of/y/o*rat///c /%//o* Techno/op/, edited by George E. Totten
126. /7eaf Exchanger Des/yn /Vant/Aoo^r, T. Kuppan
127. Des/<7f7/77<7 for Proo*tvcf Sot/no* Qua//Y/, Richard H. Lyon
128. ProAaM/Y//)jOp//caf/o/M /h Mec/yawca/Oes/yn, Franklin E. Fisher and Joy
R. Fisher
129. /V/'c/re//)//oys, edited by Ulrich Heubner
130. /?ofaf/b<7 Mac/7//?ery WAraf/or): ProA/em /)na//s/s ano* TrotyA/es^oof/ngf,
Maurice L. Adams, Jr.
131. formtv/as forD/nam/Cy4na//s/s, Ronald L. Huston and C. Q. Liu
132. A/ano'&oo^ofMac/7/her/D//?a/7!/cs, Lynn L. Faulkner and Earl Logan, Jr.
133. P.ap/o'Profofyp/ng' 7*ec/7r?o/ogy: Se/ecf/or? a/)t//4pp//car/on, Kenneth G.
Cooper
134. /?ec/]orocaf/bgr Mac/wnery D/nam/cs.' Des/yn ano* /Sna/ys^s, Abdulla S.
Rangwala
135. Ma/nfena/7ce Exce//er?ce.' Op^/m/z/rtg F^t///omer)f A/fe-C/c/e Dec/s/ons, edi-
ted by John D. Campbell and Andrew K. S. Jardine
136. Pracf/ca/ Gt//o*e fo /r/oftysfr/a/ 5o/7er S/sfems, Ralph L. Vandagriff
137. At/Ar/caf/or; Ft/ncfamenfa/s: Seco/?o'Fo'/Y/or?, P<ewseo'ar!o'Expano/eo', D. M.
Pirro and A. A. Wessol
138. Mecrtan/ca/ A/fe C/c/e /Vanojboo/r: Gooo/ fnwronme/ifa/ Des/yn ano* Marw-
facft/r/hy, edited by Mahendra S. Hundal
139. M/cromacrMrMbg of Fng'/r?eer/ng' Mafer/a/s, edited by Joseph McGeough
140. Co/ifro/ Sfrafeg/es for D/rtam/c Sysfems; Des/yn ant/ /m/D/emen^ay/br),
John H. Lumkes, Jr.
141. Pracf/ca/ Gt//o*e fo Presst/re M9sse/Ma/?t/facftyr//?p, Sunil Pullarcot
142. /Vortt/esfrt/cf/Vefs/a/t/af/or!.' 7/7eory^ 7*ec/?r;/q'(yes, 8/7O*/)p/3//caf/o/7s^ edited
by Peter J. Shutl
143. D/ese/ fng/ne f/?g'/r!eer//7y.' 77?ermoo'yr}am/cs, Dynaw/cs, Des/yn, a/?o/
Cor/fro/, Andrei Makartchouk
144. /Vano'&oo^ of Mac/7/r/e 7oo/ /)na/ys/s, toan D. Marinescu, Constantin
Ispas, and Dan Boboc
145. /mp/efnenf/AK? Cor/ctvrre/?f fhp/heer/no /n Sma// Compa/7/es, Susan Carl-
son Skatak

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 146. Pracf/ca/ Gt//'de fo ^e Pac/ray/nt? of F/ecfron/cs.* 7nerma/andAVecnan/ca/
Des/yn and/4na//s/s, A)i Jamnia
147. Rear/hgf Des/yn /h Macn/ner/; fny/neer/hg Tr/oo/op/ ant/ /.t/Dr/caf/on,
Avraham Harnoy
148. Mecnan/ca/ /?e//aM/Y/ /wpro^ewen^.' ProAaM/Y/ ant/ Sfaf/s^/cs for Exper/-
men^a/ Tesf/ng', R. E. Little
149. /ndt/sfr/a/ Ro//ers and A/eat /?eco^er/ S^eam Generators/ Des/gv?, /4p-
p//caf/ons, and Ca/ct//af/ons, V. Ganapathy
150. 7ne C/)D Gtv/o'eooo/r.* /4 6as/c Manua/ for L/r;o'ersfa/7o'/yi<7 ano* /wproMhy
Cowpufer-/4/o'eo'Des/S'n, Stephen J. Schoonmaker
151. /nc/Msyr/a//Vo/se Cor)fro/arK//4cot/sf/cs, Randall F. Barren
1 52. Mec/tart/ca/ Proper^/es of frtp/heereo' Mafer/a/s, Wole Soboyejo
153. /?e//ao/7/Y/ Mer/f/caf/or/, fesfmy, a/?o*/)/?a//s/s /n Fr/y/heer/ny Des/gv?, Gary
S. Wasserman
154. ft/r/damenfa/Mec/7af?/csof/7t//o's.* 77!/ro'fo'/Y/or), I. G. Currie
155. /nferrneoYafe /Vea^ Transfer, Kau-Fui Vincent Wong
156. /V^MC t/t/a^er Cn/7/ers ant/ Coo//hg Towers; Ftvno'amenya/s, /3pp//caf/or;,
ano* Operas/on, Herbert W. Stanford III
157. Gear /Vo/se ano* S//i&raf/on.' Secono* Fo*/f/or;, /?et//seo* 8/?o* Expan^eo*, J.
Derek Smith
158. /VancfAoo/r of Tt/rAomacn/her// Secono* foYf/on, /?ewseo* ano* Expanc/ed,
edited by Earl Logan, Jr., and Ramendra Roy
159. P/p/n<? anc* P/pe//ne fny/heer/r?^.* Des/yn, Co/?sfrt/c^/on, Ma/hfenance,
/nfegr/fy, ano* /?epa/r, George A. Antaki
160. Ttyrbomac/i/ne/y: Des/g/? ano* 77?eory, Rama S. R. Gorla and Aijaz Ahmed
Khan
161. Tlgryef Cosf/n<?.' Mar^ref-Dr/Ven Proo*t/c^ Des/yn, M. Bradford Clifton,
Henry M. B. Bird, Robert E. Albano, and Wesley P. Townsend
162. P/uAy/zeo'ReafCornotvsf/or;, Simeon N. Oka
163. 77?eory of D/mens/orM/if?/ /)n //?froo*t/cf/br; ^o Paramefer/z/bg' Geomeyr/c
Moo*e/s, Vijay Srinivasan
164. /VancfoooAr of Mecf/an/ca/ /4//oy Des/yn, edited by George E. Totten, Lin
Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani
165. Syrt/cft/ra//4r?a//s/s of Po//mer/c Compos/Ye Mafer/a/s, Mark E. Tuttte
166. Moo*e//n<7 ana' S/mty/a//on for Mafer/a/ Se/ec^/on ano* Mecnan/ca/ Des/yn,
edited by George E. Totten, Lin Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani
167. A/andooo/r of Pnet/maf/c Conyey/ng Eny/neer/hp, David Mills, Mark G.
Jones, and Vijay K. Agarwal
168. C/t/fcf)es ano* Rra/res/ Oes/^n ano* Se/ecf/on, Second Ed/Y/on, William C.
Orthwein
169. ft/ndamenfa/s of /%//# P/7m AMAr/ca^/on.' Second fd/Y/on, Bernard J.
Hamrock, Steven R. Schmid, and Bo 0. Jacobson
170. /yand&oo^r of Aead-free So/der 7ecnno/o<?y for M/croe/ec^ron/c /tssem-
Mes, edited by Karl J. Puttlitz and Kathleen A. Stalter
171. Ven/c/e SfaA///Y/, Dean Karnopp

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Mecnan/ca/ Wear Ft/ndamenfa/s and Tesy/hy.' Second Fd/f/on,

and Expanded- Raymond G. Bayer

Oe3/yn /br Wear Second Fd/f/b/i, /?ev/seo* ano* Expano/eo/,

Raymond G. Bayer

/ng' CawY/ Pomps, Downno/e Pt/mps, and Mt/dmo^ofs, Lev Nelik

Spn'ngr Des/yn w/fn an /6M PC, Al Dietrich

Mec/?an/ca/ Des/pn faA/re /)na//s/s/ Wf/? fa/7ty/*e /^na//s/s Sysfe/r? Soft-

ware for ^ne /BM PC, David G. Ultman

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 Preface
The title of this book was specifically chosen as Fu'rufamenfa^' o/
LH^'hca^on, rather than the more general title of 7HM<x/y, since fluid film lu-
brication is the book's primary emphasis. Fluid Rim lubrication occurs when
opposing bearing surfaces are completely separated by a lubricant film. Hydro-
dynamic and elastohydrodynamic lubrication are modes of fluid film lubrication
and are emphasized throughout this text, whereas boundary lubrication is given
lesser treatment. The reason for this slant of the book is that fluid film lubri-
cation has been the focal point of research throughout the authors' professional
careers.
It has been almost ten years since the first edition of the text was pub-
lished. During the intervening years significant developments have occurred
in some areas that were covered in the first edition. The second edition re-
flects these developments. Specifically, the methodology used in the chapters
on Hydrodynamic Thrust and Journal Bearings - Numerical Solutions has been
altered. Also, material in general has been updated.
In addition, the second edition adds the following pedagogical devices to
improve understanding
* Symbols lists are given in each chapter, defining the symbols within the
chapter and giving their units for use in unit checks within equations.
The first edition had a symbols list for the entire text at the front of the
text
* Worked examples are presented when a new concept is introduced to
reinforce understanding. The first edition had 25 examples while the
second has significantly more. Each example uses a consistent problem-
solving format.
* End of chapter problems - the second edition uses significantly more prob-
lems to solidify understanding of the chapter material and stimulate think-
ing and creativity. The problems range from simple to complex.
In order to keep the text the same length as the first edition four chapters had
to be eliminated in the second edition.
The organization of the text is such that it is divided into three parts. The
first part covers the fundamentals required in understanding fluid film lubrica-
tion. That is, an understanding of surface characterization (Chapter 3), lubri-
cant properties (Chapter 4), bearing materials (Chapter 5), viscous flow (Chap-
ter G), and the Reynolds equation (Chapter 7) is important in understanding
fluid film lubrication. The second part of the book then covers hydrodynamic
lubrication (Chapters 8 to 16), and the third part covers elastohydrodynamic
lubrication (Chapters 17 to 23).

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

Hydrodynamic lubrication can be achieved by sliding motion (as discussed

in Chapters 8 to 11), by squeeze motion (as discussed in Chapter 12), and by
external pressurization (as discussed in Chapter 13). Generally, in hydrody-
namic lubrication, oil is the lubricant. However, as discussed in Chapters 14
and 15, gas can be an effective lubricant in certain applications.
The treatment of elastohydrodynamic lubrication begins with the consid-
eration of elasticity effects in Chapters 17 and 18. Elastohydrodynamic lubri-
cation of rectangular conjunctions is considered in Chapter 19 and of elliptical
conjunctions in Chapter 20. Film thicknesses for different fluid film lubrica-
tion regimes are presented in Chapter 21. In Chapters 22 and 23 the theory of
lubrication is applied to a range of lubricated conjunctions: in roller and ball
beaj'ings: between a ball and a Hat plate; between concave and convex surfaces;
in power transmission devices such as involute gears and variable-speed drives;
between a railway wheel and wet or oily rails; in manufacturing operations; and
finally, in synovial joints.
Throughout the book emphasis is given to deriving formulas from basic the-
ory and providing physical understanding of these formulas. Although at times
this proves to be lengthy, the authors believe it is important that the reader
develop a firm understanding of how information provided in design charts has
been obtained. Also the importance and influence of the assumptions made in
all derivations based on the theory are discussed. The assumptions emphasize
the limits to which the results of the derivations are valid and applicable. The
application of the theory to the design of machine elements that use fluid film
lubrication helps the development of the material of the text. It is, however,
not intended to consider all types of machine element and all types of bearing
within this text. Rather I hope that the understanding gained from this book
will enable the reader to properly analyze any machine element that uses fluid
film lubrication. The material in this book in its entirety is best suited for a
one-semester course (15 weeks of 3 hours of lecture per week), but a somewhat
shortened version can be given in a one-quarter course (10 weeks of 3 hours of
lecture per week). The book was written for senior undergraduate and graduate
engineering students. Engineers who encounter machine elements that use fluid
film lubrication should also find this book useful.
This book was typeset in fATgXusing the package TexShop by Richard
Koch, et al., (http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/ koch/texshop/texshop.html) on a
Macintosh computer. All graphics were prepared using the graphics program
Adobe Illustrator.

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conformal and Nonconformal Surfaces
1.3 Lubrication Regimes
1.3.1 Historical Perspective
1.3.2 HydrodynamicLubrication
1.3.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
1.3.4 Boundary Lubrication
1.3.5 Partial Lubrication
1.3.6 Stribeck Curve
1.4 Closure
1.5 Problems

2 Bearing Classification and Selection

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bearing Classification
2.2.1 Dry Rubbing Bearings
2.2.2 Impregnated bearings
2.2.3 Conformal Fluid Film Bearings
2.2.4 Rolling-Element Bearings
2.3 Bearing Selection
2.4 Closure
2.5 Problems

3 Surface Topography
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geometric Characteristics of Surfaces
3.3 Contacting Measurement Methods
3.3.1 Stylus Profilometry
3.3.2 AtomicForce Microscopy
3.4 Noncontacting Measurement Devices
3.5 Reference Lines
3.5.1 Mean, or M System

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

3.5.2 Ten-Point Average

3.5.3 Least Squares
3.6 Computation of Surface Parameters
3.7 Autocorrelation Parameter
3.8 Distribution of Slope and Curvature
3.9 Film Parameters for Different Lubrication Regimes
3.10 Transition Between Lubrication Regimes
3.11 Closure
3.12 Problems

4 Lubricant Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic Chemistry
4.2.1 Hydrocarbons
4.2.2 Alcohols
4.2.3 Fatty Acids
4.2.4 CyclicIIydrocarbons
4.3 Petroleum or Mineral Oil Base Stocks
4.4 Synthetic Oil Base Stocks
4.4.1 Synthetic Hydrocarbons
4.4.2 Organic Esters
4.4.3 Polyglycols
4.4.4 Phosphate Esters
4.4.5 Silicon-Containing Compounds
4.4.6 Halogen-Containing Compounds
4.4.7 HalogenatedPolyaryls
4.4.8 Fluorocarbons
4.4.9 Perfluoropolyglycols
4.5 GreaseBase Stocks
4.5.1 Thickeners
4.5.2 LubricatingOil
4.6 Gases
4.7 Emulsions
4.8 Lubricant Additives
4.9 Newtonian Fluids
4.10 Newton's Postulate
4.11 Units of Absolute Viscosity
4.12 Kinematic Viscosity
4.13 Viscosity GradeSystem
4.14Viscosity-PressureEffects
4.15Viscosity-TemperatureEffects
4.16 Viscosity-Pressure-Temperature Effect
4.17 Viscosity-Shear Rate Effects
4.18 Viscosity Index
4.19 Oxidation Stability

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 CONTENTS

4.20 Pour Point

4.21 Density
4.22 Limiting Shear Stress
4.23 Fluid Rheology Models
4.24 Formulation of Fluid Rheology Models
4.25 Closure
4.26 Problems

5 Bearing Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Material Characteristics
5.3 Metallics
5.3.1 Tin-and Lead-Base Alloys
5.3.2 Copper-Lead Alloys
5.3.3 Bronzes
5.4 Nonmetallics
5.4.1 Carbon Graphites
5.4.2 Phenolics
5.4.3 Nylon
5.4.4 Tenon
5.5 Formof Bearing Surfaces
5.6 Materials and Manufacturing Processes Used for Rolling-Element
Bearings
5.6.1 Ferrous Alloys
5.6.2 Ceramics
5.7 Properties of Common Bearing Materials
5.7.1 Density
5.7.2 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio
5.7.3 Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient
5.7.4 Thermal Conductivity
5.7.5 Specific Heat Capacity
5.8 Closure
5.9 Problem

6 Viscous Flow
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Petrov's Equation
6.3 Navier-Stokes Equations
6.3.1 SurfaceForces
6.3.2 Body Forces
6.3.3 InertiaForces
6.3.4 Equilibrium
6.3.5 Standard Forms
6.4 Continuity Equation
6.5 Flow Between Parallel Flat Plates

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

6.6 Flow in aCircuIar Pipe

6.7 Flow Down a Vertical Plane
6.8 Viscometers
6.8.1 Capillary Viscometers
6.8.2 Rotational Viscometers
6.8.3 Falling-Sphere Viscometer
6.9 Closure
6.10 Problems

7 Reynolds Equation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dimensionless Numbers
7.2.1 Reynolds Number
7.2.2 Taylor Number
7.2.3 Froude Number
7.2.4 Euler Number
7.3 Reynolds Equation Derived
7.3.1 From Navier-Stokes and Continuity Equations
7.3.2 From Laws of Viscous Flow and Principle of Mass Con-
servation
7.4 Physical Significance of Terms in Reynolds Equation
7.4.1 Density Wedge Term [(Mo. + M,,) A/2] (dp/d.T)
7.4.2 Stretch Term (p/t/2)[d(Ma + M{,)/d;r]
7.4.3 Physical Wedge Term [p(Mo + Mh)/2](d^/d;x)
7.4.4 Normal Squeeze Term/9(wn—M;;,)
7.4.5 Translation Squeeze Term -^ (dA/dx)
7.4.6 Local Expansion Term A (<9/9/9t)
7.5 Standard Reduced Forms of Reynolds Equation
7.6 Different Normal Squeeze and Sliding Motions
7.7 Closure
7.8 Problems

8 Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings - Analytical Solutions

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanism of Pressure Development
8.3 General Thrust Bearing Theory
8.4 Parallel-Surface Sliding Bearing
8.5 Fixed-Incline Slider Bearing
8.5.1 Pressure Distribution
8.5.2 Normal Load Component
8.5.3 Tangential Force Components
8.5.4 Shear Force Components
8.5.5 Friction Coefficient
8.5.6 Volume Ftow Rate
8.5.7 Power Loss and Temperature Rise

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 CONTENTS

8.5.8 Center of Pressure

8.5.9 Velocity Profile and Stream Functio
8.6 Parallel-Step Slider Bearing
8.6.1 Pressure Distribution
8.6.2 Normal and Tangential Load Components
8.6.3 Friction Coefficient and Volume Flow Rate
8.6.4 Power Loss, Temperature Rise, and Center of Pressure
8.7 Closure
8.8 Problems

9 Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings - Numerical Solutions

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Finite-Width, Parallel-Step-Pad Slider Bearing
9.2.1 Pressure Distribution
9.2.2 Normal Load Component
9.2.3 Results
9.3 Fixed-Incline-Pad Slider Bearing
9.4 Pivoted-Pad Slider Bearing
9.5 Thrust Bearing Geometry
9.6 Closure
9.7 Problems

10 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings - Analytical Solutions

10.Introduction
10.2 Infinitely-Wide-Journal-Bearing Solutio
10.2.1 Full Sommerfeld Solution
10.2.2 Half Sommerfeld Solution
10.2.3 Reynolds Boundary Conditions
10.3 Short-Width-Journal-Bearing Theory
10.4 Closure
10.5 Problems

11 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings - Numerical Solutions

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Operating and Performance Parameters
11.3 Design Procedure
11.4OptimizationTechniques
11.5 Dynamic Effects
11.6Nonpla,inConfigurations
11.7 Closure
11.8 Problems

12 Hydrodynamic Squeeze Film Bearings

12.Introduction
12.2 Parallel-Surface Bearing of Infinite Width
12.3 Journal Bearing

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

12.4 Parallel Circular Plate

12.5 Infinitely Long Cylinder Near a Plane
12.6 Closure
12.7 Problems

13 Hydrostatic Lubrication
13.Introduction
13.2 Formation of Fluid Film
13.3 Pressure Distribution and Flow
13.4 Normal Load Component
13.5 Frictional Torque and Power Loss
13.6 Pad Coefficients
13.6.1 Circular Step Bearing Pad
13.6.2 Annular Thrust Bearing
13.6.3 Rectangular Sectors
13.7 Compensating Elements
13.7.1 Capillary Compensation
13.7.2 Orifice Compensation
13.7.3 Constant-Flow-Valve Compensation
13.8 Closure
13.9 Problems

14 Gas-Lubricated Thrust Bearings

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Reynolds Equation
14.2.1 Limiting Solutions
14.2.2 Slip Flow
14.3 Parallel-Surface Bearing
14.3.1 Low-Bearing-Number Results
14.3.2 High-Bearing-Number Results
14.3.3 Intermediate-Bearing-Number Results
14.4 Parallel-Step Bearing
14.4.1 Pressure Distribution
14.4.2 Normal Load Component and Stiffness
14.4.3 Optimizing Procedure
14.4.4 Step Sector Thrust Bearing
14.4.5 Results
14.5 Spiral-Groove Bearing
14.6 Closure
14.7 Problems

15 Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearings

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Reynolds Equation
15.3 Limiting Solutions

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 CONTENTS

15.3.1 Low Bearing Numbers

15.3.2 High Bearing Numbers
15.4 Pressure Perturbation Solution
15.5 Linearizedp^ Solution
15.6 Nonplain Journal Bearings
15.6.1 Pivoted-Pad Journal Bearings
15.6.2 Herringbone-Groove Journal Bearings
15.7 Foil Bearings
15.8 Closure
15.9 Problems

16 Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Nonconformal Surfaces

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Infinitely-Wide-Rigid-Cylinder Solution
16.2.1 Pressure Distribution
16.2.2 Load Components
16.3 Short-Width-Rigid-Cylinder Solution
16.3.1 Pressure Distribution
16.3.2 Load Components
16.4 Exact Rigid-Cylinder Solutio
16.4.1 Pressure Distribution
16.4.2 Load Components
16.5 General Rigid-Body Solution
16.5.1 Film Shape
16.5.2 Pressure Distribution
16.5.3 Normal Load Component
16.5.4 Film Thickness Formulas
16.6 Starvation Effects
16.6.1 Film Thickness Formulas
16.6.2PressureDistribution
16.6.3 Fully Flooded-Starved Boundary
16.7 Combined Squeeze and Entraining Motion
16.7.1 Pressure Distribution and Load
16.7.2 Results and Discussion
16.8 Closure
16.9 Problems

17 Simplified Solutions for Stresses and Deformations

17.Introduction
17.2 Curvature Sum and Difference
17.3 Surface Stresses and Deformations
17.4 Subsurface Stresses
17.5 Simplified Solutions
17.6 Rectangular Conjunctions
17.7 Closure

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

17.8 Problems

18 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Rectangular Conjunctions451

18.Introduction
18.2IncompressibleSolution
18.3 Elastic Deformation
18.4 Compressible Solution
18.5 Flow, Loads, and Center of Pressure
18.5.1 Mass Flow Rate per Unit Width
18.5.2 Tangential Load Components
18.5.3 Shear Forces
18.5.4 Center of Pressure
18.6 Pressure Spike Results
18.6.1 Isoviscous and Viscous Results
18.6.2 Details of Pressure Spike and Film Shape
18.6.3 Compressible and Incompressible Results
18.7 Useful Formulas
18.7.1 Pressure Spike Amplitude
18.7.2 Pressure Spike Location
18.7.3 Minimum and Central Film Thicknesses
18.7.4 Location of Minimum Film Thickness
18.7.5 Center of Pressure
18.7.6 Mass Flow Rate
18.8 Closure
18.9 Problem

19 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Elliptical Conjunctions

19.Introduction
19.2 Relevant Equations
19.3 Dimensionless Groupings
19.4 Hard-EHL Results
19.5 Comparison Between Theoretical and Experimental Film Thick-
nesses
19.6 Soft-EHL Results
19.7 Starvation Results
19.7.1 Fully Flooded/Starved Boundary
19.7.2 Hard-EHL Results
19.7.3 Soft-EHL Results
19.8 Closure
19.9 Problem

20 Film Thicknesses for Different Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrica-

tion
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Dimensionless Grouping

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 CONTENTS

20.3Isoviscous-RigidRegime
20.4 Viscous-Rigid Regime
20.5Isoviscous-ElasticRegime
20.6 Viscous-Elastic Regime
20.7 Procedure for Mapping the Different Lubrication Regimes
20.8 Thermal CorrectionFactor
20.9 Surface Roughness Correction Factor
20.10Closure
20.11Problem

21 Rolling Element Bearings

21.1 Introductio
21.2 Historical Overview
21.3 Bearing Types
21.3.1 Ball Bearings
21.3.2 Roller Bearings
21.4 Geometry
21.4.1 Geometry of Ball Bearings
21.4.2 Geometry of Roller Bearings
21.5 Kinematics
21.6 Separators
21.7 StaticLoad Distribution
21.7.1 Load Deflection Relationships
21.7.2 Radially Loaded Ball and Roller Bearings
21.7.3 Thrust-Loaded Ball Bearing
21.7.4 Preloading
21.8 Rolling Friction and Friction Losses
21.8.1 Rolling Friction
21.8.2 Friction Losses
21.9 Lubrication Systems
21.9.1 Solid Lubrication
21.9.2 Liquid Lubrication
21.10FatigueLife
21.10.1 Contact Fatigue Theory
21.10.2Weibull Distribution
21.10.SLundberg-Palmgren Theory
21.10.4AFBMA Methods
21.10.5Life Adjustment Factors
21.11Dynamic Analyses and Computer Code
21.11.IQuasi-Static Analyses
21.11.2Dynamic Analyses
21.12Ioannides-Harris Theory
21.13Applications
21.13.1 Cylindrical Roller Bearing Example
21.13.2Radial Ball Bearing Example

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

21.14Closure
21.15Problems

22 Additional Lubrication Applications

22.llntroduction
22.2 Involute Gears
22.3 Continuously Variable-Speed Drives
22.3.1 Elasticity Calculations
22.3.2 Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Calculations
22.4 Railway Wheels Rolling on Wet or Oily Rails
22.4.1 Initial Calculation
22.4.2 Water
22.4.3 Oil
22.5SynovialJoints
22.5.1 NaturalJoints
22.5.2 Artificial Joints
22.6 Closure
22.7 Problems

23 Thermohydrodynamic and Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubri-

cation
23.1 Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication
23.1.1 Introduction
23.1.2 Thermal Resistances
23.1.3 Thermal Loading Parameters and Their Relative Impor-
tance
23.1.4 Thermal Hydrodynamic Lubrication Regimes
23.2 Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication
23.2.1 Introduction
23.2.2 Theoretical and Numerical Schemes
23.2.3 Outline of Approach
23.2.4 Results and Discussion
23.3 Closure
23.4 Problems

A Calculation of Elastic Deformations

B Corrections to Be Applied to Weighting Factors Due to A^

C Calculation of Jacobian Factors

D Definition of Weighting Factors

Copyright © 2004 Marcel Dekker, Inc.