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The Philippines of Rizal's Time (19th Century)
Jeanelle Calosa
JC Updated 22 June 2015

TRANSCRIPT

The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, biased and deteriorating power.
These are: 1. Instability of colonial administration
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
5. No Equality Before the Law
6. Maladministration of Justice
7. Racial Discrimination
8. Frailocracy
9. Forced Labor
10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars
11. The Guardia Civil
The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain.
This political instability in Spain adversely affected Philippine affairs because it brought about frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies and periodic rigodon of colonial officials.
1835 to 1897: 50 Governor-Generals each serving an average term of only one year and three months.

Corrupt Colonial Officials

Spaniards arrogantly regarded the brown skinned Filipinos as inferior beings.
Spanish Penal Code, which was enforced in the Philippines, particularly imposed heavier penalties on Native Filipinos or mestizos and lighter penalties on white-complexioned
Spaniards.
Thank you :)
During Rizal’s times the Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders were the richest landlords, for they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands) in the Philippines.
The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were notoriously corrupt.
Justice was costly, partial and slow.
Wealth, social prestige and color of skin were preponderant factors in winning a case in court.
The judicial procedure was so slow and clumsy that it was easy to have justice delayed.

Haciendas Owned by the Friars

Racial Discrimination
Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-77)
> was a good Moro fighter, but was an inept and weak administrator
Known as polo.
Compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, building and repair of roads and bridges,
building of ships and other public works.
 To win the support of her overseas colonies during the Napoleonic invasion, Spain granted them representation in the Cortes (Spanish parliament).
Accordingly, the Philippines experienced her first period of representation in the Cortes from 1810 to 1813.

General Valeriano Weyler (1888-91)

> A cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain millionaire.
Guardia Civil
Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
No Equality Before The Law
Filipinos as inferior beings who were infinitely undeserving of the rights and privileges that the white Spaniards enjoyed.
Spaniards called the brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos “Indios” (Indians), in retaliation, the Filipinos dubbed their pale-complexioned detractors with the disparaging term
“bangus” (milkfish).
Had rendered meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the provinces, they later became infamous for their rampant abuses, such as maltreating innocent people, looting
their carabaos, chickens and valuable belongings and raping women.
Rizal himself witnessed the discrimination of how the guardia civil (either Filipino or insulares) treated the Filipinos.
Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
> a boastful and ruthless governor general who ordered the execution of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.
Ventura de los Reyes- The first Philippine delegate who took active part in the framing of the Constitution 1812.
- Another achievement was the abolition of the Galleon Trade.
Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of
association, and other human rights (except freedom of religion).
The Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights in Spain denied them to the Filipinos in Asia.

General Fernando Primo de Rivera (1880-83 and 1897-98)

> Governor General for two terms enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he scandalously permitted
to operate.
Frailocracy
The Philippines of Rizal's Time (19th Century)
They were either highly corrupt, incompetent, cruel or venal.

Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-97)
> An able militarist but heartless governor general, was widely detested by the Filipino people for executing Dr. Rizal.
King
Ferdinand VII
1800

Maladministration of Justice
Forced Labor
Instability of Colonial Administration
1900
The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines, and later in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous
political power, influence and riches.
Almost every town in the archipelago, except in Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and in Pagan hinterlands, was ruled by a friar curate.

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